UNIVERSITY OF TRIPOLI, FACULITY OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EE416
Problems

MAY19, 2021
Problem 1
𝑁𝑁0�
A white Gaussian noise process of zero mean and power spectral density 2 is applied to filtering scheme shown in Figure
1. The noise at the low-pass filter output is denoted by 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡).
a) Find the power spectral density and the autocorrelation function of 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡).
b) Find the mean and variance of 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡).
c) What is the maximum rate at which 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡) can be sampled so that the resulting samples are essentially uncorrelated?
Problem 2
Given a white noise of magnitude 𝑁𝑁0 = 0.001 mW/Hz is fed to following.
a) An RC low pass filter of R=1000 Ω and C=0.1 mF.
b) An ideal low pass filter of bandwidth=1000 Hz.
c) A differentiator considers proportionality constant τ = 0.01 unit.
Find output noise in each case. How does result change in each case if low pass cutoff-frequency is doubled.
Problem 3
4000
A low-pass (within 4000 Hz) signal of strength 0.001W passes through a distorting channel defined as 𝐻𝐻 (𝑓𝑓) = and
𝑗𝑗4000+𝑓𝑓
−8
is also corrupted with a additive white Gaussian noise of magnitude 10 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. At the receiver side, there is an equalizer
witch exactly matches the channel within frequency of interest (up to 4000 Hz) and zero elsewhere. Find SNR at the output
of equalizer.
Problem 4
𝑁𝑁
White noise with power spectral density 0�2 is filtered by a rectangular bandpass filter with 𝐻𝐻(𝑓𝑓) = 1, centered at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 and
having a bandwidth B. find the power spectral density of 𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑛𝑛𝑞𝑞 (𝑡𝑡). Calculate the power in 𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡), 𝑛𝑛𝑞𝑞 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡)
Problem 5
A received SSB signal of strength 1 mW has a power spectrum which extends over the frequency range 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 +
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 1.005 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. The accompanied noise has uniform power spectral density 10−9 𝑤𝑤/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . This is multiplied by a local
oscillator of frequency 1MHz and then followed by a baseband filter of cut-off frequency 𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑀 to get message signal. What
is the message bandwidth? Find the signal noise energy at the output of baseband filter and calculate the SNR there. How
does the SNR change if the bandwidth of the message signal is reduced by 25 percent?
Problem 6
An audio signal of 4 kHz bandwidth is to be transmitted through a channel that introduces 30 dB loss and white noise of
power spectral density 10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. Calculate required minimum transmitter power if the message is sent by SSB, DSB-
SC and DSB-C modulation. The received output SNR should be more than 40 dB For DSB-C, energy in sideband is half
the energy in carrier.
Problem 7
Consider a random process, 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴 cos (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜃𝜃) where 𝜃𝜃 is a uniform random variable in the range [−𝜋𝜋, 𝜋𝜋 ] and A, ω
are constant. Find if 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) is WSS.
Problem 8
A message signal x(t) of 5 kHz bandwidth and having an amplitude probability density as shown in Figure 2, amplitude
modulates a carrier to a depth of 80 %. The AM signal so obtained transmitted over a channel with additive noise power
spectral density of 𝑁𝑁0 = 2 ∗ 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . (one side). The received signal is demodulated using an envelope detector.

𝑆𝑆
a) If a ( )𝐷𝐷 ≥ 40 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is desired, what should de the minimum value of 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 , the
𝑁𝑁
peak amplitude of the carrier?

𝑆𝑆
b) Assuming ( )𝑡𝑡ℎ for envelope detection to be 10 dB, determine the threshold
𝑁𝑁
value of 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 ?
Problem 9
An AM receiver, operating with a sinusoidal modulating wave and 80% modulation has an output signal-to-noise ratio of
30 dB What is the corresponding carrier-to-noise ratio?

