(Introduction to Grid Station Operation and

Management)
Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan
www.sasidharan.webs.com
 Contents
• Electrical Power System Fundamentals
• Power System SCADA
• Grid Station Fundamentals
• Components of grid station – Equipment and
parameters
• Grid Station Operation and Control
• Load Frequency Control
• Reactive Power Control
• Grid Station Automation and SCADA
• Advancements in Grid Station Automation

Grid Station 2
Grid Station

POWER
SYSTEMS
Grid Station 3
 Power Sector - Milestones….

• Evolution
– Small islanded utilities
– Vertically integrated utilities
• Bifurcation into Regions
• Opening up for competition
• Generation companies
• Distribution licensees
• Transmission Utilities and Licensees
• Independent System Operator

Grid Station 4
 Growth of Electric Power System
There is close correlation between GDP and per capita consumption

900

850

800

Growth of Economy – 7 750

to 8%
700
Power sector growth
required – 10-12% 650
Per capita consumption
600
2012 – 900kWh
550

500
2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12
A typical Indian Case Study
Grid Station 5
 Power sector in nutshell
• Per capita consumption is a Key index to economic growth
• Growth can be correlated to growth of GDP
• Per capita consumption – much low
• Restructuring and New Business models – world wide
• Vibrant field
• Changes by regulations and acts

• Decentralization of generation
• Micro grids, Smart grids
FUTRE • Penetration of Renewable
energy sources
• Power Quality and Custom
Power
Grid Station 6
Electric power System Today and
Tomorrow

Grid Station 7
 AIM OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERS

• EARLIER STATEMENT
– To provide Reliable, Stable and Secured Power
supply to the end user with Least possible cost

• PRESENT STATEMENT
– To provide Reliable, Stable and Secured Power
supply to the end user with Least possible cost
WITH Maximizing profit to all stake holders

Grid Station 8
 International Grid Operators Worldwide

Associations Worldwide

• Very Large Power Grid Operators (VLPGO)

• TSO-Comparison Group

• CIGRE - C2 and C5 committees

• International Interconnections - SAARC

Grid Station 9
 Formation of the VLPGO
• A voluntary initiative of the world’s largest Power Grid Operators
• Representing together more than 60% of the electricity demand in the
world.
• Created in 2004
– Not-for-profit organization
– Followed several blackouts across the world
– To investigate fundamental issues of common interest to its
members
– To develop joint action plans addressing the improvement of
power system security.
• Formalized in 2009
• Specific Focus
– Issues related to Very Large Power Grids
• Membership
– Size > 50 GW
Grid Station 10
 Very Large Power Grid Operators (VLPGO)
National Grid (UK)
PJM (USA) 68GW SO - UPS (Russia)
165GW Capita: 65m 146 GW
Capita: 51m Capita: 144m
MidWest ISO (USA)
159GW SGCC (China)
Capita: 40m 900GW
Capita: 1000m

RTE (France)
93GW
Capita: 65m Tepco (Japan)
64GW
Capita: 45m
Red Electrica (Spain)
93GW
Capita: 47m KPX (South Korea)
70GW
ONS (Brazil) Capita: 49m
100GW
Capita: 170m Terna (Italy) PGCIL (India)
57GW Eskom 163GW
Capita: 60m (South Africa) Capita: 1200m
43.5GW
Capita: 49m http://www.vlpgo.org
Grid Station 11
Source: VLPGO, 2010
 Website of System Operators Worldwide
Sl.No. Name of the TSO Country Web Presence
1 ESKOM South Africa www.eskom.co.za
2 Red Eléctrica de España* Spain www.ree.es
3 Landsnet Iceland www.landsnet.is
4 Fingrid* Finland www.fingrid.com
5 Amprion* Germany www.amprion.net
6 Transpower NZ Newzealand www.transpower.co.nz
7 Saudi Electricity Company Saudi Arabia www.se.com.sa
8 TenneT Netherlands www.tennet.org
9 Statnett SF Norway www.statnett.no
10 PJM Interconnection** PA,USA www.pjm.com
11 National Grid Electricity Transmission* UK www.nationalgrid.com
12 CLP Power Hong Kong www.clpgroup.com.hk
13 ESB NG Ireland www.eirgrid.com
14 Transpower Germany www.transpower.de
15 Swisssgrid Switzerland www.swissgrid.ch
16 Rede Eléctrica Nacional Portugal www.ren.pt
17 Hydro Québec Canada www.hydroquebec.com
18 Svenska Kraftnät Sweden www.svk.se
19 PSE Poland www.pse-operator.pl
20 EWA Bahrain www.mew.gov.bh
21 China Southern Power Grid China www.eng.csg.cn
22 Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. India www.powergridindia.com / www.nldc.in
Grid Station 12
 VLPGO Aims and Objectives

