ABSTRACT

Thermal decomposition or thermal decomposition is chemical

decomposition caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a
substance is the temperature at which the substance is chemically
decomposed. The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the chemical
composition of sodium bicarbonate after thermal decomposition and
determine the decomposition reaction. The mass of sodium bicarbonate at a
temperature of 200°C comes from the average value of test 1 and test 2,
which is 18.50 g, 18 g and 19 g, respectively. For the substance with a
temperature of 100°C, the substances we obtained from Experiment 1 and
Experiment 2 were 17g and 19g, respectively, with an average of 18g. At a
temperature of 200°C, the weight values of the two different temperatures
are not the same. At a temperature of 200°C, we find that the average mass
of sodium is 11g for test 1 to 12g, and test 2 for 13g. At the same time, when
the temperature is 100°C, the average mass of sodium is 16.5g, of which
there are 18g and 15g in test 1 and test 2, respectively. After calculation, we
obtained the theoretical values of NaOH, Na2O and Na2CO3 at 200°C,
where NaOH was 8.60 g, Na2O was 6.60 g, and Na2CO3 was 11.36 g.
Therefore, under 200°C test 2, the theoretical values of NaOH, Na2O and
Na2CO3 are 9.05 g for NaOH, 7.00 g for Na2O, and 12.00 g for Na2CO3.
Then, for one test at 100°C, we got 9.05 g NaOH, 7.01 g Na2O and 12.00 g
Na2CO3. For test 2 at 100°C, the theoretical values are 8.10 g for NaOH,
6.30 g for Na2O, and 10.73 g for Na2CO3. After finding the theoretical value,
the average value of experiments 1 and 2 by using reaction 3 is based on
the temperature of 100°C and 200°C, and the value is used to find the yield
percentage. The percentage yield is to determine the correct decomposition,
where the value is 97.3% Na2CO3 at 100°C and 68.9 Na2CO3 at 200°C.
This is because the third reaction is a correct and perfect decomposition.
INTODUCTION

Stoichiometry is the most important and basic subject in the nature of

chemistry and chemical engineering. It is used in the industry to determine
the amount of material required, and to estimate the amount of product
obtained from a given reaction, and help determine profitability.
Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass, which states that
the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products, where the
relationship between the amounts of reactants and products usually forms a
ratio. Stoichiometry Calculate the number of moles of the reaction based on
the molar and molar ratio of the substance in the equilibrium chemical
equation, and then convert it into the required unit of material.

Due to the widespread use of sodium bicarbonate commonly known as

baking soda in many foods, food chemists have widely discovered thermal
decomposition reactions. Sodium bicarbonate is used to prepare the cake to
ensure that the cake "rises" during baking. When the temperature of the
batter reaches about 50°C, the baking soda decomposes and releases
carbon dioxide. In pancakes and waffles, the use of baking soda is
especially common because the high cooking temperature of 175-230°C
releases carbon dioxide before the dough solidifies. Therefore, the batter
rose before it solidified, and we got a light and delicious finished product.
Three possible chemical reactions may occur during the baking process. In
theory, all three reactions are possible, but in reality, only one reaction may
occur. The possible decomposition reactions are as follows .(Flinn Scientific
Chem fax, 2017)

1. sodium bicarbonate (s) → sodium hydroxide (s) + carbon dioxide (g)

2. sodium bicarbonate (s) → sodium oxide (s) + carbon dioxide (g) + water (g)
3. sodium bicarbonate (s) → sodium carbonate (s) + carbon dioxide (g) +
water (g)
Safety Precautions

Exercise caution when using the Bunsen burner and when handling objects
that have been heated. Do not touch the crucible or any metal that may
remain hot. Use heatresistant gloves if necessary. Wear safety goggles while
performing this demonstration. Please review all Material Safety Data Sheets
for additional safety, handling and disposal information.

AIMS
(a) To quantify the chemical components in sodium bicarbonate upon
decomposition using heat.
(b) To determine the decomposition reaction.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

1. Balance Pan
2. Weighing dish
3. Crucible
4. Ring stand with circular
5. Ring support
6. Spatula
7. Clay Triangle
8. Spoon
9. Oven
10. Baking soda

PROCEDURE

1. We are required to record all necessary qualities throughout the

experiment.

2. Place the empty crucible on the balance pan and press the tare/reset
button. The quality of the empty crucible has been recorded.
3. Measure some baking soda (between 3-6 grams) in the crucible. The
quality has been recorded.

4. The ring frame is equipped with a circular ring bracket. Place the clay
triangle on top of the ring stand, and then place the crucible with baking
soda on top of the clay triangle 5. Use a Bunsen burner to heat the crucible
and its contents at 100 degrees Celsius for ten minutes. Use a spatula to
carefully break up any "clumps" formed during heating. During heating, the
agglomeration only needs to be broken once.

6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 by changing the temperature from 100 degrees

Celsius to 200 degrees Celsius.