Problem 10
An AM system employing an envelope detector in the receiver, is operating at threshold. Determine the increase in
transmitter power (in dB) needed in an SNR)D of 40 dB is desired. Assume 𝑚𝑚 = 1 and tone modulation

Problem 12
A message signal with maximum amplitude of ±1 V is uniformly distributed and has a bandwidth of 15 kHz. Using AM
with a modulation index of 0.6, it is transmitted over a channel whose attenuation is 60 dB and whose noise power spectral
density (two sided) is 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . Determine the average power of the transmitter and the transmission bandwidth
required, if a post-detection signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB is desired.
Problem 16

A digital communication channel has a bit error probability of 10−4 . Find the probability of finding 3 or fewer errors in a
message of 1000 bits transmitted through this channel.
Problem 17
Using n-bit binary PCM, a message signal which is uniformly distributed between −𝑥𝑥max 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑥𝑥max , is transmitted,
show that the signal-to-quantization ratio that is obtained is 6n dB

Problem 18
If a TV signal of 4.5 MHz bandwidth is transmitted using 8-bit binary PCM, determine
a) The maximum signal-to-quantization noise ratio
b) The minimum bit rate
c) The minimum transmission bandwidth needed.
Problem 20
A TV signal with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is digitally transmitted using PCM. The number of levels in the quantizer is
4096. Assume the sampling rate is 20% more than the Nyquist rate. Determine the bit rate (i.e. the number of bits per
second) required to transmit the binary PCM information.
Problem 21
A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit rate of the system is equal to 50 ∗
106 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 .
a) What is the maximum message signal bandwidth for which the system operates satisfactorily?
b) Calculate the output signal-to-quantization ratio when a full-load sinusoidal modulating wave of frequency 1MHz
is applied to the input.
Problem 23
A stereo music signal is sampled at 44.1 kHz and digitized with 16 bits for recording on CD. If the CD stores 80 minutes of
music find the total capacity of the CD in bytes. What is the quality of the music if it has an RMS values 15 dB below the
peak value of the quantizer?
Problem 25
In a linear PCM system employing 8-bit coding. Find the channel error probability for which the decoder output signal to
noise ratio falls by 3 dB compared to the signal to noise ratio obtained for error-free channel
Problem 26
A wideband audio signal of baseband frequencies 50 Hz to 7 kHz is processed in a 10-bit linear analogue-to-digital
conversion (ADC) at a sampling rate of 1.5 times the Nyquist rate. The resulting bit stream is conveyed in a noiseless
channel using:
a) Binary(M=2) signaling; and
b) Quaternary (M=4) signaling
In each case, determine. (i) the minimum required transmission bandwidth and (ii) the transmission bandwidth when the
channel has a raised cosine response with α=0.5
Problem 27

In a PCM system, the signal X(t) has a bandwidth of 5kHz. The signal is sampled is with a guard of 2kHz. It is known that
the sampled values have a probability density function shown below.

The quantizer uses M=128 levels. After quantization, the quantized levels are binary encoded and transmitted.
a) What is the resulting bit rate in bits per second?
b) What is the resulting SQNR (in dB)?
c) What is the required transmission bandwidth?
d) If the available transmission bandwidth is 70 kHz, what is the maximum achievable SQNR (in dB)?

Problem 29
A signal can be modeled as a lowpass stationary process X(t), where probability density function (PDF) at any time t0 is
shown in Figure

The bandwidth of this process is 5 kHz, and we desire to transmit it using a PCM system.
a) If sampling is done at Nyquist rate and a uniform quantizer with 32 levels is employed. What is resulting SQNR?
What is the resulting bit rate?
b) If the available bandwidth of the channel is 40 kHz, what is the highest achievable SQNR?
c) If, instead of sampling at Nyquist rate, we require a guard band of at least 2 kHz and the bandwidth of the channel
is 40 kHz, what is the highest achievable SQNR?
Problem 32
The random process 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) is defined by 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃), where 𝑌𝑌 and 𝜃𝜃 are two independent random variables,
𝑌𝑌 uniform on [-3, 3] and 𝜃𝜃 uniform on [0, 2𝜋𝜋].
a) Find the autocorrelation function of 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) and its power spectral density.
b) If 𝑋𝑋(𝑡𝑡) is to be transmitted to maintain an SQNR of at least 40 dB using a uniform PCM system, what is the
required number of bits/sample and the least bandwidth requirement (in terms of 𝑓𝑓0 )?
c) If the SQNR is to be increased by 24 dB How many more bits/sample must be introduced, and what is the new
minimum bandwidth requirement in this case?

