VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM

A Project Report on
“DESIGN OF 24 GHz SERIES FED PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY FOR
5G APPLICATION”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

For the academic year
2019-2020
Submitted by

Ms. APOORVA C MANGALORE USN: 1NT17EC401

Ms. PALLAVI J KAUSHIK USN: 1NT17EC420

Ms. PALLAVI M USN: 1NT17EC421

Ms. YASHASWINI H V USN: 1NT17EC434

Under the Guidance of

Dr. PRASANNA G PAGA
Assistant Professor, Department of E &CE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An autonomous institution affiliated to VTU, Accredited by NBA (AICTE), New Delhi)
 P.B No.6429, Gollahalli, Govindapura,
Yelahanka, Bangalore-560 064

NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
(An autonomous institution affiliated to VTU, Accredited by NBA (AICTE), New
Delhi))
P.B No.6429, Gollahalli, Govindapura,
Yelahanka, Bangalore-560 064

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “DESIGN OF 24 GHz SERIES FED PATCH ANTENNA
ARRAY FOR 5G APPLICATION” is carried out by APOORVA C MANGALORE (1NT17EC401),
PALLAVI J KAUSHIK (1NT17EC420), PALLAVI M (1NT17EC421) AND YASHASWINI H V
(1NT17EC434), bonafide students of NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY in
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belgaum
during the year 2019-2020. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement in respect of the project work prescribed as per the autonomous scheme of NITTE
MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for the said Degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the

Principal

(Dr. Prasanna G Paga) (Dr. Ramachandra A C) (Dr. H.C. Nagaraj)

External Viva

Name of Examiners Signature with date

1. ....................................... ......................................

2. ...................................... .......................................
 DECLARATION
We the students of B.E. VIII Semester, APOORVA C MANGALORE (1NT17EC401),
PALLAVI J KAUSHIK (1NT17EC420), PALLAVI M (1NT17EC421) AND
YASHASWINI H V (1NT17EC434), studying in Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering at Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore
hereby declare that the final year project titled “DESIGN OF 24 GHZ SERIES FED
PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY FOR 5G APPLICATIONS” submitted to the department in
partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of Engineering is the original work conducted by
us. The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of our knowledge.
We hereby declare that this final year report is not being submitted to any other university
for the award of any other degree, diploma and fellowship.

Apoorva C Mangalore Pallavi J Kaushik Pallavi M Yashaswini H V

(1NT17EC401) (1NT17EC420) (1NT17EC421) (1NT17EC434)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any project
would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible and whose
constant encouragement and guidance has been a source of inspiration throughout the
work.

We would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude for our beloved Director Prof. N
R Shetty for providing us a great learning environment. We humbly extend our immense
gratitude for our beloved Principal Dr. H.C. Nagaraj for continuous support and
encouragement. We cannot thank enough our dear Head of the Department Dr.
Ramachandra A. C for the continuous efforts in creating a competitive environment in
the department and encouragement throughout the course of completion of this project.

With profound gratitude, we express our indebtedness to our guide Dr. Prasanna G
Paga, whose dedication to the project, knowledge and references got our job done in the
shortest time frame possible. Sir, we would like to sincerely thank you for the quality
time you spent with us to clarify our doubts and for guiding us at each and every step
towards completion of this project.

We are also thankful to the entire Department of Electronics and Communication

engineering for the co-operation and suggestions without which this project would not
have been a successful one.

We also thank all our friends who directly or indirectly helped us a lot in this project
completion.

APOORVA C MANGALORE

PALLAVI J KAUSHIK

PALLAVI M

YASHASWINI H V
 ABSTRACT

In recent years, the technology has grown so rapidly that the antennas are found
everywhere which includes mobiles phones, satellites and many more. Due to the increased
growth in technology, the size of the devices must be as small as possible. Many
advancements in this field produced successful revolutions and as of today, many nano
devices are being built and introduced in the market. One such advancements in the field of
technology is Wireless communication, which has become one of the integral part of our
lives. For any wireless communication, an Antenna must be present which helps us to
communicate from any part of our world to any other part of the world. Best example where
the antenna plays a major role is our Mobile phones.

Wireless technology is currently focussing on mm wave band of frequencies where the high
Gain and high directive antennas are required with pencil beam shaped radiation pattern.This
has posed a great challenge to antenna designers as the attenuation progressively increases
with increase in frequency.

In our project, the design of a single element and a two element patch antenna array has been
proposed at mm wave band of frequencies .The proposed structure has been designed on a
Rogers(RT/Duroid substrate of permittivity 2.2 and thickness 1.6mm and performance
parameter were recorded.The Gains reported were 6.54dB and 6.62dB using single element
and two element antenna array operating at 24GHz frequency.
 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION 6
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA…………………………………..8
1.2. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA……16
1.3. 5G APPLICATION………………………………………………….18

Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 27

2.1. RELATED WORK…………………………………………………..28

Chapter 3 – DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 31

3.1. PATCH ANTENNA…………………………………………………32
3.2. ADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA…………………..32
3.3. DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA………………33
3.4. APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………….33
3.5. FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT…………………………….34

Chapter 4 – METHOD OF ANALYSIS 35

4.1. TRANSMISSION-LINE MODEL……………..……………………36
4.2. FEEDING TECHNIQUES OF MICROSRTIP ANTENNA………..41

Chapter 5 – SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 44

5.1. HFSS DESIGN METHODOLOGY…………………………………45
5.2. DESIGN WINDOW…………………………………………………47
5.3. SIMULATION TOOL USED-HFSS………………………………..48

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Chapter 6 – DESIGN METHODOLOGY 50

6.1. MODELLING OF ANTENNA……………………………………...51
6.2. DESIGN STEPS OF ANTENNA…………………………………...51
6.4. ANTENNA DESIGN METHODOLOGY…………………………..52

Chapter 7 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56

7.1. SINGLE ELEMENT………………………………………………...57
7.2. ANTENNA ARRAY………………………………………………...58

Chapter 5 –CONCLUSION 60
5.1. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………...61
5.2. FUTURE SCOPE……………………………………………………61

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1.1. Polar pattern of radiation lobe…..…..……………………….10

Figure 1.1.2. Directivity of antenna…………………………………………………………11
Figure 1.1.3. Example Gain pattern for an antenna………………………...13
Figure 1.1.4. Voltage measured along a transmission line………………....13
Figure 1.1.5. Example VSWR pattern for an antenna……………………...14
Figure 1.1.6. Example frequency of an antenna…………………………....15
Figure 1.1.7. Example return loss of an antenna…………………………...16
Figure 1.2.1. Micro strip antenna and coordinate system………………….17
Figure 1.2.2. Representative shapes of microstrip patch elements………...17
Figure 1.3.1. 5G technology……………………………………………….20
Figure 1.3.2. High speed mobile network………………………………….21
Figure 1.3.3. Entertainment and multimedia……………………………….21
Figure 1.3.4. Internet of things……………………………………………..22
Figure 1.3.5. Smart home…………………………………………………..22
Figure 1.3.6. Smart cities…………………………………………………...23
Figure 1.3.7. Healthcare and mission applications…………………………24
Figure 3.1.1.The Process flow of design, simulation and fabrication.……..34
Figure 4.1.1. Microstrip line, electric field line and dielectric constant..…..37
Figure 4.1.2. Effective dielectric constant versus frequency ………………38
Figure 4.1.3. Physical and effective lengths of microstrip patch…………...39
Figure 4.2.1.Microstrip line technique……………….………….…………41
Figure 4.2.2.Coaxial Probe Feed…………………………………..……….42
Figure 4.2.3. Proximity coupled Feed…...…………………………………42
Figure 4.2.4. Aperture coupled feed………………………………………..43
Figure 5.2.1. Snapshot of design window in HFSS tool…………………....47