7. Measure the quality and content of the crucible. The quality of the product
has been reported.
RESULTS
200 °C

BEFORE HEAT DECOMPOSITION

Trial 1 Trial 2
container 548 g 550 g
Container + sodium 566 g 569 g
bicarbonate
sodium bicarbonate 18 g 19 g

AFTER HEAT DECOMPOSITION

Trial 1 Trial 2
Container + sodium X 559 g 563 g
sodium bicarbonate 11 g 13 g

100 °C

BEFORE HEAT DECOMPOSITION

 Trial 1 Trial 2
container 548 g 548 g
Container + sodium 567 g 565 g
bicarbonate
sodium bicarbonate 19 g 17 g

AFTER HEAT DECOMPOSITION

Trial 1 Trial 2
Container + sodium X 566 g 563 g
sodium bicarbonate 18 g 15 g

CALCULATIONS:

100 °C 1 trial
 1. HNaC O 3 → NaOH +C O 2

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH 40.0 g of NaOH

19 g of HNaC O3 × × × =9.05g
84 g HNaC O3 1 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH
NaOH

2. 2 HNaC O 3 → N a2 O+2 C O 2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O 61.98 g of N a2 O

19 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 7.01g N
84 g HNaC O3 2 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O
a2O

3. 2 HNaC O3 → N a2 C O3+C O2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O 3 1 mole of N a2 C O 3 105.99 g of N a2 C O 3

19 of HNaC O 3 × × × =
84 g HNaC O 3 2mole of HNaC O 3 1 mole of N a2 C O 3
12.00g N a2 C O3

100 °C 2 trial

1. HNaC O 3 → NaOH +C O 2

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH 40.0 g of NaOH

17 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 8.10g
84 g HNaC O3 1 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH
NaOH

2. 2 HNaC O 3 → N a2 O+2 C O 2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O 61.98 g of N a2 O

17 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 6.30g N
84 g HNaC O3 2 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O
a2O

3. 2 HNaC O3 → N a2 C O3+C O2+ H 2 O

1mol HNaC O 3 1 mole of N a2 C O 3 105.99 g of N a2 C O 3

17 of HNaC O 3 × × × =
84 g HNaC O 3 2 mole of HNaC O 3 1mole of N a 2 C O 3
10.73g N a2 C O3
200 °C 1 trial

1. HNaC O 3 → NaOH +C O 2

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH 40.0 g of NaOH

18 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 8.60g
84 g HNaC O3 1 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH
NaOH

2. 2 HNaC O 3 → N a2 O+2 C O 2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O 61.98 g of N a2 O

18 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 6.60g N
84 g HNaC O3 2 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O
a2O

3. 2 HNaC O3 → N a2 C O3+C O2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O 3 1 mole of N a2 C O 3 105.99 g of N a2 C O 3

18 g of HNaC O 3 × × × =
84 g HNaC O 3 2 mole of HNaC O 3 1 mole of N a2 C O3
11.36g N a2 C O3

200 °C 2 trial

1. HNaC O 3 → NaOH +C O 2

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH 40.0 g of NaOH

19 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 9.05g
84 g HNaC O3 1 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of NaOH
NaOH

2. 2 HNaC O 3 → N a2 O+2 C O 2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O 61.98 g of N a2 O

19 g of HNaC O3 × × × = 7.00g N
84 g HNaC O3 2 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 O
a2O
 3. 2 HNaC O 3 → N a2 C O 3+C O 2+ H 2 O

1 mol HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 C O3 105.99 g of N a2 C O3

19 g of HNaC O3 × × × =
84 g HNaC O3 2 mole of HNaC O3 1 mole of N a2 C O3
12.00g N a2 C O 3

The average of theoretical yield reaction for third reaction

2 HNaC O3 → N a2 C O3+C O2+H 2 O.

Percent yield:

Tℎeoretical
×100
Experimental ❑❑
100 cel

11.68 g
= × 100 = 97.3 %
12.00 g ❑❑

200 cel

11.37 g
= ×100 = 68.9%
16.5 g ❑❑
DISCUSSION

The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the chemical

composition of sodium bicarbonate after thermal decomposition and
determine the decomposition reaction. By heating sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO3, it may produce sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium
carbonate, steam and carbon dioxide gas respectively.Balance chemical
equation:

NaHCO3 > NaOH + CO2 (1st possible reaction)

2NaHCO3 > Na2O + 2CO2 + H2O (2nd possible reaction)
2NaHCO3 > Na2CO3 +CO2 + H2O (3rd possible reaction)
The equilibrium equation shows that NaHCO3 releases H2O (g) and
CO2 (g). The possible reaction of the product is the substance collected and
weighed after the reaction. This is called actual production. The mass of the
possible reaction calculated according to the equilibrium equation is the
theoretical yield. The ratio of the actual return to the theoretical return in the
balance equation is multiplied by 100%. This is called the percent yield.
According to the 1996 edition of the "Vogel Textbook", a yield close to 100%
is called a quantitative yield, a yield exceeding 90% is called an excellent
yield, a yield exceeding 80% is called very good, and a yield exceeding 70
The percentage of yield is good, and the yield above 50% is fair. People with
a yield lower than 40% are called poor, and the poverty rate is higher than
when the product is pure. Therefore, the percentage must be at least greater
than 50% to obtain good results because it is close to 100%.