Problem 35
In a CD player, the sampling rate is 44.1 kHz, and the samples are quantized using a 16 bit/sample quantizer. Determine the
resulting number of bits for a piece of music with a duration of 50 minutes.
Problem 36
A polar NRZ waveform, taking the values +1 Volt for binary ‘1’ and -1 Volt for binary ‘0’ corrupted by additive zero-mean
white Gaussian noise whose variance is 0.2 V2, is received by an MAP received. Determine the optimum threshold voltage
for the receiver for each of the following a priori probabilities of transmission of a binary 1. (a) P1=0.5, and (b) P1=0.3.
Problem 37
A received binary baseband polar NRZ signal is either +1 V or -1 V. if 𝑃𝑃(1) = 0.75, assuming that zero-mean white
Gaussian noise of variance 0.2 V2 is corrupting the signal.
a) Find the threshold voltage to keep 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 to a minimum value.
b) Find the corresponding minimum 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 .

Problem 38
a) For an equiprobable binary based data the optimal receiver received -5 mV for ‘0’ and +5 mV for ‘1’, corrupted
with white noise of PSD of 10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . with optimum decision threshold what is the probability of error in
reception if data rate is 9600 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ?
b) Find the percentage increase in error rate if data rate is doubled.
c) If we want probability of error at increased data rate same as (a), what should be input voltage levels?
Problem 40
a) A BPSK signal is received at the input of a coherent optimal receiver with amplitude 10 mV and frequency 1 MHz,
the signal is corrupted with white noise of PSD 10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . If data rate is 104 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 . find error probability.
𝜋𝜋
b) Find error probability if the local oscillator has a phase shift of radian with input signal.
6
Problem 42
A digital signals system is required to operate at 9.6 kbps. If a signal element encodes 4-bit word, what is the minimum
bandwidth of the channel?
Problem 43
Given a channel with intended capacity of 20 Mbps, the bandwidth of the channel is 3 MHz, what is signal-to-nose ratio is
required to achieve this capacity?
Problem 44
The receiver in a communication system has a received signal power 0f -134 dBm, a received noise power spectral density
of -174 dBm/Hz, and a bandwidth of 2000Hz. What is the maximum rate of error-free information for the system?
Problem 45
Find the minimum required bandwidth for the baseband transmission of an 8-level PAM pulse sequence having a data
rate, Rb, of 9600 bps. The system characteristics consists of a raised-cosine spectrum with 50% excess bandwidth.
Problem 46

Find the BER probability, 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 , of BPSK system for 14.4 kbps signal, amplitude is 15 mV, and noise PSD = 10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝑧𝑧

Problem 47
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
A non-coherent orthogonal M-FSK system carries 3 bits per symbol. The system is designed for = 6𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. What is the
𝑁𝑁0
maximum bit error rate probability? Find the bandwidth efficiency of the system.
Problem 49
Consider a QPSK modulation used to transport a bit rate of 20 Mbps. What is the resulting symbol rate? What is the
minimum bandwidth required to accommodate it?
Problem 52
If a signal 𝑥𝑥 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛬𝛬(𝑡𝑡 − 1) , determine the transfer function of the filter matched to this signal.

