Appendix

Statistical Tables
Table S1. Critical values of z (standardised normal deviates)
Use these values to calculate confidence limits for large single samples (n > 30) and to perform
the two-sample comparison z–test.

Table S2. Critical Student’s t values (2-tailed values)

Use these values to calculate confidence limits for small single samples (n ≤ 30) and to perform
the two independent sample and matched pair Student’s t- tests.

Table S3. Critical Mann-Whitney U values (2-tail values)

Use these values to perform two-sample Mann-Whitney U Test

Table S4. Critical F values

Use these values for performing Analysis of Variance tests and for comparing variances of 2
samples.

Table S5. Critical values of Fmax

Use these values for testing homogeneity of variances for ANOVA.

Table S6. Critical Tukey q values

Use these values for performing Tukey HSD, Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) multiple
comparison tests.

Table S7 Critical q’ values for Dunnet’s test

Use these values for performing the Dunnet multiple comparison tests.

Table S8. Critical H values

Use these values for performing the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA test

Table S9. Critical Q values

Use these values for performing non-parametric multiple comparison test.

Table S10. Critical values for Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, r

Use these values for testing the significance of a correlation determined by product-moment
analysis.

Table S11. Critical values for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, rs

Use these values for testing the significance of a correlation determined by Spearman’s rank
correlation analysis.

Table S12. Critical values of chi-squared χ2.

Use these values for performing chi square goodness-of-fit tests and contingency table tests.

A1
Table S1. Critical values of z (standardised normal deviates)

Use these values to calculate confidence limits for large single samples (n > 30) and to perform two-
sample comparison z–test.

Values of the standardised deviation z for a series of probability levels, P

Poutside 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

Pinside 0.9 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.999 0.9999 0.99999

z 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 3.891 4.417

A2
Table S2. Critical Student’s t values (2-tailed values)

Use these values to calculate confidence limits for small single samples (n ≤ 30) and to perform two
sample Student’s t- test
(For 1-tailed Student’s t- test consult table at twice the critical probability required)

Probability α
D.F. 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
1 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.656 318.289 636.578
2 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.328 31.600
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.214 12.924
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.894 6.869
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959
7 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408
8 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437
12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015
17 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819
22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707
27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.689
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.660
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
35 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340 3.591
40 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551
45 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690 3.281 3.520
50 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261 3.496
60 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
70 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211 3.435
80 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 3.416
90 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632 3.183 3.402
100 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 3.390
110 1.659 1.982 2.361 2.621 3.166 3.381
120 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
∞ 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291
Note the last row of the table (DF = ∞) gives values of z, 'the standardised deviate

A3
Table S3. Table of critical U values (2-tail values)
Use these values to perform the two-sample Mann-Whitney U Test
(For 1-tailed Mann-Whitney test consult table at twice the critical probability required)
na = 1 na = 3 na = 5
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α = 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
1 3 9 5 21 23 24 25
2 4 12 6 25 27 28 29
3 5 14 15 7 29 30 32 34
4 6 16 17 8 32 34 36 38
5 7 19 20 21 9 36 38 40 42
6 8 21 22 24 10 39 42 44 46
7 9 23 25 26 27 11 43 46 48 50
8 10 26 27 29 30 12 47 49 52 54
9 11 28 30 32 33 13 50 53 56 58
10 12 31 32 34 35 14 54 57 60 63
11 13 33 35 37 38 15 57 61 64 67
12 14 35 37 40 41 16 61 65 68 71
13 15 38 40 42 43 17 65 68 72 75
14 16 40 42 45 46 18 68 72 76 79
15 17 42 45 47 49 19 72 75 80 83
16 18 45 47 50 52 20 75 80 84 87
17 19 47 50 53 54 21 79 83 88 91
18 20 49 52 55 57 22 82 87 92 96
19 19 21 52 55 58 60 23 86 91 96 100
20 20 22 54 57 60 62 24 90 95 100 104
21 21 23 56 60 63 65 25 93 98 104 108
22 22 24 59 62 66 68 26 97 102 108 112
23 23 25 61 65 68 70 27 100 106 112 119
24 24 26 63 67 71 73 28 104 110 116 120
25 25 27 66 70 74 76 29 107 113 120 124
26 26 28 68 72 76 79 30 111 117 124 128
27 27 29 70 74 79 81 31 115 121 128 133
28 28 30 73 77 81 84 32 118 125 132 137
29 29 31 75 79 84 87 33 122 128 136 141
30 30 32 77 82 87 89 34 125 132 140 145
31 31 33 80 84 89 92 35 129 136 144 149
32 32 34 82 87 92 95 36 132 140 148 153
33 33 35 84 89 94 97 37 136 144 152 157
34 34 36 87 92 97 100 38 140 147 156 161
35 35 37 89 94 100 103 39 143 151 160 165
36 36 38 91 97 102 105 40 147 155 164 169
37 37 39 94 99 105 108
38 38 40 96 102 107 111
39 38 39
40 39 40

