ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II

ENGINEERING-II
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Course Objectives

• Provide an overview of key topics in environmental

science and engineering
• Gain an understanding of the underlying scientific,
engineering, and regulatory concepts in each topical
area
• Learn several quantitative approaches for environmental
assessment and problem solving
• To get understanding to solve environmental issues in
field like sewer design, water supply design, solid waste
management, preparation of EIA, management of air
quality, noise control etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Primary Topics
• Introduction to environment
• Global environmental issues
• Water demand
• Water quality
• Water treatment
• Water supply systems
• Wastewater collection systems
• Wastewater treatment
• Solid waste engineering & management
• Environmental impact assessment
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Books
Text Book:
Water Supply & Sewerage by E.W Steel and
McGhee 4th, 5th, 6th Edition (whichever available)
Introduction to Environmental Engineering Third
Edition by Davis & Cornwell, McGraw Hill
Environmental Engineering Laboratory, by Dr.
Khurshid Ahmad
Reference Books
• Waste Water Engineering, Treatment, disposal,
Reuse by Metcalf and Eddy, 3rd Edition. (Available
in Reference Section of Main Library)
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References Book (Contd)
• Introduction to Environmental Engineering Second
Edition by Davis & Cornwell, McGraw Hill
• Environmental Assessment in Practice by D. Owen
Harrop & J. Ashley Nixon
• Integrated Solid Waste Management by George
Techobanoglous, Hilary Theisen & Samuel A. Vigil
• Elements of public health engineering by K.N Duggal
• Water and Waste water Engineering by Fair &
Gayer
• Water and Wastewater Technology by Mark J,
Hammer
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Global Environmental Issues

• Ozone depletion
• Global warming
• Solid and hazardous wastes
• Fresh water quantity and quality
• Degradation of marine environments
• Deforestation
• Land degradation
• Endangerment of biological diversity
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Environmental engineering

• Air Pollution
• Noise pollution
• Solid waste engineering & management
• Hazardous waste management
• Water quality modeling
• Environmental ecology
• Water treatment and supply systems
• Wastewater collection and treatment
• Environmental impact assessment
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Air Pollution

• Indoor air pollution

• Out door air pollution
Factors
• Traffic
• Industries
• Forest fire
• Volcanic irruption
• Composting and burning of solid waste
• Dust storm
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Noise Pollution

Sources
• Traffic (Roads, railways and planes)
• Industries
• Construction works
• Workshops
• Nuclear and weapon testing
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Solid waste engineering & management

• Systems
• Disposal
Factors
• Open burning
• Open dumping
• Unhygienic disposal
• Dispose off in open drains
• Impacts on environment
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Hazardous waste management

• A very sensitive issue

• Very complex and dangerous to handle
• No proper guideline for disposal
• Sources are still not define
• Response to environment is also complex
• Advance techniques are involved
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Water quality modeling

• Under ground water modeling

• Surface water modeling
• BOD & DO model
• Variation in BOD & DO concentration
• Dissolved Oxygen Analysis-Tidal rivers and Estuaries
• Lakes modeling
• Stream water standards
• Improvement of water quality
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Ecology and the Environment

The Technology needed to satisfy that consumption,

and dispose of the waste generation. These two
factors decide how much environmental damage is
done per person. Multiply by the third factor,
population, and you arrive at the total level of
damage.
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What is ecology?
Definition
• The study of living organisms and their
environment or habitats
• How pollution impacts our environment
What is ecosystem?
• Basic study area for ecologists
• An organism or a group of organisms and their
surroundings
• Trophic levels within an Ecosystem
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Population

• Effects of increased population

• Energy consumption
•It makes possible the higher standard of living
enjoyed in the more developed countries.
• Energy consumption vs. population (USA)
•123 million (1930)  249 million (1990)
•Energy consumption increased by a factor of 10 in
the past 40 years
• Estimating population Growth
• For reasonable calculations of world resource
consumption and pollution loads.
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Habitat
• Wetlands
• A semi-aquatic area that is either inundated or
saturated by water for varying periods during each
year and that supports aquatic vegetation
specifically adapted for saturated soil conditions
•To provide fish and wildlife
•To improve water quality
•To protect surrounding lands from floods and erosion
• Rain Forests
• Treed areas with a closed canopy and more than 25
inches of rainfall per year
•To hold 50% or more of all species, but only 7% of the
earth’s surface
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What Does a Civil Engineer Do?

• Design, analyze, and construct

• Structures
• Dams, buildings, pipelines, and
bridges
• Geotechnical
• Soils, foundations, slope stability
• Transportation
• Roads and traffic
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II What Does an Environmental Engineer
Do?
• Monitor, model, and improve
• Water Quality
• Wastewater, drinking water,
groundwater
• Air Quality
• Outdoor, indoor,
atmospheric
• Waste
• Solid, hazardous, recycling
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
What Does a Green Design Engineer Do?