Problem 53

x(t) is a triangular pulse of width 1 m-sec and height 10−2 Volt. assuming the channel noise to be white with a PSD of
𝑁𝑁0 = 10−8 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 , determine the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the matched filter.
Problem 54
An optimum receiver receives polar NRZ equiprobable binary baseband data. The received signal takes the values +6 mV
and -6 mv corresponding respectively to binary ‘1’ and binary’0’. The channel noise is white with a two-sided PSD of
10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. Optimum decision threshold is used. If the data rate is 9600 bps, find
a) Probability of error 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
b) 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 when the data rate is 12 kbps
c) If 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 is to remain the same at 12kbps data rate as it was at 9600bits/sec data rate, what should be the voltage levels
corresponding to binary 1 and binary 0?
Problem 55
A 36 MHz satellite transponder has raised cosine filter characteristic with the roll-off factor of 0.25. what is the maximum
date rate that can be transmitted using (a) BPSK modulation (b) QPSK modulation?
Problem 57
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
A communication system transmits 20 Mbps data using 4-PAM modulation. The at the receiver is 10 dB the transmitted
𝑁𝑁0
symbols have equal probability.
a) Show the signal space diagram and decision boundaries for optimum decision
b) Find the probability of error
c) Find the probability of error when Gray code is employed for the data
Problem 58
A PCM system transmits output pulses in AMI format with amplitudes ± V. the signal is received at a regenerator corrupted
𝑁𝑁
by a zero-mean Gaussian noise with power spectral density 0�2 and variance 𝜎𝜎0 2 . Find an expression for the average
probability of error when
a) The probability of message bit 0 is 1/3.
b) The probability of message bits 1 and 0 is equal.
Problem 59
If the average symbol energy is held constant at 10 dB in 4-PAM and 4-PSK modulation compare the probability of error
in the received data using these modulations.
Problem 60
A binary transmitter sends two signals with equal probability. The received signals are given by

𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇
𝑠𝑠1 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴� 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠2 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2 2

If the noise spectral density at the receiver is 𝑁𝑁0 .find the probability of error. What should be the value of A to get an error
rate of 10−5 when the data rate is 1 Mbps? (Assuming 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = 290 𝐾𝐾)

Problem 62
A digital signal at 4 Mbps transmitted using BPSK modulation. The modulator employed a raised cosine filter with 30 %
roll-off. The bit error probability 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 measured on the received data is 10−5 . If the measured noise in the signal band is 5.2
mW find the received carrier power.
Problem 63
A binary modulation scheme uses the following two signal points.

𝑁𝑁0
Determine the error probability if we communicate an AWGN channel where the noise has power spectral density = 0.5.
2
the receiver uses an ML detector.
Problem 66
A binary communication system uses the two equally probable signals defined as
𝐴𝐴, 0 < 𝑡𝑡 < 𝑏𝑏
𝑠𝑠1 (𝑡𝑡) = �
0, 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝐴𝐴, 0 < 𝑡𝑡 < 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏

𝑠𝑠2 (𝑡𝑡) = �
0, 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Where 0 < 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 1. The error probability of the system is supposed to be at most 10−5 . For what values of 𝑎𝑎 is that possible
𝐸𝐸
if the signal-to-noise ratio 𝑏𝑏�𝑁𝑁 = 16 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ? 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 is the average energy per bit. The noise is additive, white and Gaussian.
0
Problem 67
Consider the following two signal space diagrams:

a) Determine the symbol error probabilities for these two schemes. It is okay to use an approximation or bound, if you
motivate your choice.
b) Determine the relationship between 𝐴𝐴1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴2 such that the error probabilities from (a) are the same
c) If 𝐴𝐴1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴2 are selected to make the average energy, which schemes gives the lowest error probability?
Problem 68
We need to design a communication system for transmitting a packet of 4 bits of information over an AWGN channel. The
communication system will operate in a factory environment where reliability is extremely important, so the packet error
probability must be below 10−4 .
a) Suppose we send the packet using BPSK modulation without error control coding. How large must the SNR
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
�𝑁𝑁 be to satisfy the requirements?
0
b) Suppose we are instead using a Hamming- [7,4] code together with BPSK modulation. Derive an expression for the
packet error probability in this case.
𝐸𝐸
c) What is the packet error probability with the hamming code if 𝑏𝑏�𝑁𝑁 has the same value as in part (a)?
0
EE416_L17
Problem 73
In the demodulation of a binary PSK signal received in white Gaussian noise, a phase-locked loop is used to estimate the
carrier phase 𝞍𝞍.
� on the probability of error.
a) Determine the effect of a phase error 𝞍𝞍 - 𝛟𝛟
� = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒐𝒐 ?.
b) What is the loss in SNR if the phase error 𝞍𝞍 - 𝛟𝛟
Problem 76
A speech signal is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz, logarithmically compressed and encoded into a PCM format using 8
bits/sample. The PCM data is transmitted through an AWGN baseband channel via M-level PAM. Determine the symbol
rate required for transmission when (a) M=4, (b) M=8 and (c) M=16.
Problem 77
Digital information is to be transmitted by carrier modulation through an additive Gaussian noise channel with a bandwidth
of 100 kHz and 𝑁𝑁0 = 10−10 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . determine the maximum rate that can be transmitted through the channel for four-phase
PSK, binary FSK.
Problem 80
A digital source can produce M = 256 distinct messages. Each message is transmitted in 𝑇𝑇0 = 8 msec. Find the bandwidth
of the transmitted binary signal if we use: (a) rectangular pulses, (b) sinc pulses, (c) Repeat the problem for tertiary signaling,
𝑘𝑘𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 256
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝐾 symbols/sec = 500 Baud.
8
Problem 81
The information in an analog wave form, with maximum frequency content of 3 kHz, is to be transmitted over an M-ary
PCM system, where the number of pulse levels is M=16. The quantization error is specified not to exceed ± 1% of the peak-
to-peak analog signal.
a) What is the minimum number of bits /sample that should be used in digesting the analog waveform?
b) What is the minimum required sampling rate, and what is the resulting bit transmission rate?
c) What is the Baud rate of the system?
Problem 82
A continuous-time signal is sampled and then transmitted as a PCM signal with polar NRZ format. Assume the quantization
noise to be Gaussian with zero mean and its variance at the matched filter input is 0.01 volts 2
a) Initially the system is operated above threshold. Determine the pulse amplitude that must be transmitted for the
average error rate not exceed 1 in 108 bits.
b) Now the channel noise increases and as result the error rate increases to 1 in 104 . What is the variance of the
channel noise?
Problem 83
A binary symbol occurs with a probability of 0.75. determine the information associated with the symbol in bits.

Problem 84
The RS-232 serial port on a personal computer is transmitting 2.4 kbps data using a bipolar NRZ line code that has a peak
value of 12 V. Assume that binary 1’s and 0’s are equally likely to occur. Compute the PSD of this RS-232 signal
Problem 86
A binary signal set is shown in Figure. Assume that the receiving filter is a matched filter and the noise power spectral
density 𝑁𝑁0 = 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . Find the bit error probability.
Problem 92

A bit error probability of 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 = 10−3 is required for a system with a data rate of 100 kbps to be transmitted over an
AWGN channel using M-ary PSK modulation. The system bandwidth is 50 kHz. Assume Gray code is used for the
symbol to bit assignment.
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
a) What is required for the specified 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 ?
𝑁𝑁0
𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
b) What is required?
𝑁𝑁0
Problem 94
Binary data is to be sent at rate of 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 over a channel with 60 dB transmission loss and noise power spectral
density 𝑁𝑁0 = 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 at the receiver. What transmitted power 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 is needed to get 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = 10−3 for different
demodulation schemes given below?
a) Coherent ASK
b) FSK
c) PSK
d) 16-ary PSK
e) 16 QAM
Problem 95
In an M-ary PAM system with M=4, determine the required transmit power, if the symbol rate is 5000 symbols per
second, the symbol error rate is less than 10−4 , and the channel AWGN has a power spectral density of 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
Problem 96
In a baseband three-level binary transmission system, in the absence of noise, there are three values 1, 0, and -1, with
probabilities 1⁄4 , 1⁄2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1⁄4, respectively. Assuming AWGN, determine the optimum threshold settings and the
minimum error rate.
Problem 97
A correlation receiver for a BPSK system uses a carrier reference sin (2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡) for detecting two equally-likely signal 𝑠𝑠1 (t) =
sin (2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥) and 𝑠𝑠2 (t) = cos (2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥). Assuming an AWGN channel, determine the average bit error rate in
terms of 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 .
Problem 99
A source outputs data at rate of 1,000,000 bits/sec. the transmitter uses binary PAM with raised cosine pulse shaping. If the
ideal baseband channel has a cutoff frequency of 850 kHz, what is the maximum rolloff factor which can be applied to the
pulse shaping?
Problem 103
A PAM system is transmitting rectangular pulses at 10,000 bits/sec. a correlation receiver is employed. Noise power spectral
𝑁𝑁0
density at the receiver is = 10−6 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 2 . And the channel attenuates the transmitted signal by 75%. Assuming perfect
2
synchronization at the receiver, what is the minimum pulse amplitude needed at the transmitter to guarantee a probability
of bit error less than or equal to 10−3 ?
Problem 104
Derive the probability of bit error for the 8-ary QAM constellation shown below.
Problem 107
Consider the two basis functions shown below.