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Figure 6.4.1. Snapshot of Proposed antenna (single element)……………..53

Figure 6.4.2. Snapshot of Proposed antenna array………………………...53
Figure 6.4.3. Front view of Patch antenna array……………………….…...54
Figure 6.4.4. Back view of patch antenna array (Ground plane)…….…….55
Figure 6.4.5. Side view of patch antenna array……………………………55
Figure 7.1.1. Return loss of single element patch antenna……………........61
Figure 7.1.2. Radiation pattern of single element patch antenna…………...62
Figure 7.2.1. Return loss of patch antenna array…….……………………..63
Figure 7.2.2. Radiation pattern of patch antenna array……….…………….64

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. Comparison of 1G, 2G, 3Gl, 4G and 5G technology…………........25

Table 6.1. Geometrical specification of single element and array of antenna...56
Table.7.2. Summary of the simulated results……..…………………………..62

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip Antennas are the class of antennas made of metal patches which are places
on dielectrics and fed by microstrip line or co-planar transmission lines. These are small and
easy to fabricate. These are sometimes called as Microstrip integrated antennas. These
antennas are suitable for microwave applications. They have Immense application in Portable
Devices, Aircraft, Military Devices, Satellites. These Patch Antennas are excited using
different feeding techniques like line feed, probe feed, aperture feed, proximity coupling feed.
There are different mathematical tools like Method of Mossments (MoM), Finite Element
Method (FEM), FDTD.

The frequency is chosen to be in a license free frequency band and the choice for
microstrip patch elements at this frequency will allow for ease into realization. The study of
Microstrip Patch Array Antenna has a considerable importance because increase in the
number of Elements will have a corresponding increase in the Gain and Directivity.

5th generation is defined as the next major phase of mobile telecommunication

standards beyond the current 4G. Most engineers and researches have proposed millimetre
waves for 5G bands. However, these high frequency band is one of the on-going challenges
facing electronic and photonic materials and device engineering. These bands experience
much kind of losses such as high penetration loss which occurred when the signals go
through building wall or solid material. Then there is increasing propagation loss at higher
frequencies if the range of a cell is more than 200m. While at millimeter waves, it tends to
lose more energy over long distance since it is being absorbed or scatted by gases, rain and
foliage, and low diffraction around obstacles. In search of efficient solutions to these
problems, a patch antenna array is proposed for high gain to cover a long distance
communications since array antenna enables in providing more directive beams. In this work,
we present an antenna array which consists of 2 rectangular patch antenna for 5G
communication system at 24 GHz. To investigate the parameters of antenna such as Return
loss, VSWR, Gain, Radiation pattern.

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1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS

An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmitter - Radiates

electromagnetic energy into space Receiver - Collects electromagnetic energy from space
The IEEE definition of an antenna as given by Stutzman and Thiele is, “That part of a
transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic
waves”. The major parameters associated with an antenna are defined in the following
sections.

1.1.1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTENNA

➢ Wire Antennas

Wire antennas are familiar to the layman because they are seen virtually everywhere—on
automobiles, buildings, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, and so on. There are various shapes of wire
antennas such as a straight wire (dipole), loop, and helix Loop antennas need not only be
circular. They may take the form of a rectangle, square, ellipse, or any other configuration.
The circular loop is the most common because of its simplicity in construction.

➢ Aperture Antennas

Aperture antennas may be more familiar to the layman today than in the past because of
the increasing demand for more sophisticated forms of antennas and the utilization of higher
frequencies. Antennas of this type are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications,
because they can be very conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of the aircraft or spacecraft.
In addition, they can be covered with a dielectric material to protect them from hazardous
conditions of the environment.

➢ Microstrip Antennas

Microstrip antennas became very popular in the 1970s primarily for spaceborne
applications. Today they are used for government and commercial applications. These
antennas consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. The metallic patch can take
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many different configurations. However, the rectangular and circular patches are the most
popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication, and their attractive radiation
characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation. The microstrip antennas are low
profile, comfortable to planar and nonplanar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to fabricate
using modern printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust when mounted on rigid
surfaces, compatible with MMIC designs, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency,
polarization, pattern, and impedance. These antennas can be mounted on the surface of high-
performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile
telephones.

➢ Array Antennas

Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a

single element. It may, however, be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in an
electrical and geometrical arrangement (an array) will result in the desired radiation
characteristics. The arrangement of the array may be such that the radiation from the
elements adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular direction or directions,
minimum in others, or otherwise as desired.

➢ Lens Antennas

Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident divergent energy to prevent it from
spreading in undesired directions. By properly shaping the geometrical configuration and
choosing the appropriate material of the lenses, they can transform various forms of
divergent energy into plane waves. They can be used in most of the same applications as are
the parabolic reflectors, especially at higher frequencies. Their dimensions and weight
become exceedingly large at lower frequencies. Lens antennas are classified according to the
material from which they are constructed, or according to their geometrical shape.

➢ Reflector Antennas

The success in the exploration of outer space has resulted in the advancement of
antenna theory. Because of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated
forms of antennas had to be used in order to transmit and receive signals that had to travel

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millions of miles. A very common antenna form for such an application is a parabolic
reflector. Antennas of this type have been built with diameters as large as 305 m. Such large
dimensions are needed to achieve the high gain required to transmit or receive signals after
millions of miles of travel. Another form of a reflector, although not as common as the
parabolic, is the corner reflector.

1.1.2. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA

RADIATION PATTERN

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as “a mathematical function

or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is
represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power
flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization.” The
radiation property of most concern is the two- or three dimensional spatial distribution of
radiated energy as a function of the observer’s position along a path or surface of constant
radius. A trace of the received electric (magnetic) field at a constant radius is called the
amplitude field pattern. On the other hand, a graph of the spatial variation of the power
density along a constant radius is called an amplitude power pattern.

Radiation Pattern Lobes

Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as lobes, which may be sub
classified into major or main, minor, side, and back lobes. A radiation lobe is a “portion of
the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity.” Figure
demonstrates a symmetrical three dimensional polar pattern with a number of radiation lobes.
Some are of greater radiation intensity than others, but all are classified as lobes.

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Figure.1.1.1. Polar pattern of Radiation lobe.

DIRECTIVITY

Directivity is a fundamental antenna parameter. It is a measure of how ‘directional’

an antenna’s radiation pattern is. An antenna that radiates equally in all directions would be 1
(or 0 dB).

The directivity of an antenna is also defined as “the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The average
radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π. If the
direction is not specified, the direction of maximum radiation intensity is implied.” Stated
more simply, the directivity of a non isotropic source is equal to the ratio of its radiation
intensity in a given direction over that of an isotropic source. In mathematical form, it can be
written as

U 4πU
D = = …………………..(1.1)
U0 Prad

4πU
=
Prad

Where, D = Directivity

U = Radiation intensity (W/ unit solid angle)

U0 = Radiation intensity of isotropic source

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Figure 1.1.2. Directivity of antenna.

BANDWIDTH

Bandwidth is another fundamental antenna parameter. Bandwidth describes the range

of frequencies over which the antenna can properly radiate or receive energy. Often, the
desired bandwidth is one of the determining parameters used to decide upon an antenna. F
For instance, many antenna types have very narrow bandwidths and cannot be used for
wideband operation. Bandwidth is typically quoted in terms of VSWR

The mathematical equation for bandwidth is written as:

FH – FL
𝐵𝑊 = Fc ………………………..(1.2)

Where, FH = highest frequency in the band,

FL = lowest frequency in the band,

And FC = centre frequency in the band.

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ANTENNA GAIN

The term antenna gain describes how much power is transmitted in the direction of
peak radiation to that of an isotropic source. Antenna gain is more commonly quoted
than directivity in an antenna's specification sheet because it takes into account the actual
losses that occur.