According to the sodium bicarbonate quality data recorded in the

quality table, the temperature is 200°C. We found that the average mass of
sodium bicarbonate in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was 18.5g on
average, that is, 18g and 19g, respectively. For the substance with a
temperature of 100°C, the substances we obtained from Experiment 1 and
Experiment 2 were 17g and 19g, respectively, with an average of 18g. After
heating, sodium x will be produced. Here, we use a certain amount of
sodium bicarbonate for stoichiometry to obtain theoretical values, and
determine sodium x based on the possible reactions of the given chemical
equation (based on the percentage of yield). The weighted values at the two
different temperatures are not the same. At a temperature of 200°C, we find
that the average mass of sodium x has changed from 11g in Experiment 1
and 13g in Experiment 2 to 12g. The 18 grams and 15 grams obtained from
Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 averaged 16.5 gramsThrough calculation,
we obtained the theoretical value of NaOH, Na2O and Na2CO3 at a
temperature of 200°C, which is 8.60 g for NaOH, 6.60 g for Na2O, and 11.36
g for Na2CO3. Therefore, under 200°C test 2, the theoretical values of
NaOH, Na2O and Na2CO3 are 9.05 g for NaOH, 7.00 g for Na2O, and 12.00
g for Na2CO3. Then, for one test at 100°C, we got 9.05 g NaOH, 7.01 g
Na2O and 12.00 g Na2CO3. For test 2 at 100°C, the theoretical values are
8.10 g for NaOH, 6.30 g for Na2O, and 10.73 g for Na2CO3. After finding the
theoretical value, the value is used to find the yield percent by using the
average of trial 1 and 2 of the reaction 3 that based on the temperature wgich
is 100°C and 200°C .Yield percent is to determine the correct decomposition
where the value is 97.3% Na2CO3 for temperature 100°C and 68.9 Na2CO3 at
temperature 200°C. this is because that 3rd reaction is the correct and perfect
decomposition.Therefore the reason why the 3rd reaction is correct because
the mass of theoratical that have been calculated for both temperature shows
that the 3rd reaction have the closest value to the mass of the experimental
value which is the mass of the of soduim bicarbonat X as shown on the
calculation.
Before conducting an experiment, students should read and research
more information about the experiment. This is to ensure that students can
conduct the experiment smoothly within the specified time limit without being
confused about the next experiment. The preparation of the data sheet
should be carried out before the experiment to avoid confusion, and all the
data of the experiment should be recorded in the report. Students should
learn how to operate the instrument correctly. As for the experiment,
students must use the instrument carefully, especially when weighing
sodium bicarbonate. Because this may lead to inaccurate data obtained due
to the air surrounding environment used in the experiment, the table is listed
in the data sheet.

RECOMMENDATION

Before conducting an experiment, students should read and research

more information about the experiment. This is to ensure that students can
conduct the experiment smoothly within the specified time limit without being
confused about the next experiment. The preparation of the data sheet
should be carried out before the experiment to avoid confusion, and all the
data of the experiment should be recorded in the report. Students should
learn how to operate the instrument correctly. As for the experiment,
students must use the instrument carefully, especially when weighing
sodium bicarbonate. Because this may lead to inaccurate data obtained due
to the air surrounding environment used in the experiment, the table is listed
in the data sheet.
 CONCLUSION

In short, the heating of sodium bicarbonate causes the mixture to

decompose into sodium carbonate solids, water vapor and carbon dioxide
gas. Carbon dioxide gas and water vapor escape into the atmosphere and
reduce the mass. At the same time, at a temperature of 100°C, the mass of
sodium bicarbonate is 16.5g, of which test 1 and test 2 are 18g and 15g,
respectively. After calculation, we obtained the theoretical values of NaOH,
Na2O and Na2CO3 at a temperature of 200°C. 1 is 8.60 g for NaOH, 6.60 g
for Na2O, and 11.36 g for Na2CO3. Therefore, under 200°C test 2, the
theoretical values of NaOH, Na2O and Na2CO3 are 9.05 g for NaOH, 7.00 g
for Na2O, and 12.00 g for Na2CO3. Then, for one test at 100°C, we got 9.05
g NaOH, 7.01 g Na2O and 12.00 g Na2CO3. For test 2 at 100°C, the
theoretical values are 8.10 g for NaOH, 6.30 g for Na2O, and 10.73 g for
Na2CO3. After finding the theoretical value, the average value of
experiments 1 and 2 by using reaction 3 is based on the temperature of
100°C and 200°C, and the value is used to find the yield percentage. The
percentage yield is to determine the correct decomposition, where the value
is 97.3% Na2CO3 at 100°C and 68.9 Na2CO3 at 200°C. This is because the
third reaction is a correct and perfect decomposition, because as shown in
the table, the percentage of yield is higher and close to 100%, and the
theoretical mass of reaction 3 is close to the mass of bicarbonate X after
heating.

REFERENCES

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National Library of Medicine:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodium-bicarbonate
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