• Work constantly to plan, monitor, supervise and

control the energy delivered as a continuous
process 24 hours a day
• Delivering the electricity that powers modern
societies
• Critical role of Grid Operators includes
– acting on behalf of Consumers, to ensure quality while minimizing
costs and recognizing economic and societal dependence on electricity;
– a technical role in planning, designing, and managing the Power
Systems;
– an interface role with generators, market participants and distributors,
which are the most direct users of the transmission grid;
– a natural role of interlocutors with power exchanges, regulators and
governments.
Grid Station 13
 Common Challenges for VLPGO
• Providing power system reliability and security
• Smart Grid development
• Integration of Renewables
• Integration of Electric Vehicles
• Capacity development and optimization including system
renovation and development, equipment upgrading.
• Reducing CO2 emissions
• Improve productivity and energy efficiency
• Power system visualization
• Demand Side Management
• Interconnections
– Development of new technologies and HVDC
• Establishment and coordination of new control centers
14
Grid Station 14
 VLPGO 2011 Joint Activities

Working Groups
• WG #1 – Wide Area Monitoring Applications
• WG #2 – Enhanced Security
–WG 2a – Security vs. Operation Costs
–WG 2b – Enhanced Network Restoration
–WG 2c – Equipment Overstressing
–WG 2d –Security of Supply to large metro areas
• WG #3 – Integration of Renewables
• WG #4 – Load Forecasting
• WG #5 – HVDC
• WG #6 – Electric Vehicles
• WG #7 – Storage
Joint Projects
• Visualization
Workshops
• WS #1 – KPIs
• WS #2 – Smart Grid (KPX)

15
Grid Station 15
VLPGO Work plan … Road Ahead

Grid Station 16
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF GRID STATION SCADA

** Data Conversion Devices :- Transducers

** Field Data Collection Devices :- R T U
** Interfacing Devices :- MODEM
** Communication Media :- Different Modes
** Data Receiving Equipment :- FEP (Front End
Processor)
** Processing and Distributing :- Computers, LAN etc
** Display Devices :- PC, Screen etc
Grid Station 17
 NATIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTER

Regional Regional Regional

LD LD LD

State State State State State

LDC LDC LDC LDC LDC

Grid Station 18
 Power System SCADA - Components

SCADA/ AGC EMS

AGC Control Energy Management

systems

SCADA
Distribution
Distribution
Management
Automation
systems

DA DMS

Grid Station 19
 SCADA / AGC

• Automatic Generation Control

• Economic Dispatch Calculation/Hydro Allocator.
• Interchange Transaction Scheduling
• Transaction Evaluation ( Area A and Area B)
• Unit Commitment
• Short-Term Load Forecasting

Grid Station 20
 EMS

• Network Configuration/Topology Processor

• State Estimation
• Contingency Analysis
• Three Phase Balanced Operator Power Flow
• Optimal Power Flow
• Dispatcher Training Simulator

Grid Station 21
 DA

• Voltage Reduction
• Load Management
• Power Factor Control
• Two-Way Distribution Communications
• Short-Term Load Forecasting
• Fault ID/Fault Isolation/Service Restoration
• Interface to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