The mathematical equation of antenna gain can be written as:

G = ϵrD ………………(1.3)

Where, G = Antenna gain,

ϵr = Antenna efficiency, And

D = Directivity.

The gain of a real antenna can be as high as 40-50 dB for very large dish antennas
(although this is rare). Directivity can be as low as 1.76 dB for a real antenna (example: short
dipole antenna), but can never theoretically be less than 0 dB. An example of the radiation
pattern plotted in terms of gain is shown in Figure 1.1.3:

Figure 1.1.3. Example Gain pattern for an antenna.

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

For a radio (transmitter or receiver) to deliver power to an antenna, the Impedance

and transmission line must be well matched to the antenna’s impedance. The parameter

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VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna is impedance matched
to the radio or transmission line it is connected to. The range of values for VSWR is from 1
to ∞. A VSWR value under 2 is considered suitable for most antenna applications. VSWR is
a function of reflection coefficient, which describes the power reflected from the antenna if
the reflection coefficient is given by r, then VSWR is defined by the formula:

1+|𝑟|
VSWR = …..…………….(1.4)
1−|𝑟|

VSWR is determined from the voltage measured along a transmission line leading to an
antenna. VSWR is the ratio of the peak amplitude of the standing wave to the minimum
amplitude of a standing wave, as seen in the following figure:

Figure 1.1.4. Voltage measured along a transmission line.

When an antenna is not matched to the receiver, power is reflected (so the reflection
coefficient r, is not zero). This causes a “reflected voltage wave”, which creates standing
waves along the transmission line. The result are the peaks and valleys as seen in the Figure
1.1.4. If the VSWR = 1.0, there would be no reflected power and the voltage would have a
constant magnitude along the transmission line.

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Figure 1.1.5. Example VSWR pattern for an antenna.

FREQUENCY

Antenna Frequency is defined as the number of cycles of a wave per second. The unit
of measurement for frequency is Hertz (Hz), 1 Hz is equal to one cycle (oscillation) per
second. In the picture below the wave is oscillating 3 times per second, so the frequency
would be 3 Hz. When considering radio waves, the frequencies are noticeably higher than the
above example as they operate between 3 kHz (kilohertz) and 300 GHz (gigahertz). One kHz
is equal to 1,000 Hz and one GHz is equal to 1,000,000,000 Hz, that’s one thousand and one
billion oscillations per second respectively. These frequencies are well below the visual
spectrum frequencies needed for human eyesight.

With the use of an antenna, a wireless device is able to send and/or receive radio waves. The
device and antenna are designed to only pick up a certain frequency, for example a Wi-Fi
router will operate at 2.4 GHz and a FM radio operates around 0.1 GHz. These radio waves
will still interact with each other, but the interaction is minimal due to the large frequency
difference. This is why you can operate your radio, Wi-Fi, and cell phone at the same time,
they all operate at different frequencies with minimal interference. Now have you ever
picked up your cordless phone to see your Wi-Fi cut out? Many Wi-Fi routers and wireless
phone both operate at 2.4 GHz. With the same operating frequency, the interaction between
the radio waves is at a maximum and can cause interference with one another.

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Figure 1.1.6. Example frequency of an antenna.

A flexible patch applicator can be operates at 430 MHz. Microstrip patch antenna has several
advantages over conventional microwave antenna with one similarity of frequency
range from 100 MHz to 100 GHz same in both type.

RETURN LOSS

An antenna’s Return Loss is a figure that indicates the proportion of radio waves
arriving at the antenna input that are rejected as a ratio against those that are accepted. It
is specified in decibels (dB) relative to a short circuit (100 percent rejection). Consider the
antenna being used in transmit mode. The radio waves from the transmitter are routed via a
transmission line to the input flanges of the antenna feed. At all waveguide junctions there is
a mechanical mismatch, the size of which will determine the size of the consequential
electrical mismatch.

Thus, a proportion of the radio waves will be reflected back down the transmission
line from the antenna input flange connection. The remainder will continue into the feed
system. However any imperfections within the feed system will again cause small amounts of
the incident radio waves to be reflected back again towards the input flange. Finally, the
radio waves will emerge from the feed aperture to be radiated onto the parabolic reflector,
prior to being directed into the atmosphere towards their intended target. Again, a small
percentage of the radio waves will be reflected back from the reflector into the feed system
and back towards the input flange. The return loss of antenna is expressed as:

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VSWR−1
r= ………………(1.5)
VSWR+1

RL = −20 log(r) ……………….(1.6)

Figure 1.1.7. Example return loss of an antenna.

1.2. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROSRIP PATCH

ANTENNA.

Microstrip antennas received considerable attention starting in the 1970s, although the
idea of a microstrip antenna can be traced to 1953 and a patent in 1955. Microstrip antennas,
as shown in Figure 1.2.1(a), consist of a very thin (t λ0, where λ0 is the free-space
wavelength) metallic strip (patch) placed a small fraction of a wavelength (hλ0, usually
0.003λ0 ≤ h≤0.05λ0) above a ground plane. The microstrip patch is designed so its pattern
maximum is normal to the patch (broadside radiator). This is accomplished by properly
choosing the mode (field configuration) of excitation beneath the patch. End-fire radiation
can also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch, the length L
of the element is usually λ0/3 <L<λ 0/2. The strip (patch) and the ground plane are separated
by a dielectric sheet (referred to as the substrate), as shown in Figure 1.2.1(a). There are
numerous substrates that can be used for the design of microstrip antennas, and their
dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2≤Ir ≤12. The ones that are most desirable
for good antenna performance are thick substrates whose dielectric constant is in the lower

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end of the range because they provide better efficiency, larger bandwidth, loosely bound
fields for radiation into space, but at the expense of larger element size. Thin substrates with
higher dielectric constants are desirable for microwave circuitry because they require tightly
bound fields to minimize undesired radiation and coupling, and lead to smaller element sizes;
however, because of their greater losses, they are less efficient and have relatively smaller
bandwidths.

Figure.1.2.1. Micro strip antenna and coordinate system.

Figure.1.2.2. Representative shapes of microstrip patch elements.

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Often microstrip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating
elements and the feed lines are usually photoetched on the dielectric substrate. The radiating
patch may be square, rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular, or any
other configuration. These and others are illustrated in Figure 1.2.2. Square, rectangular,
dipole (strip), and circular are the most common because of ease of analysis and fabrication,
and their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation.
Microstrip dipoles are attractive because they inherently possess a large bandwidth and
occupy less space, which makes them attractive for arrays. Linear and circular polarizations
can be achieved with either single elements or arrays of microstrip antennas. Arrays of
microstrip elements, with single or multiple feeds, may also be used to introduce scanning
capabilities and achieve greater directivities. These will be discussed in later sections.

1.3. 5G APPLICATION.

1.3.1. What is 5G?

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard

after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is
designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines,
objects, and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi -Gbps
peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher
performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects
new industries.

Up till now 5G standards are not available for us. However, some researchers have started to
put the base for the technology that will provide these standards. This technology mostly
consists of wireless access systems, frequency utilization, power consumption, antenna and
propagation.

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5G Spectrum

There is an enormous expanse in the milli meter wave spectrum, more specifically 28
GHz and beyond that is largely overlooked until now. On October 22nd 2015, FCC proposed
new rules (FCC 15138) for wireless broadband frequencies of 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz and
64 -71 GHz bands. Researchers are targeting these frequencies for 5G applications. Internet
of Things (IoT). IoT is a system of physical items to gather and exchange information. For a
more direct incorporation between the physical world and computer-based frameworks, IoT
enables these devices to be detected and controlled remotely to enhance the efficiency. The
terms IoT and 5G are used conversely because of the shared traits in the intents of both.