• Prevent pollution, waste

• Analyze multi-faceted problems
• Engineering and science
• Economics
• Public policy
• Deal with uncertainty
• Build tools (computer models) to solve problems and
assist decision makers
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Green Design Research

• Life cycle analysis or assessment

• Energy and electricity in the economy
• Green construction
• Harvesting methane from landfills
• Tracking metals through the environment
• Feasibility of cellulose ethanol (fuel from plants) for
transportation
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Framework for the Program

Increased pollution and

related health effects

Population Increased
Uncertainty resource
increase: demand for
Decreased biodiversity availability, climate
material
1.6 billion to and natural habitat variability, other
and energy
6 billion environmental impacts
resources

Change in ecosystems,
atmospheric systems
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Water treatment and supply systems

Surface Water Treatment

1. Chemical Mixing (Rapid Mixing)
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Rapid Sand Filter
5. Disinfection
6. Flouridation
7. Pumped to community
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Unit Processes

Groundwater Treatment
1. Aeration (if necessary to release any
gases)
2. Disinfection
3. Flouridation
4. Pumped to community
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Coagulation & Flocculation

• Coagulation
•the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to
make them stick together
•Hydrophilic particles – water loving – absorbs to
water
•Hydrophobic particles – water hating – does not
absorb to water
– Hydrophobic particles are negatively charged
and don’t like to aggregate and are hydrophobic
– A positively charge coagulant destabilizes the
negatively charged particles and brings them
together.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Coagulation & Flocculation

• Rapid Mixing - 20 to 60 seconds

• Flocculation Gentle mixing 20-60 minutes to
aggregate the particles
• Coagulants
•Aluminum sulfate (alum)
•Ferrous sulfate (ferric)
•Ferric chloride
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Settling

• When flocs have been formed they have to be

separated from the water.
• Gravity Settling Tanks
•All sedimentation tanks are modeled as plug flow
reactors.
•Rectangular or Circular design.
•Their design is determined by the Vs of the particle
size to be removed.
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Qin
V

Sludge Zone
VS
Settling

Qout
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Filtration

• Two types of Filtration

• Slow Sand Filtration = 0.1 to 0.2 m/h
• Rapid Sand Filtration (Rapid Gravity Filtration) =
5-20 m/h
• In the 1930’s switch to RSF from SSF, (higher loading, less
space, lower construction costs)
• However, SSF resurgence due to its removal of smaller
particles.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Disinfection

• All of the previous treatment processes remove >

90% of bacteria and viruses
• A disinfectant is used to:
•Kill microbes fast and efficiently
•Not kill humans or other animals
•Last long enough to prevent re-growth in
distributions systems
• Factors that inhibit disinfection:
•Turbidity: particles shelter bacteria
•Resistant organisms
•Fe+2 and Mn+2: form particles that shield bacteria
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Disinfection

• Oxidizable compounds: become food for

microbes in distribution system
• Commonly used disinfectants:
•Chlorine
•Chlorine Dioxide
•Chloramines
•Ozone
•UV light
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Why worry about water supplies?

• Supports virtually everything we do: agriculture, industry,

energy, and domestic needs.
• Major pathway into the body for contaminants.
• Easy to contaminate, difficult (costly) to remediate.
• Expensive to transport, necessitating local supplies for most
communities.
• Different countries would respond in different ways to this
question (United States, Lithuania, &Bangladesh).
• Health aspects in water are connected to many broader issues
of management.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
How much water is in the world?
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Water Sources and Treatment

• Water Cycle
• Groundwater
• Surface water
• Treatment
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Water Cycle
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Water Treatment Methods

• Flocculation/Sedimentation Flocculation refers to

water treatment processes that combine small particles
into larger particles, which settle out of the water as
sediment.
• Filtration
• Ion Exchange Ion exchange can be used to treat hard
water. It can also be used to remove arsenic,
chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and
uranium.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Water Treatment Methods

• Adsorption Organic contaminants, color, and taste- and

odor-causing compounds can stick to the surface of
granular or powdered activated carbon (GAC or PAC).
GAC is generally more effective than PAC in removing
these contaminants. Adsorption is not commonly used in
public water supplies.
• Disinfection (chlorination, ozonation) Water is often
disinfected before it enters the distribution system to
ensure that dangerous microbes are killed. Chlorine,
chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Major Water Quality Indicators

• Microorganisms, Disinfectants & Disinfection

Byproducts, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals,
• Safe Drinking Water Act and state laws
• Overview: Origin, Mitigation, Treatment, Health Effects
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II
Safe Drinking Water Act

• Originally passed in 1974 and regulates 170,000 public

water systems in U.S.
• Standards and Treatment Requirements
• Expanded in 1996 in the areas of sole source water
supplies, protection and prevention, and public
information.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Drinking water issue (Arsenic in Bangladesh)

• 20% of the countries wells affected

• 900,000 of the country's four million tube-wells were sunk
with UNICEF assistance
• Estimated that the number of people exposed to arsenic
concentrations above 0.05 mg/l is 28-35 million (more than
0.01 mg/l is 46-57 million) (BGS, 2000)
• Long-term exposure to arsenic via drinking-water causes
cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, and kidney, as well
as other skin changes such as pigmentation changes and
thickening.
• Government was slow to respond
• Needed steps: identify safe wells, techniques for reducing
exposure, purification and other water sources