Grid Station 22
 DMS

• Three Phase Unbalanced Operator Power Flow

• Interface To/Integration With Automated
Mapping/Facilities Management (AM/FM)
• Interface To Customer Information System (CIS)
• Map Series Graphics
• Trouble Call/Outage Management

Grid Station 23
One Line Display

Grid Station 24
Feeder Map Display

Grid Station 25
Full Graphics (Feeder map)

Grid Station 26
Map board/Projection Screens

Grid Station 27
GPS Time Reference Unit

Grid Station 28
 What is a Grid Station (GSS)
• Grid stations or grid sub stations are the stations which
reduce the High Voltage to Low Voltage.

• It is also called by the name transmission substation

which connects two or more transmission lines

There are different kinds of Grid Stations as given below

• 132 KV Grid Station

• 220 KV Grid Station
• 500 KV Grid Station
Grid Station 29
Grid Station 30
500kV Grid Station Bird’s view

Grid Station 31
Circuit Breaker Current Transformer Isolator

CVT Post
Grid Insulator
Station Surge Arrester
32
 400/220 kV Auto
Shunt Reactor & NGR Transformer

Earthing
Wave Trap Spacers
Tower

Grid Station 33
Grid station Local Area Network (LAN)
• The G/S LAN provides the means
of connecting various
components of the grid station to
the SCADA System. Most
important are
– IEDs (Intelligent Electronic devices)
– Substation Host Processor
– Interface to Wide Area Network
Grid Station 34
 SA System for a Typical City

DNP / TCP / IP 100MB

Dual LAN Routes
to SCADA
Substation Master
Multi-port Relays
Router

DNP / TCP / IP 100MB

Ethernet

Feeder
IED Gateway
Devices
Modicon PLC
Grid Station 35
 Substation Distributed LAN Architecture
To: SCADA/EMS To: Remote Users SUBSTATION COMPUTER

ENTERPRISE
HMI WAN
SCADA SCADA Remote Remote
Modem Modem Modem Modem

Back-Up
N/W Master
N N N
I I I
M “Data Collection” LAN
M M Network Master
“Loop-Thru” Bus

“Control”
Bus
N N N N N N N
I I I I I I I
M M M M M M M

Digital Digital Protective Digital Other

RTU PLC Recorder Controller Relay Meter IEDs

I/O I/O Protective Digital

Node Node Relay Meter

I/O I/O Protective Digital

Node Node Relay Meter

SUBSTATION I/O SOURCES

CIRCUIT BREAKERS SWITCHES CAPACITORS Grid Station
BATTERIES ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES TRANSFORMERS 36
 Substation RTU-Centric Architecture

SCADA System
Operator Stations
Substation A B Other SCADA
Master Masters
Router
HUB

Master & IED Network Relays

Remote Terminal Unit
Line Device
ABB
DPU-2000R

Protection &
Maintenance
Interface Maintenance Communications

Grid Station 37
 Control Devices/User Interface
• Provides mechanism for:
– Controlling substation equipment
• circuit breakers
• motorized disconnect switches
• substation capacitor banks
• load tap changer

– Viewing/Changing settings
• Protective relays
• Programmable controllers

Grid Station 38
Substation One-Line Display

Grid Station 39
 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

• ABB 2000R
– Protective Relays

Grid Station 40
 Intelligent Electronic Devices
• Bitronics Meter

Grid Station 41
 Intelligent Electronic Devices
• Programmable Logic Controller
– Acquires status inputs from devices that don’t
have IED interfaces (motor operated
disconnects)
– Performs control actions for devices that don’t
have IEDs
– Performs sequenced control actions using
ladder logic

s Modicon PLC

Grid Station 42
Load – Resources Balance

System Frequency Balance @60 Hz

Grid Station 43
 Load Frequency Effect
load is constantly changing

Grid Station 44
Simple Frequency Control System

Grid Station 45
 Frequency Response

Large System Small System

Grid Station 46
Active, Reactive and Complex Power

Grid Station 47
Voltage Reactive Power Balance

REACTIVE Power have to be supplied locally

Grid Station 48
 Cause of low voltage
• The root cause of low voltage is deficiency of
reactive power. It may be due to
– Heavy power Transfer
– Transmission line outage
– Reactive equipment outage
– Failure to get ahead of voltage
– Motor stalling