5G Objectives

The fundamental goals of 5G will be focused on towards enhancing the limit of the
systems with better coverage at a lower cost. With a more prominent push for greener
advances every year, diminished force utilization will likewise be an essential goal of 5G.
The most essential and exceptionally basic target of all is the "capacity" as it
straightforwardly identifies with the developing client interest for speedier and higher
information rates. The innovation is being researched to meet these high information rate
targets is the massive MIMO.

Speed

5G speeds will range from ~50 Mbit/s to over 2 Gbit/s at the start. The fastest 5G,
known as mm Wave, delivers speeds of up to and over 2 Gbit/s. As of July 3, 2019, mm
Wave had a top speed of 1.8 Gbit/s on AT&T's 5G network. There is a huge difference
between the peak speed of 5G and 4G, the maximum peak download speed on a 4G network
is 1Gbps while 5G is known to deliver peak download speed of 20 Gbps.

Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100
and 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mm Wave, especially outdoors.

Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others.

5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of
spectrum and antennas, although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

advanced 4G networks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s
in Manhattan and Chicago. The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as
well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G
configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension
of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.

The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G
already approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less
common millimeter wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter
range, and hence greater frequency reusability, can be substantially higher.

Massive machine to machine communications – also called the Internet of Things (IoT)
that involves connecting billions of devices without human intervention at a scale not seen
before. This has the potential to revolutionise modern industrial processes and applications
including agriculture, manufacturing and business communications.

ultra-reliable low latency communication – mission critical including real-time control of

device, industrial robotics, vehicle to vehicle communication and safety system, autonomous
driving and safer transport network ,low latency communications also opens up a new world
where remote medical care and treatment are all possible.

Enhancement mobile broadband – providing significantly faster data speed and greater
capacity keeping the world connect. New applications will include fixed wireless internet
access for homes, outdoor broadcast application without the need for broadcast vans and
greater connectivity for people on the move.

1.3.2. Applications of 5G technology

5G technology will power wide range of future industries from retail to education,
transportation to entertainment and smart homes to healthcare. It will make mobile more
essential than it is today.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Figure 1.3.1. 5G technology.

1. High-speed mobile network

Figure 1.3.2. High speed mobile network.

5G will revolutionize the mobile experience with supercharged wireless network, which can
support up to 10 to 20 GBPS of data download speed. It is equivalent to a fiber optic Internet
connection accessed wirelessly. Compared to conventional mobile transmission technologies,
voice and high-speed data can be simultaneously transferred efficiently in 5G. Low latency is
one of the most important features of 5G technology which is significant for autonomous
driving and mission critical applications. 5G networks are capable of latency less than a
millisecond.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

2. Entertainment and multimedia

Figure 1.3.3. Entertainment and multimedia.

Analysts found that 55 percentage of mobile Internet traffic has been used for video
downloads globally in 2015. This trend will increase in future and high definition video
streaming will be common in future. 5G will offer a high definition virtual world on your
mobile phone. High speed streaming of 4K videos only takes few seconds and it can support
crystal clear audio clarity. Live events can be streamed via wireless network with high
definition. HD TV channels can be accessed on mobile devices without any interruptions.
Entertainment industry will hugely benefit from 5G wireless networks. 5G can provide 120
frames per second, high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming without
interruption. Audio-visual experience will be rewritten after the implementation of latest
technologies powered by 5G wireless. Augmented reality and virtual reality requires HD
video with low latency.

3. Internet of Things – Connecting everything

Figure 1.3.4. Internet of things.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Internet of Things (IoT) is another broad area for development using supercharged 5G
wireless network. Internet of Things will connect every objects, appliances, sensors, devices
and applications into Internet. IoT applications will collects huge amount of data from
millions of devices and sensors. It requires an efficient network for data collection,
processing, transmission, control and real-time analytics. 5G is the most efficient candidate
for Internet of Things due to its flexibility, unused spectrum availability and low cost
solutions for deployment. IoT can benefit from 5G networks in many areas like

• Smart Home

Figure 1.3.5. Smart home.

Smart home appliances and products are catching up the market today. Smart home concept
will utilize 5G networks for device connectivity and monitoring of applications. 5G wireless
network will be utilized by smart appliances which can be configured and accessed from
remote locations, closed circuit cameras will provide high quality real-time video for security
purposes.

• Logistics and shipping

Logistic and shipping industry can make use of smart 5G technology for goods tracking, fleet
management, centralized database management, staff scheduling and real-time delivery
tracking and reporting.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

• Smart cities

Figure 1.3.6. Smart cities.

Smart city application like traffic management, Instant weather update, local area
broadcasting, energy management, smart power grid, smart lighting of street, water resource
management, crowd management, emergency response etc.… can use reliable 5G wireless
network for its functioning.

• Industrial IoT

Future industries will depend on smart wireless technologies like 5G and LTE advanced for
efficient automation of equipment, predictive maintenance, safety, process tracking, smart
packing, shipping, logistics and energy management. Smart sensor technology offers
unlimited solutions for industrial IoT for smarter, safe, cost effective and energy efficient
industrial operation.

• Smart farming

5G technology will be used for agriculture and smart farming in future. Using smart RFID
sensors and GPS technology, farmers can track location of livestock and manage them easily.
Smart sensors can be used for irrigation control, access control and energy management.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

• Healthcare and mission critical applications

Figure 1.3.7. Healthcare and mission applications.

5G technology will support medical practitioners to perform advanced medical le procedures

with reliable wireless network connected to another side of the globe. Connected classrooms
will help students to attend seminars and important lecturers. People with chronic medical
conditions will benefit from smart devices and real-time monitoring. Doctors can connect
with patients from anywhere anytime and advice them when necessary. Scientists are
working on smart medical devices which can perform remote surgery.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Table 2.1. Comparison of 1G, 2G, 3Gl, 4G and 5G technology.

Features 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Broad Unified IP and Unified IP and

Technology Analog Digital cellular bandwidth seamless seamless
cellular technology CDMA, IP combination of combination of
technology technology broadband, broadband,
LAN/WAN

Frequency 30 KHz 1.8 GHz 1.6 - 2 GHz 2 – 8 GHz 3 – 30 GHz

Bandwidth 2 Kbps 14.4 – 64 Kbps 2 Mbps 1 Gbps 1 Gbps& higher

Access FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA OFDM/BDMA

system

5G Antenna

5G will use massive MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs) antennas that have
very large numbers of antenna element or connections to send and receive more data
simultaneously. The benefits to users that more people can simultaneously connect to the
network and maintains high throughput.

The overall physical size of the 5G massive MIMO antennas will be similar to 4G’ however
with a higher frequency, the individual antenna element size is smaller allowing more
element in the same physical case.

5G user equipment including mobile phone and devices will also have MIMO antenna
technology built into the device for the mm wave frequencies

A millimetre-wave wideband antenna is presented for the 5th generation applications. The
operation band ranges from 24GHz to 39GHz which covers most of the Ka band.
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Furthermore, a 9×9 multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is developed. The high

isolation is achieved without introducing external decoupling structures. The transmission
coefficient is under −20dB within only 0.4mm space between antenna elements. The
radiation pattern also shows the stability within the wide operation band. Both simulated and
measured results show that this proposed MIMO antenna is suitable for the future wireless
communication.

As we know that the micro strip patch antenna is widely use in a number of antenna system
because of their low profile, light weight, low cost, compactness and compatibility because
of this features we use micro strip patch antenna in this project after done this literature
survey.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter includes the review of various research papers work related to low profile
microstrip patch antenna, and its type based on wavelength, shapes, parameters and
application. Learning the HFSS tool is the important in this work, because we are designed
our antenna using HFSS tool.

We choose the Patch antenna to our design because it has so many advantages as follows:

▪ Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.

▪ Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
▪ Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
▪ High performance.
▪ Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surface.
▪ Light weight and low volume.