Sketch the waveforms corresponding to the point in the constellation shown below
Problem 108
Consider the two basis functions shown below

Sketch the waveform corresponding to the projection of the waveform below onto the basis functions
Problem 110

Consider an AWGN channel with 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 bandwidth and noise power spectral density 10−12 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 . the signal power
required at the receiver is 0.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. Calculate the capacity of this channel
Problem 112
A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet {𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 , 𝑎𝑎4 , 𝑎𝑎5 , 𝑎𝑎6 } with corresponding probabilities
{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.05, 0.15, 0.2} . Find the entropy of this source. Compare this entropy with the entropy of uniformly
distributed source with the same alphabet.

EE416_L18
Problem 113
An information source can be modeled as a bandlimited process with a bandwidth of 600 Hz. This process is sampled at a
rate higher the Nyquist rate to provide a guard band of 2000 Hz. We observe that the resulting samples take values in the
set 𝐴𝐴 = { −4, −3, −1, 2, 4, 7, } with probabilities 0.2, 0.1, 0.15, 0.05, 0.3, 0.2. What is the entropy of the discrete time source
in bits per output (sample)? What is the information generated by this source in bits per second?
Problem 114
A source has an alphabet {𝑎𝑎1 , 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 , 𝑎𝑎4 } with corresponding probabilities {0.1, 0.2,0.3,0.4}.
a) Find the entropy of the source.
b) What is the minimum required average code word length to represent this source for error-free reconstruction?
c) Design a Huffman code for the source and compare the average length of the Huffman code with the entropy of
the source.
d) Design a Huffman code for the second extension of the source (take two letters at a time). What is the average
code word length? What is the average number of required binary letters per each source output letter?
e) Which is more efficient coding scheme: the Huffman coding of the original source or the Huffman coding of the
second extension of the source?
EE416_L18
Problem 115
A discrete memoryless source 𝑋𝑋 has the alphabet {−5, −3, −1,0, 1, 2, 3} with the corresponding probabilities
{0.08, 0.2,0.12,0.15, 0.03, 0.02, 0.4}.

a) Design a Huffman code for this source and find 𝑅𝑅�, the average code word length of the Huffman code.
b) Determine the entropy of the source and, using the result of Part (a), determine the efficiency of the Huffman code
𝐻𝐻(𝑋𝑋)
you designed. The efficiency is defined as 𝜂𝜂 =
𝑅𝑅�
Problem 116
Find the capacity of an additive white gaussian noise channel with a bandwidth of 1 MHz, power of 10 Watts, and noise
𝑁𝑁0
power density of = 10−9 𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻.
2
Problem 117
Compare the block error probability of uncoded system with a system that uses a (15, 11) Hamming code. The transmission
𝑁𝑁0
rate 𝑅𝑅 = 104 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and the channel is AWGN with a received power of 1 μ Watt and a noise power density of =
2
−11
10 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊/𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. The modulation scheme is binary PSK and soft-decision decoding is employed. Repeat the comparison
when hard-decision decoding is employed.
Problem 119
Consider a system which data is transferred at a rate of 100 bits/sec over the channel.
a) Find the system duration in we use pulse for signaling and the channel bandwidth is 10 kHz.
b) If the received NSR is 10 dB. Find the SNR per symbol and the SNR per bit if 4-QAM is used.
c) Find the SNR per symbol and the SNR per bit for 16-QAM and compare with these metrics for 4-QAM.
Problem 120
Consider a communication system which uses BPSK signaling with average signal power of 100 Watts and the noise power
at the receiver is 4 Watts. Can this system be used for transmission of data? can it be used for voice? Now consider there is
fading with an average SNR 𝛾𝛾�𝑏𝑏 = 20 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. How does your answer to the above question change? (data requires 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 ~ 10−6
1
, voice requires 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 ~ 10−3 , with fading 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 = )
4𝛾𝛾�𝑏𝑏
Problem 121
Using the definition of null-to-null bandwidth, determine the spectral efficiency of a) 16-PSK, b) 256-QAM, coherent 16-
FSK.
Problem 122
Coherent detection of BPSK signals with a phase error 𝜃𝜃0 in the reference signal.