Grid Station 49
 Heavy power Transfer on radial feeder

Mvar required to maintain constant

voltage

Grid Station 50
Transmission line loading

PV Curve

Grid Station 51
Transmission line outage

Grid Station 52
Grid Station 53
Cause of high voltage

Grid Station 54
 Definition of Smart Grid
Plenty of definitions; some of them are

• The Smart Grid is the roadmap for enhancing the

infrastructure of every segment of the energy delivery
system. This includes generation, transmission, distribution
and consumption

• Smart grid is a generic label for the application of computer

intelligence and networking abilities to a dumb electricity
distribution system.

• Smart grid is about the application of technology to energy

networks so that networks can run more intelligently and
www.smartgridnews.com
more efficiently.
www.smartmeters.com

Grid Station 55
 SmartGrid = Network of Networks
Neighborhood Distribution
HAN Area Network Area Network Core Network

AMI
Network Distribution
Area Network Utility Core
Systems

Demand
Response

Mobile
PHEV Station Applications
Outage
Management
Power Quality
Sensors Distribution
Automation

Grid Station 56
 Why Smart Grid?
• Integrate isolated technologies : Smart Grid
enables better energy management.
• Proactive management of electrical network
during emergency situations.
• Better demand supply / demand response
management.
• Better power quality
• Reduce carbon emissions.
• Increasing demand for energy : requires more
complex and critical solution with better energy
management
Grid Station 57
Grid Station 58
Grid Station 59
 Pillars of Smart Grid
• Transmission Optimization

• Demand Side Management

• Distribution Optimization

• Asset Optimization

Grid Station 60
 Demand
Response

AMI Renewable
Integration

Field Data SMART GRID Distribution

Applications Automation

Outage
Power Quality and
Management PHEV Planning
Management

Distributed Intelligence, Automated Controls, Broadband Communications

Grid Station 61
Foundation for Smart Grid – Spatial Information

• Complete, positional accurate, connected,

consistent, up-to-date geospatial information
• Traditional way of looking at spatial information
needs to change
Grid Station 62
 Smart Grid in Power Sector

•Asset
Management
•HVDC and

• Transmission
UHVAC etc.

•Advance
Metering
Infrastructures
• Distribution •Asset
Management etc.

• System Operations
•Self Healing Grids
•WAMS
•Adaptive Islanding
etc.
Grid Station 64
64
 Smart Grid in Distribution

• Distribution Automization

• Demand Optimization - Selective Load Control

• Operation –Islanding of Micro-grids

Grid Station 65
Distribution Automation/Optimization

• Managing Distribution Network Model

• Outage management and AMI Integration

• DMS & Advanced Switching Applications

• Integrated Voltage / VAR Control

Grid Station 66
 Demand Optimization

Demand Response – Utility

Demand Response – Consumer

Demand Response Management System

In Home Technology enabling

Grid Station 67
Demand Optimization: Advanced Web Portal
Energy Usage Information

Utility Communication

Consumer Enrollment

In Home Technology- Availability & Purchase ,

Device Provisioning

Grid Station 68
 Control Center with Service Oriented
Architecture (BUS)
• Having
– GIS (geo-spatial Information Systems),
– AMI (Automatic Meter Interface)
– SAP (ERP)
– OMS (Outage management System),
– DMS (Distribution Management System),
– EMS (Energy Management System),
– DRMS (Demand Response management System).