2.1. RELATED WORK

H. Huang et al,. [1] proposed a ‘dual-band dual-polarization antenna for millimeter-wave

application’ the structure reported a peak gain of 10.1 dBi and 11.21 dBi for 28 GHz and 38
GHz frequency bands respectively the return loss value where below -10 dB across both the
frequency bands of interest.

N. O. Parchin et al,. [2] proposed a ‘Dual Polarised MIMO Antenna Array For 5G
smartphone Application’. The design consists of dual polarized MIMO antenna array
operating at 3.6 GHz frequency band. The structure has been design on a rogers substrate of
permittivity 2.2 and thickness 1.6 mm along with a loss tangent of 0.002. The peak gain
reported where 6.38 dBi with a return loss of -20 dB at the operating frequency .

Y. Jandi et al,. [3]“poposed a ‘Design of a compact dual bands patch antenna for 5G
applications’. The proposed antenna operates at 10.15 GHz and 28 GHz which are two of
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

the candidate frequencies for the 5G mobile communications. the structure provides a gain of
5.51 dB at and 8.03 dB at lower and upper frequency band respectively. The antenna was
designed on Rogers5880 substrate with a thickness of 0.787mm”.

G. Anjaneyulu et al,. [4] proposed a ‘Design and simulation of multiband microstrip

antenna array for satellite application’. The antenna array is designed to work in the
frequency range of 12 GHz with inset feeding method. A single element patch antenna with
an optimal performance is designed on a Rogers (RT Duroid 5880tm) dielectric substrate and
subsequently extended to a 2 element and 4 elements linear array. The 1x4 linear array
antenna designed in this paper is having a max gain of 12.69 dB at a frequency of 11.19 GHz
with a return loss -16.89 dB is achieved.

T. Elkarkraoui et al,. [5] proposed a ‘Gain enhancement of quasi yagi antenna using lens
technique for 5G wireless system’. In this design a lens technique is used to enhance gain
and bandwidth of planar quasi-yagi antenna. The reported return loss value where below 10
dB at 28 GHz and the reported gain were 15.5dBi. The proposed antenna is attractive and
well suitable for 5G wireless system.

U. Venkateshkumar et al,. [6] proposed a ‘Multiband Patch Antenna Design for 5G

Applications’. This proposed antenna showed multiple resonating frequencies in the 2.4GHz
to 9GHz frequency bands. The substrate chosen for the designs is FR-4 for permittivity of
4.4. The return loss of the return loss value is well below -30 dB with a peak gain of 6.28 dB
across all the frequency band

Z. Ren et al,. [7]“proposed a ‘Dual-Band MIMO Antenna With Compact Self- Decoupled
Antenna Pairs for 5G Mobile Applications’. In this paper, a dual-band four-element multi-
input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna system based on compact self-decoupled antenna
pairs is proposed for mobile terminals. The MIMO antenna system is optimized to operate in
both 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz bands with isolation of -17.5 dB for the lower band and -20 dB
for the higher band”.

M. S. Kamal et al,. [8] proposed ‘Design of a Tri-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G
Application’. Here, Rogers RT Duroid-5880 is used having a low relative permittivity of
2.2. This proposed antenna provides a return loss -14.7 dB, -19.3 dB, -18.75 dB with a gain

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

of6.65 dBi, 7.02 dBi, 5.05 dBi at the operating frequency of 24.4 GHz, 28 GHz and 38 GHz
respectively.

N. H. Shahadan et al,. [9] proposed a ‘High Gain Switchable Dielectric Resonator

Antenna Array for 5G Applications’. The structure resulted in a maximum gain of 12.8
dBi at the operating frequency of 3.5 GHz with a beam steering of ±30° by using only 2
ports. The reported return loss value where below -10 dB at 3.5 GHz.

S. Chen et al,. [10] proposed a ‘LTCC Based Dual-Polarized Magneto-Electric Dipole

Antenna for 5G Millimeter Wave Application’. A dual-polarized millimeter wave antenna
for 5G application is proposed in this paper. Due to the high dielectric constant ceramic
material is used using LTCC technology. The return loss of the return loss value is well
below -30 dB, operating frequency range of antenna is from 26.39 GHz to 28.64 GHz. The
peak gain reported were 5.5 dB.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF OUR PROJECT

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 3

3. DESCRIPTION OF OUR PROJECT

The main purpose of our design is to achieve antenna parameters such as return loss, VSWR,
gain and radiation pattern for required resonance frequency of 24 GHz and To get a better
performance of gain. Mainly we have made this antenna array for use of 5G wireless
communication

3.1. PATCH ANTENNA

The most common type of microstrip antenna is the patch antenna. Antennas using patches as
constitutive elements in an array are also possible. A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-
beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a continuous metal layer
bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Common microstrip
antenna shapes are square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is
possible. Some patch antennas do not use a dielectric substrate and instead are made of a
metal patch mounted above a ground plane using dielectric spacers; the resulting structure is
less rugged but has a wider bandwidth. Because such antennas have a very low profile, are
mechanically rugged and can be shaped to conform to the curving skin of a vehicle, they are
often mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated into mobile
radio communications devices.

3.2. ADVANTAGES OF MICROSRIP ANTENNA

• They operate at microwave frequencies where traditional antennas are not feasible to
be designed.

• This antenna type has smaller size and hence will provide small size end devices.

• The microstrip based antennas are easily etched on any PCB and will also provide
easy access for troubleshooting during design and development. This is due to the fact
that microstrip pattern is visible and accessible from top. Hence they are easy to

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

fabricate and comfortable on curved parts of the device. Hence it is easy to integrate
them with MICs or MMICs.

• As the patch antennas are fed along centre line to symmetry, it minimizes excitation
of other undesired modes.

• The microstrip patches of various shapes e.g. rectangular, square, triangular etc. are
easily etched.

• They have lower fabrication cost and hence they can be mass manufactured.

• They are capable of supporting multiple frequency bands (dual, triple).

• They support dual polarization types viz. linear and circular both.

• They are light in weight.

• They are robust when mounted on rigid surfaces of the devices.

3.3. DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

• The spurious radiation exists in various microstrip based antennas such as microstrip
patch antenna, microstrip slot antenna and printed dipole antenna.
• It offers low efficiency due to dielectric losses and conductor losses.
• It offers lower gain.
• It has higher level of cross polarization radiation.
• It has lower power handling capability.
• It has inherently lower impedance bandwidth.
3.4. APPLICATIONS
• Used in mobile satellite communication system.
• Direct broad cast television (DBS).
• Wireless LAN’S.
• Feed elements in coaxial system.
• GPS system.
• Missiles and telementry
• UHF patch antennas for space
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

3.5. FLOW DIGRAM OF THE PROJECT

START

Select the suitable antenna

and resonant frequency

Select substrate and

Calculate the length, width of
the antenna theoretically

Calculate the length and

Selectofsoftware
width antennatool

Calculate the length and

draw the patch antenna using
width of antenna
evaluated length and width
values
vvCalculate the length and
width of antenna
Add substrate and ground
Calculate thedebug
plane then lengthit and
width of antenna
Observe gain, return loss and
other parameters

No
If antenna
Change the length
parameters are
and width of the
matches with the
patch antenna
required value

Yes
Add antenna to get a better
performance of gain

Fabricate designed antenna

and test it.
Figure.3.1.1 The process flow of antenna design, simulation and fabrication

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 4

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 4

4. METHOD OF ANALYSIS

4.1. TRANSMISSION-LINE MODEL

It was indicated earlier that the transmission-line model is the easiest of all but it yields
the least accurate results and it lacks the versatility. However, it does shed some physical
insight. A rectangular microstrip antenna can be represented as an array of two radiating
narrow apertures (slots), each of width W and height h, separated by a distance L. Basically
the transmission-line model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots, separated by a
low-impedance Zc transmission line of length L.