a) Suppose that without phase error, the BER of the system is found to be 10−5 . what is the maximum tolerable phase
error in order to maintain the error performance not inferior to 10−4 ?
b) If the phase error is uniformly distributed over the range of 𝜃𝜃0 ∈ [ −ϵ , ϵ ] radian with 0 < 𝟄𝟄 < 𝜋𝜋. Determine the
average probability of bit error.
Problem 125
A channel of bandwidth 0.5 MHz is supposed to support a data rate of 1.2 Mb/s. consider the following schemes for
transmission: a) M-PSK, b) M-QAM. Determine the minimum required values of M for these schemes.
Problem 126
a) Digital data at 64 kb/s is to be transmitted through a telephone channel having 3.2 kHz bandwidth. Find the signal
to noise ratio needed for error free transmission.
In part a). assume that the available signal to noise ratio is only 10 dB. We decide to store and forward the data, storing
the data for one second and transmitting it. Find the time required for error-free transmission of each second data
Problem 127
A (7,4) linear code is used to transmit data through a binary symmetric channel having a bit error probability 0.2. this code
can correct all single error and detect or fewer errors. Find the probability that no error are detected or corrected.
Problem 128
A digital data system is encoded with (7,4) block code with capability to correct all single errors, the coded data is PSK
modulated and the transmitted through AWGN channel.
a) For an 𝐸𝐸0 ⁄𝑁𝑁0 of 5 dB find block error probability for coded and uncoded transmissions
b) Find the block error probability for coded and uncoded data when the 𝐸𝐸0 ⁄𝑁𝑁0 is increased to 10dB
Problem 131
An analog signal having 4 kHz bandwidth is sampled at 1.25 times the Nyquist rate and each sample is quantized into one
of 256 equally likely levels. Assume that the successive samples are statistically independent.
a) What is the information rate of this source?
b) Can the output of this source be transmitted without error over an AWGN channel with a bandwidth of 10 kHz and
(SNR) of 20 dB?
c) Find the SNR required for error-free transmission for part (a)
d) Find the bandwidth required for an AWGN channel for error-free transmission of the output of this source if SNR
is 20 dB?
Problem 140
Calculate the probability of message error for a 12-bit data sequence encoded with a (24, 12) linear block code. Assume
that the code corrects all 1-bit and 2-bit error patterns and assume that it corrects no error patterns with more than two errors,
also, assume that the probability of a channel symbol error is 10−3 ?
Problem 141
Calculate the improvement in probability of message error relative to an uncoded transmission for a (24, 12) double-error-
correcting linear block code. Assume that coherent BPSK modulation is used and that the received 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 ⁄𝑁𝑁0 = 10 dB
Problem 142
In figure shown below, the signal is BPSK, the encoded symbol rate is 10,000 code symbols per second, and the decoder is
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟
a single-error-correcting (7, 4) decoder. Is a pre-detection signal-to-noise spectral density ratio of = 48 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑁𝑁0
sufficient to provide a probability of message error of 10−3 at the output? Justify your answer. Assume that a message block
contains 4 data bits and that any single-error pattern in a block length of 7 bits can be corrected.

Problem 144
A transmitter sends binary blocks of length n over a transmission channel which can be modeled as a binary symmetric
memoryless channel featuring the error probability 𝑝𝑝. What is the probability of the event that number of errors occurring
during transmission of a single does not exceed 𝑘𝑘?