• Model manager synchronizes GIS data with OMS, DMS

& EMS.
Grid Station 69
 Micro grids Defined
A Microgrid is:
• a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly
defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect
to the grid.
• a microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in
both grid-connected or island-mode.

Microgrid Key Attributes (Defining Characteristics):

• Grouping of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources
• Can operate in both island mode or grid-connected
• Can connect and disconnect from the grid
• Acts as a single controllable entity to the grid

Microgrid Benefits:
• Enables Grid Modernization
• Enhances the integration of Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources
• Meets End User Needs
• Supports the Macrogrid

Grid Station 70
 The Power Grid of the Future requires advanced
tools to coordinate distributed energy resources
Future Power Grid
Global proliferation of
Offices
distributed energy resources:
• Distributed generation Solar Panels Houses
• Distributed storage
• Controllable load Storage
Generators

Clusters of these distributed Storage

resources organized in Wind
microgrids Farm

Industrial
Plant
Storage
The Power Grid becomes a network of
microgrids capable of: Generators

• Self-healing
• Self-coordination
• Self-scheduling Storage
Isolated Microgrids

Central
Power Plant Source: iTeres
Grid Station 71
 Micro grids will transform power distribution,
enabling new levels of system reliability and efficiency

Focus on: Microgrid Intelligence

Offices Self-healing
• Responds to system
Solar Panels Houses
disturbances automatically
Storage
• Capable of operating as an
Generators “island” off of the regional grid
Storage

Wind
Farm Self-coordination
• Coordinates real-time demands
Industrial
Plant of energy users, distributed
Storage resources, microgrid operations
Generators
and distribution system integrity

Self-scheduling
Storage • Schedules dispatch of
Isolated Microgrids
distributed energy resources
using decisioning tools to
Central optimize overall grid
Power Plant Source: iTeres
Grid Station
operational performance72
Micro grids require a “central nervous system” to direct the
operations of distributed resources within their zone

Distributed resources need to be

combined and optimized
The Microgrid Master
Controller regulates the
Microgrid The resources must appear to the
power distribution
Master Controller system operators as a “virtual
infrastructure within the generator” that is integrated into
microgrid footprint the dispatch

Distributed Controllable Distributed

Generation Loads Storage

Grid Station
Distributed Resources 73
Grid Station 74
 Salient Features of HVDC Transmission System

Advantages

• Voltage transformation
• Asynchronous Tie /Link
• Frequency as system-wide control signal
• Low losses (direct current)
• No limitations in length (Cables can be used over long distances
as there is no reactive power consumption)

Limitations

• Base costs for converter stations economically interesting only at longer

distances
• Point-to-point connection (multi-terminal possible with VSC - HVDC)

Grid Station 75
 HVDC INSTALLATIONS
EAST- SOUTH INTERCONNECTION IN INDIA

Source: http://www.ptd.siemens.de/artikel0506.html
Grid Station 76
HVDC WORLD WIDE INSTALLATIONS

Grid Station 77
 CONCLUSION - HVDC

• The power system can be stabilized and the transmission

limitations on the AC line can be increased by using HVDC
.
• A HVDC transmission line costs less than an AC line for the
same transmission capacity.
• However, the terminal stations are more expensive in the
HVDC case due to the fact that they must perform the
conversion from AC to DC and vice versa.

• The "break-even distance“ for long overhead lines

is > 700 km

• HVDC can control/ transmit contracted amounts of power and alleviate unwanted loop
flows.
• An HVDC link can alternatively be controlled to minimize total network losses
• An HVDC link can never be overloaded
• The HVDC damping controller is a standard feature in many HVDC projects in operation. It
normally takes its input from the phase angle difference in the two converter stations. (see
fig.)
Grid Station 78
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
(FACTS)

Grid Station 79
 Flexible AC Transmission System

Alternating current
transmission systems
incorporating power
electronics-based and
other static controllers to
enhance controllability
and increase power
transfer capability