A. Fringing Effects Because the dimensions of the patch are finite along the length and
width, the fields at the edges of the patch undergo fringing. This is illustrated along
the length in Figures 4.2.1(a, b) for the two radiating slots of the microstrip antenna.
The same applies along the width. The amount of fringing is a function of the
dimensions of the patch and the height of the substrate. For the principal E-plane (xy-
plane) fringing is a function of the ratio of the length of the patch L to the height h of
the substrate (L/h) and the dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟 of the substrate. Since for microstrip
antennas L/h >>1, fringing is reduced; however, it must be taken into account because
it influences the resonant frequency of the antenna. The same applies for the width.
For a microstrip line shown in Figure 4.2.1(a), typical electric field lines are shown in
Figure 4.2.1(b). This is a non-homogeneous line of two dielectrics; typically the
substrate and air. As can be seen, most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate
and parts of some lines exist in air. As W/h>>1 and 𝜖𝑟 >>1, the electric field lines
concentrate mostly in the substrate. Fringing in this case makes the microstrip line
look wider electrically compared to its physical dimensions. Since some of the waves
travel in the substrate and some in air, an effective dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 is
introduced to account for fringing and the wave propagation in the line. To introduce
the effective dielectric constant, let us assume that the center conductor of the
microstrip line with its original dimensions and height above the ground plane is
embedded into one dielectric, as shown in Figure 3.3.1(c).
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Figure 4.1.1. Microstrip line and its electric field lines, and effective dielectric
constant geometry.

The effective dielectric constant is defined as the dielectric constant of the uniform
dielectric material so that the line of Figure 4.2.1(c) has identical electrical
characteristics, particularly propagation constant, as the actual line of Figure 4.2.1(a). For
a line with air above the substrate, the effective dielectric constant has values in the range
of 1 < 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 < 𝜖𝑟. For most applications where the dielectric constant of the substrate is
much greater than unity (𝜖𝑟 >>1), the value of 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 will be closer to the value of the
actual dielectric constant 𝜖𝑟 of the substrate. The effective dielectric constant is also a
function of frequency. As the frequency of operation increases, most of the electric field
lines concentrate in the substrate. Therefore the microstrip line behaves more like a
homogeneous line of one dielectric (only the substrate), and the effective dielectric
constant approaches the value of the dielectric constant of the substrate. Typical
variations, as a function of frequency, of the effective dielectric constant for a microstrip
line with three different substrates are shown in Figure 4.2.2.
For low frequencies the effective dielectric constant is essentially constant. At
intermediate frequencies its values begin to monotonically increase and eventually
approach the values of the dielectric constant of the substrate. The initial values (at low

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

frequencies) of the effective dielectric constant are referred to as the static values, and
they are given by

𝜖𝑟+1 𝜖𝑟−1 1
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2 + 2 [ 1 ] ………………….(3.1)
ℎ ⁄2
(1+12 )
𝑊

B. Effective Length, Resonant Frequency, and Effective Width Because of the

fringing effects, electrically the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its
physical dimensions. For the principal E-plane (xy-plane), this is demonstrated in
Figure 4.2.3 where the dimensions of the patch along its length have been extended
on each end by a distance 3L, which is a function of the effective dielectric constant
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 and the width-to-height ratio (W/h). A very popular and practical approximate
relation for the normalized extension of the length is

𝑊
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)( +0.264)
ℎ
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ 𝑊 ……………………(3.2)
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓−0.258)( +0.8)
ℎ

4.1.2. Effective dielectric constant versus frequency for typical substrates.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

4.1.3. Physical and effective lengths of rectangular microstrip patch.

Since the length of the patch has been extended by 3L on each side, the effective length of
the patch is now (L=λ/2 for dominant TM010 mode with no fringing)

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 ……………………(3.3)

For the dominant TM010 mode, the resonant frequency of the microstrip antenna is a
function of its length. Usually it is given by
1 𝜗𝑜
(fr)010 = = ……………………(3.4)
2𝐿 √𝜖𝑟 √𝜇𝑜𝜖𝑜 2𝐿 √𝜖𝑟

C. Design Based on the simplified formulation that has been described, a design
procedure is outlined which leads to practical designs of rectangular microstrip

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

antennas. The procedure assumes that the specified information includes the dielectric
constant of the substrate (𝜖𝑟), the resonant frequency (fr), and the height of the
substrate h. The procedure is as follows:

Specify: 𝜖𝑟, f r (in Hz), and h

Determine: W, L
Design procedure:
1. For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is

1 2 𝜗𝑜 2
𝑊= √ = √ ……………..(3.5)
2𝑓 √𝜇𝑜𝜖𝑜 𝜖𝑟+1 2𝑓 𝜖𝑟+1

where υ0 is the free-space velocity of light.

2. Determine the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip antenna using eqn..(1).
3. Once W is found using (14-6), determine the extension of the length 3L using
eqn..(2).
4. The actual length of the patch can now be determined by solving for L,

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿

𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ……………………(3.6)
2𝑓√𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓

Calculation of the ground plane dimensions (Lg and Wg):

𝐿𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝐿

𝑊𝑔 = 6ℎ + 𝑊

After calculating the value of width and length of the antenna using suitable formulas,
we have to design the antenna structure with proper measurements using HFSS tool. After
designing the antenna structure, add ground plane and substrate and analyse the errors and
run the design. Observe the values Return loss, VSWR Gain and radiation pattern of an
antenna. If we get proper result but not a required value then add the another antenna with
same value of length and width to the antenna structure. If, we get gain as less than 5db and
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

return loss as greater than -10db, we should make modulation in length and width value of
antenna. Antenna array is used to provide sufficient frequency for 5G wireless
communication.

4.2. FEEDING TECHNIQUES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

The patch antennas may be powered with many methods. The processes feeding are
categorized in two methods:
• In category contacting, the feeding technique is powered by means of a
connecting element such as a microstrip line into the radiating patch.
• Without contact category, a transfer of power between the microstrip
line and radiating element is performed with the electromagnetic field
coupling.
The most famous feeding techniques employed in the microstrip patch antenna are:
coaxial probe, feeding technique with microstrip line and aperture or proximity
coupling methods.
Feeding Techniques
In this kind of feeding process (Fig), the edge of the microstrip patch is connected
directly to a conducting strip. This feeding method offers the benefit that the conducting line
can have the opportunity of engraved on same substrate of patch antenna providing a planar
shape. The width of conducting element is smaller as compared at the patch antenna.

Figure 4.2.1. Microstrip line technique.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Coaxial Probe Feeding Techniques

The outside conductor of a coaxial connector attached at ground plane, while the
inside is extends across the dielectric and is welded at the radiating element antenna.
However, the disadvantage of this technique is a difficult to model and produce à narrow
bandwidth.

Figure 4.2.2. Coaxial Probe Feed.

Feeding Techniques with Proximity coupled

This feeding technique utilized two dielectric substrates in order that the feed line,
firstly, is between two substrates and on the other hand the radiating element is on top of the
upper substrate.

Figure 4.2.3. Proximity coupled Feed.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Aperture coupled feed

This type of feed technique (Fig), a microstrip feed line is separated by the
ground plane to the radiating patch.
The feed line and the radiating element is coupled through an aperture or a slot in the ground
plane. The variations in the coupling will depend of width and length of the slot to improve
the simulation result of bandwidths and return losses. The slot is usually centred under the
radiating element

Figure 4.2.4. Aperture coupled feed.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE REQIREMENTS

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 5

5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

5.1. HFSS DESIGN METHODOLOGY

HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures

from Analysis. HFSS stands for high-frequency structure simulator. HFSS is one of the
various tools used for antenna design, and the design of complex radio frequency electronic
circuit elements as well as filters, transmission lines, and packaging.