Grid Station 80
 Sub-synchronous resonance
• Resonant frequencies below the
fundamental.
• Occurs due to interaction between
series capacitors and nearby
turbine‐generators

Grid Station 81
 Role of FACTS
• Dynamic: • Steady-State:
– Transient and – Uneven power flow
dynamic stability
– Excess reactive
– Sub synchronous power flows
oscillations
– Dynamic overvoltage – Voltage capability
and under voltages – Thermal capability
– Voltage collapse
– Frequency collapse

Grid Station 82
 Benefits of FACTS
Control of power flow
– Contractual Power Flow
– Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal
capabilities.
– Increase the system security through raising the transient
stability limit, limiting short-circuit currents and overloads,
managing cascading blackouts and damping
electromechanical oscillations of power systems and
machines.
Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring utilities and
regions thereby decreasing overall generation reserve
requirements on both sides.
– Provide greater flexibility in new generation.
– Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to
carry more active power.
Grid Station 83
 FACTS Devices
• Static VAR Compensator - SVC
• Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator -
TCSC
• Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator -
TCPAR
• Static Synchronous Compensator - StatCom
• Solid State Series Compensator - SSSC
• Unified Power Flow Controller - UPFC

Grid Station 84
 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

FACTS devices are solid-state

converter that have the capability of
control of various electrical
parameters in transmission circuit

 Thyristor Controlled Series

Compensator (TCSC)
etc
 Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

 Unified Power Flow Controller

(UPFC)

 Static Compensator (STATCOM)

 Static Synchronous Series

Compensator (SSSC), etc

Grid Station 85
 Custom Power & FACTS

• Similar to FACTS for the transmission systems, the term custom power (CP)
means the use of power electronic controllers for transmission and
distribution systems.
• Custom power devices enhances the quality and reliability of power that are
delivered to customers.
• There is also a concept called “Custom Power Park” that can serve customers
who demand a high quality of power and ready to pay a premium price for the
service.
• Custom power assures the pre-specified quality/ specifications:
– Reduce the Frequency of rare power interruptions.
– Magnitude and duration of over and under voltages within specified
limits.
– Low harmonic distortion in the supply voltage.
– Low phase unbalance.
– Low flicker in the supply voltage.
– Frequency of specified voltage with specified limits
Grid Station 86
 Custom Power Devices
• Customer power devices can be classified in to two main types.
– Reconfiguring type
– Compensating type

• Reconfiguring type - Changes the network topology or re-configure the next

work by altering the network.
– Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL)
– Solid State Circuit Breaker (SSCB)
– Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)

• . Compensating devices - Compensate a load, by correcting power factor,

balancing an unbalanced load or improve the quality of the supply voltage
– Distribution STATCOM (D-STATCOM)
– Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
– Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
(D-STATCOM is a shunt device used for load compensation, dynamic and static voltage control. DVR is a series connected
device used for voltage compensation. UPQC is a combination of D-STATCOM and DVR.)
Grid Station 87
 Compensating Custom Device -
DSTATCOM
• Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is basically
the same as STATCOM used in the transmission system,
except the switches used here are high speed medium power.
Load compensating DSTATCOM

Grid Station 88
 DSTATCOM
• Distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM) exhibits high speed
control of reactive power to provide voltage stabilization,
flicker suppression, and other types of system control.
• The compensator must inject current such that Is becomes
fundamental and positive sequence.
• In addition to those the compensator can also make the
current Is to be in phase with bus voltage at Bus-2.
• DSTATCOM is compensating load current.
• As far as the utility is concerned Load along with the
DSTACOM is drawing a unity power factor and balanced
current at fundamental frequency.
• The desired performance of the DSATCOM is that it
generates a current If such that it cancels the reactive,
harmonic components and balanced the load current.
Grid Station 89
 DSTATCOM - Analysis

Example: Consider the following circuit in which

the voltage sources is considered to be stiff.