HFSS is used to simulate the suggested antennas. The antenna designing process with HFSS
has been set out step by step. Symmetry techniques are inevitably helpful to improve the
output. Accurate symmetry shows better results. So, we have carried out symmetrical cutting
to design the antenna structures. Antenna might have the impedance loss due to improper
impedance matching, and this can be brought under control by using parameter sweep
technique which also benefits to find the position of the feed point for best impedance
matching. While designing the antenna, the cutting either on the fractal shape, patch or
ground plane has to be done in the suitable way that it has to lower the cost and also increase
the bandwidth. Manufacturing cost is reduced depending upon the material used. The antenna
performance is also dependent on the height and dielectric constant of the substrate.

What is HFSS?

HFSS is a high-performance full-wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for

arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modelling that takes advantage of the familiar
Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid
modelling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM
problems are quickly and accurately obtained. Analysis software HFSS employs the Finite
Element Method(FEM), adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled
performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Analysis software HFSS can be
used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical
uses include:

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

• Package Modelling – BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip

• PCB Board Modelling – Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds,
Backplanes
• Silicon/GaAs - Spiral Inductors, Transformers
• EMC/EMI – Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
• Antennas/Mobile Communications – Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell
Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar helix, Specific Absorption Rate(SAR), Infinite
Arrays, Radar Cross Section(RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces(FSS)
• Connectors – Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions Waveguide – Filters,
Resonators, Transitions, Couplers Filters – Cavity Filters, Microstrip,
Dielectric

HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron. This
allows you to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry, especially those with complex curves and
shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take using other techniques. The name HFSS stands
for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Analysis software pioneered the use of the Finite
Element Method(FEM) for EM simulation by developing/implementing technologies such as
tangential vector finite elements, adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lanczos-Pade
Sweep(ALPS). Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with innovations such as Modes-
to-Nodes and Full Wave Spice™. Analysis software HFSS has evolved over a period of
years with input from many users and industries. In industry, Analysis software HFSS is the
tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

System Requirements

• Microsoft Windows XP(32/64), Windows 2000, or Windows 2003 Server. For up to-
date information, refer to the HFSS Release Notes.
• Pentium –based computer
• 128MB RAM minimum
• 8MB Video Card minimum
• Mouse or other pointing device
• CD-ROM drive

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5.2. DESIGN WINDOWS

• In the Analysis HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each
design is displayed in a separate window.
• You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time. Also,
you can have multiple views of the same design visible at the same time.
• To arrange the windows, you can drag them by the title bar, and resize them by
dragging a corner or border. Also, you can select one of the following menu options:
Window >Cascade, Window >Tile Vertically, or Window > Tile Horizontally.
• To organize your Analysis software HFSS window, you can iconize open designs.
Click the Iconize ** symbol in the upper right corner of the document border. An
icon appears in the lower part of the Analysis software HFSS window. If the icon is
not visible, it may be behind another open document. Resize any open documents as
necessary.
• Select the menu item Window > Arrange Icons to arrange them at the bottom of the
Analysis software HFSS window. Select the menu item Window > Close All to close
all open design. You are prompted to Save unsaved designs.

Figure 5.2.1. Snapshot of design window in HFSS tool.

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5.3. SIMULATION TOOL USED – HFSS

The Analysis HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) Version 15 is used for
designing and simulating the designed antenna. It is the most widely used simulation tool for
3D full wave EM field simulation and is mostly used for high frequency design. This tool is a
combination of simulation, automation, visualization, and solid modeling. This software is
used to accurately solve the three-dimensional electromagnetic. This software offers art
solver (multiple state) technologies i.e. it uses Finite Element Method (FEM), top notch

graphics and adaptive meshing to deliver high performance and also provide exact
understanding to the problems. User can select the solver options according to their
simulation requirement.

5.3.1. Advanced Phased Array Antenna Simulation

In Analysis HFSS, engineers can simulate infinite and finite phased-array antennas with all
electromagnetic effects, including mutual coupling, array lattice definition, finite array edge effects,
dummy elements, element blanking and more, through advanced unit cell simulation. A candidate
array design can examine input impedances of all elements under any beam scan condition. Phased
array antennas can be optimized for performance at the element, subarray or complete array level
based on element match (passive or driven) far-field and near-field pattern behaviour over any scan
condition of interest.
Infinite array modelling involves one or more antenna elements placed within a unit cell. The cell
contains periodic boundary conditions on the surrounding walls to mirror fields, creating an infinite
number of elements. Element scan impedance and embedded element radiation patterns can be
computed, including all mutual coupling effects. The method is especially useful for predicting array-
blind scan angles that can occur under certain array beam steering conditions.
Finite array simulation technology leverages domain decomposition with the unit cell to obtain a fast
solution for large finite-sized arrays. This technology makes it possible to perform complete array
analysis to predict all mutual coupling, scan impedance, element patterns, array patterns and array edge
effects.

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5.3.2. 3D Electromagnetic Field Simulator for RF and Wireless Design

Analysis HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for designing and
simulating high-frequency electronic products such as antennas, antenna arrays, RF or microwave
components, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards.
Engineers worldwide use Ansys HFSS to design high-frequency, high-speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), satellites,
internet-of-things (IoT) products and other high-speed RF and digital devices.
HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) employs versatile solvers and an intuitive GUI to give
you unparalleled performance plus deep insight into all your 3D EM problems. Through integration
with Ansys thermal, structural and fluid dynamics tools, HFSS provides a powerful and complete
multi physics analysis of electronic products, ensuring their thermal and structural reliability. HFSS is
synonymous with gold standard accuracy and reliability for tackling 3D EM challenges by virtue of its
automatic adaptive meshing technique and sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through
high performance computing (HPC) technology.
The Analysis HFSS simulation suite consists of a comprehensive set of solvers to address diverse
electromagnetic problems ranging in detail and scale from passive IC components to extremely large-
scale EM analyses such as automotive radar scenes for ADAS systems. Its reliable automatic adaptive
mesh refinement lets you focus on the design instead of spending time determining and creating the
best mesh. This automation and guaranteed accuracy differentiate HFSS from all other EM simulators,
which require manual user control and multiple solutions to ensure that the generated mesh is suitable
and accurate. With Analysis HFSS, the physics defines the mesh rather than the mesh defining the
physics.
Analysis HFSS is the premier EM tool for R&D and virtual design prototyping. It reduces design cycle
time and boosts your product’s reliability and performance. Beat the competition and capture your
market with Analysis HFSS

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 6

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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Chapter 6
6. DESIGN METHODOLOGY

6.1. MODELLING OF ANTENNA DESIGN

In This design we need to observe the parameters of antenna such as Return loss,
Bandwidth, Gain and radiation pattern, impedance. Firstly we have to calculate length and
width of the patch antenna using formula’s to obtain value of gain. To design a single patch
antenna, we want three critical parameters they are operating frequency, substrate and
dielectric constant. The substrate material which is Rogers-RT5880 was chosen for this
design.

Hence, the essential parameters for the design are:

f = 24 GHz, εr =4.3 and h = 1.6 mm

6.2. DESIGNING STEPS OF ANTENNA

1. Create the substrate

2. Allot the dimensions to the substrate

3. Allot the material to substrate

4. Then create the Patch and give the dimensions to the patch

5. Allot the boundary to patch

6. In the Next Step, create the Feed Line and set dimensions to the feed line

7. Then unite the feed line

8. After this, create the Ground Plane

9. Then Create the Excitation Port to provide the electromagnetic energy to the antenna

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

10. After this, create the radiation box and give the radiation boundary to it.

6.4. ANTENNA DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

In this section, the methodology for the design of proposed patch antenna is
presented. In this project the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed in the form of
series network.

The patch antenna is designed using the equations in the following steps.