DSTATCOM operating in the

current control mode

Grid Station 90
 DSTATCOM
• The DSTACOM injects
currents that cancel
harmonics from load current
and also balance the load.
• It also forces the current draws
from the source to be in phase
with the voltage at PCC, i.e.
draws current at unity power
factor (only real current).
• Power supplied by the sources
is constant, the power supplied
by the DSTATCOM has zero
mean.
• DSTATCOM neither absorbs or
injects real power to the load.
Grid Station 91
• The flicker caused by the arc furnace operation was measured by use of a
flicker meter.

In this application, the flicker suppression realized was 58% on average with
utilization of the DSTATCOM.
http://www.donsion.org

Grid Station 92
 Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR)

• A Dynamic Voltage Regulator is used to protect sensitive loads from sag/swell or

disturbances in the supply voltage.

Vl=Vt+Vf
• Where Vl is the load bus voltage, Vt is the terminal voltage and Vf is the DVR
voltage.
• DVR can regulate the bus voltage to any arbitrary value by measuring terminal
voltage and supplying the balance voltage Vf.

Grid Station 93
Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR)

Grid Station 94
 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

• A device that is similar in construction to a Unified Power flow Conditioner

(UPFC).
• The UPQC, just as in a UPFC, employs two voltage source inverters (VSIs) that
are connected to a d.c. energy storage capacitor.
• One of these two VSIs is connected in series with a.c. line while the other is
connected in shunt with the a.c. system.
• A UPQC that combines the operations of a Distribution Static Compensator
(DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR) together

Grid Station 95
 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
• One of the serious problems in electrical systems is the increasing number of
electronic components that injects harmonics in the distribution system.
• The device that can be used for this purpose is unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC)
• If the source voltage is unbalanced and distorted, the terminal voltage will also be
unbalanced and distorted and all the customers connected to the feeder will be
affected.
• All the loads connected to the feeder, including unbalanced and nonlinear loads,
will have a balanced sinusoidal voltage.
• It will not be possible to correct the unbalance and distortion produced by source
using this device.
• There are two ways of connecting a UPQC.
– The series device is placed before the shunt
– The shunt device is placed before the series device.
• Usually, the inverter realizing the series device is supplied with a dc capacitor.
Similarly, the shunt inverter is also supplied with a capacitor.
• In UPQC, these inverters are supplied by a common capacitor

Grid Station 96
Custom Power Park (CPP)

Grid Station 97
 Custom Power Park (CPP)
• A custom power park control center is fully loaded with a DSTACOM, a DVR
and a stand by generator.
• The DSATCOM eliminates harmonics and/or unbalance, while the DVR
eliminates any sag or distortion.
• Here the electrical power to the park is supplied through two feeders that are
joined together via a SSTS.
• The SSTS ensures that the feeder with higher voltage selected in less than half
a cycle in the case of a voltage dip or (sag).
• The SSTS can also be used to protect the loads in the park from dynamic over
voltage.
• DSTACOM when operated in voltage control mode and can provide reactive
power support to the park and maintain voltage.
• There are three different grades of power can be supplied to the park’s
customers.
– Grade A
– Grade AA
– Grade AAA
Grid Station 98
 Custom Power Park (CPP)
• Grade A: The basic quality power in the park.
– Since the SSTS protect the incoming feeders, the quality of power is
usually better than the one from normal utility supply.
– In addition this grade has the benefit of low harmonic power due to
the presence of DSTATCOM.
• Grade AA: This includes all the features of Grade A +
– It also receives the benefits of standby generator which can be brought into
service with in 10-20 seconds (e.g. serious emergency such as power failure in
both feeders).
• Grade AAA: This includes all the features of Grade AA+
It enjoys the benefits of receiving distortion and dip free voltage due to
the presence of DVR.
– Semiconductor plant AAA
– Hospital both AA and AAA
– Shopping malls and office buildings AA
Grid Station 99
 Regards,

Dr. Sasidharan Sreedharan

YBL Systems and Solutions
(Electrical Power System Research Consultants)
www.sasidharan.webs.com

Grid Station 100