I. The width (Wp) of the patch is calculated using eqn (4.1).

1 2 𝜗𝑜 2
𝑊 = 2𝑓 √ = √ …………..(4.1)
√𝜇𝑜𝜖𝑜 𝜖𝑟+1 2𝑓 𝜖𝑟+1

Where, 𝜗𝑜 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 ∗ 108

𝜇𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7
𝜖𝑜 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 8.854 ∗ 10−12
𝑓 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 24 𝐺𝐻𝑧

1 2
𝑊= √
2(24𝐺𝐻𝑧) ∗ √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (8.854 ∗ 10−12 ) (4.3 + 1)

= 3.8 𝑚𝑚

II. The Length (Lp) of the patch is calculated using eqn(4.2).

1
𝐿= − 2∆𝐿 ..………… (4.2)
2𝑓√𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 √𝜇𝑜𝜖𝑜

𝑊
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3) (
+ 0.264)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ℎ = 0.6477𝑚
𝑊
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258) ( + 0.8)
ℎ

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

𝜖𝑟 + 1 𝜖𝑟 − 1 1
𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + 1⁄ = 3.32
2 2 ℎ 2
[(1 + 12 𝑊 ) ]
1
𝐿= − 2(0.6477𝑚)
2(24𝐺𝐻𝑧)√3.32√4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 8.854 ∗ 10−12

= 4.8𝑚𝑚

Figure 4.1.1(a) shows the structure of proposed single element patch antenna
operating at 24 GHz frequency and Figure 4.1.1(b) shows the structure of proposed patch
antenna array operating at 24 GHz frequency for 5G applications. The front view of the
antenna contains a rectangular radiator of about 3.8 x 4.8 mm in dimension. Feed line probe
of about 3x1.6 mm in dimension. On the back view, there is a ground plane of about 30 x
8.25 mm in dimension with a substrate. Rogers-RT5880 which has a dielectric constant of
4.3 and thickness h of 1.6 mm is used.

Figure. 6.4.1. Snapshot of Proposed antenna on Rogers (single element).

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Figure. 6.4.2. Snapshot of Proposed antenna array on Rogers.

The beam gets narrow if the number of the elements in an array increases. Considering the
area of the element, Rectangular shaped patch gave better gain and directivity at
different array models. Antenna array are used to increase the gain and directivity of
radiation. When we have single isotropic antenna, it radiates in 360 degree but when we have
multiple antenna array, the gain and directivity will be increased so that communication over
long distances would be made possible.
Table 6.4. Geometrical specification of single element and antenna array.
Single element Antenna array
Patch width (Wp) 3.8 mm 3.8mm
Patch length (Lp) 4.8 mm 4.8 mm
Ground length (Lg) 8.25 mm 8.25 mm
Ground Width (Wg) 30 mm 30 mm
Inset length (L1) 7.11 mm 7.11 mm
Permittivity (𝜖𝑟) 2.2 mm 2.2 mm

Loss tangent 0.002 0.002

Gap between the antenna -- 7.1 mm
Port width 3 mm 3mm
Thickness (h) 1.66 mm 1.6 mm

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Antenna array design using HFSS tool with measurements

Figure 6.4.3. Front view of Patch antenna array.

Above figure is an indicates that the measurements of designed microstrip patch antenna
array which is in the front view. In this figure the two microstrip patch antennas are
connected in series to improve the gain to get a better performance and having the 4.8 mm
length, 3.8 mm width

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

3mm

Figure 6.4.4. Back view of patch antenna array (Ground plane).

Above figure is an indication of back view of microstrip patch antenna array with partial
ground plane to the substrate material with its respective physical and electrical property with
8.25 mm length, 30 mm width

1.6mm

Figure 6.4.5. Side view of patch antenna array.

The above figure is an indication of side view of the microstrip antenna array. In this figure
the feeding probe is indicated with the height of 1.6 mm.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 7

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 7

7. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.1. Single element

The antenna was modelled and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator
(HFSS) software programs and each layer of proposed antenna design was assigned with its
respective physical and electrical properties. The results of single element patch antenna is
getting a Return loss of -10 dB at 27.6 GHz frequency as shown in the Figure 7.1.1.

Figure 7.1.1. Return loss of single element patch antenna.

The -12.5 dB at 24 GHz with -10 dB impedance bandwidth is extending from 22.5 GHz to
27.61 GHz giving a total bandwidth of 5.1GHz. the horizontal axis represents the frequency
in GHz, while the vertical axis represents the return loss in dB.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Radiation Pattern 5 HFSSDesign2

0
Name Theta Ang Mag m1 Curve Info
m1 360.0000 -0.0000 6.5423 -30 30
dB(GainTotal)
5.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='24GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
0.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-60 60 Freq='24GHz' Phi='90deg'

-5.00

-10.00

-90 90

-120 120

-150 150

-180

Figure 7.1.2. Radiation pattern of single element patch antenna.

The above figure indicates a peak boresight gain of 6.54 dB under both E and H plane
operating at 24 GHz. The vertical axis represents the gain in dBi while the angular axis
represents angles in degree.

7.2. Antenna array

The results of Return loss, VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), gain and radiation
pattern of the antenna array is obtained and shown. The Return loss at 28.93 GHz frequency
is about -10 dB taken as the base value which is favourable for wireless communication as
shown in the Figure 7.2.1.

Figure 7.2.1. Return loss plot of patch antenna array.

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

The reported value of the return loss where -10.068 dB at 24 GHz with -10 dB impedance
bandwidth extending from 22.56 GHz to 28.913 GHz with a total bandwidth of 6.3509 GHz.
The horizontal axis represents the frequency in GHz while the vertical axis represents the
return loss in dB

Name Theta Ang Mag Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign2

m1 -10.0000 -10.0000 6.6290 Curve Info
0
m1
dB(GainTotal)
-30 5.00 30 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
0.00 Freq='24GHz' Phi='0deg'
-5.00 dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-10.00 Freq='24GHz' Phi='90deg'
-60 -15.00 60
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-90 90

-120 120

-150 150
-180

Figure 7.2.2. Radiation pattern of patch antenna array.

The above figure indicates a peak gain reported where 6.629 dBi under both E and H plane
operating at 24 GHz. The vertical axis represents gain in dBi while the angular axis
represents the angles in degree.

Table.7.2. summary of the simulated results.

Antenna parameter Single element Antenna array

antenna
Return loss -13.55 dB -10.017 dB

Gain 6.54 dB 6.629 dB

Bandwidth 5.082 GHz 6.359 GHz

frequency range 22.5 – 27.61 GHz 22.56 – 28.91 GHz

Resonant frequency 26.6 GHz 26.2 GHz

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

Chapter 8
8.1. CONCLUSION

The proposed microstrip patch antenna resonates at the frequency of 24 GHz. From
the above result, we conclude that the microstrip patch antenna array gave a better
performance of gain and directivity when compare to single element of antenna. The gains
reported were reasonably good with 6.62 dB for a two element array when compared with
6.54 dB in case of a single element antenna as reported in Table 7.2

8.2. FUTURE SCOPE

5G technologies requires antennas that need to have a highly directional radiation
pattern with pencil beam shaped radiation pattern coupled with high gain and directivity.
Also attenuation of the wave increases as frequency increases reducing the gain drastically.
Hence multiple antenna arrays using MIMO needs to be designed to meet this requirement.
Different types of metamaterials need to be integrated into the antenna structure to improve
the radiation pattern.

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REFERENCES

[1]. H. Huang, Y. Wang and X. Jian, "Novel Integrated Design of a Dual-Band Dual-
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[2]. N. O. Parchin, Y. I. A. Al-Yasir, J. M. Noras and R. A. Abd-Alhameed, "Dual-
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 Design of 24 GHz series fed patch antenna array for 5G Application

[8]. M. S. Kamal, M. J. Islam, M. J. Uddin and A. Z. M. Imran, "Design of a Tri-Band

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