na = 2 na = 4 na = 6
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
2 4 15 16 6 29 31 33
3 5 18 19 20 7 34 36 38
4 6 21 22 23 24 8 38 44 42 48
5 10 7 24 25 27 28 9 42 44 47 53
6 12 8 27 28 30 31 10 46 49 52 58
7 14 9 30 32 33 35 11 50 53 57 64
8 15 16 10 33 35 37 38 12 55 58 61 69
9 17 18 11 36 38 40 42 13 59 62 66 74
10 19 20 12 39 41 43 45 14 63 67 71 79
11 21 22 13 42 44 47 49 15 67 71 75 85
12 22 23 14 45 47 50 52 16 71 75 80 90
13 24 25 26 15 48 50 53 55 17 76 80 84 95
14 25 27 28 16 50 53 57 59 18 80 84 89 100
15 27 29 30 17 53 57 60 62 19 84 89 94 106
16 29 31 32 18 56 60 63 66 20 88 93 98 111
17 31 32 34 19 59 63 67 69 21 92 97 103 116
18 32 34 36 20 62 66 70 72 22 96 102 108 121
19 34 36 37 38 21 65 69 73 76 23 101 106 112 126
20 36 38 39 40 22 68 72 77 79 24 105 111 117 132
21 37 39 41 42 23 71 75 80 83 25 109 115 121 137
22 39 41 43 44 24 74 79 83 86 26 113 119 126 142
23 41 43 45 46 25 77 82 87 90 27 117 124 131 147
24 42 45 47 48 26 80 85 90 93 28 122 128 135 152
25 44 47 49 50 27 83 88 93 96 29 126 132 140 157
26 46 48 51 52 28 86 91 96 100 30 130 137 145 163
27 47 50 52 53 29 89 94 100 103 31 134 141 149 168
28 49 52 54 55 30 92 97 103 107 32 138 146 154 173
29 51 54 56 57 31 95 100 106 110 33 142 150 158 178
30 53 55 58 59 32 98 104 110 114 34 147 150 163 183
31 54 57 60 61 33 101 107 113 117 35 151 159 168 188
32 56 59 62 63 34 104 111 116 120 36 155 163 172 194
33 58 61 64 65 35 107 113 120 124 37 159 167 177 199
34 59 63 65 67 36 110 116 123 127 38 163 172 182 204
35 61 64 67 69 37 113 119 126 131 39 167 176 186 209
36 63 66 69 71 38 116 122 130 134 40 172 181 191 214
37 64 68 71 73 39 118 125 133 137
38 66 70 73 75 40 121 129 136 141
39 68 71 75 76
40 69 73 77 78

A4
 na = 7 na = 9 na = 11
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
7 38 41 43 45 9 60 64 67 70 11 87 91 96 109
8 43 46 49 50 10 66 70 74 77 12 94 99 104 117
9 48 51 54 56 11 72 76 81 83 13 101 106 112 126
10 53 56 59 61 12 78 82 87 90 14 108 114 120 135
11 58 61 65 67 13 84 89 94 97 15 115 121 128 144
12 63 66 70 72 14 90 95 100 104 16 122 129 135 152
13 67 71 75 78 15 96 101 107 111 17 130 136 143 161
14 72 76 81 83 16 102 107 113 117 18 137 143 151 170
15 77 81 86 89 17 108 114 120 124 19 144 151 159 178
16 82 86 91 94 18 114 120 126 131 20 151 158 167 187
17 86 91 96 100 19 120 126 133 138 21 158 166 174 196
18 91 96 102 105 20 126 132 140 144 22 165 173 182 204
19 96 101 107 111 21 132 139 146 151 23 172 180 190 213
20 101 106 112 116 22 138 145 153 158 24 179 188 198 222
21 106 111 117 122 23 144 151 159 164 25 186 195 205 230
22 110 116 123 127 24 150 157 166 171 26 194 203 213 239
23 115 121 128 132 25 156 163 172 178 27 201 210 221 247
24 120 126 133 138 26 162 170 179 185 28 208 218 229 256
25 125 131 139 143 27 168 176 185 191 29 215 225 236 265
26 129 136 144 149 28 174 182 192 198 30 222 232 244 273
27 134 141 149 154 29 179 188 198 205 31 229 240 252 282
28 139 146 154 160 30 185 194 205 212 32 236 247 260 290
29 144 151 160 165 31 191 201 211 218 33 243 255 267 299
30 149 156 165 170 32 197 207 218 225 34 250 262 275 307
31 153 161 170 176 33 203 213 224 232 35 257 269 283 316
32 158 166 175 181 34 209 219 231 238 36 265 277 290 325
33 163 171 181 187 35 215 226 237 245 37 272 284 298 333
34 168 176 186 192 36 221 232 243 252 38 279 291 306 342
35 172 181 191 198 37 227 238 250 258 39 286 299 314 350
36 177 186 196 203 38 233 244 257 265 40 293 321 321 359
37 182 191 202 208 39 239 250 263 272
38 187 196 207 214 40 245 257 270 279
39 191 201 212 219
40 196 206 217 225

na = 8 na = 10 na = 12
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
8 49 51 55 57 10 73 77 81 84 12 102 107 113 117
9 54 57 61 63 11 79 84 88 92 13 109 115 121 125
10 60 63 67 69 12 86 91 96 99 14 117 123 130 134
11 65 69 73 75 13 93 97 103 106 15 125 131 138 143
12 70 74 79 81 14 99 104 110 114 16 132 139 146 151
13 76 80 84 87 15 106 111 117 121 17 140 147 155 160
14 81 86 90 94 16 112 118 124 129 18 148 155 163 169
15 87 91 96 100 17 119 125 132 136 19 156 163 172 177
16 92 97 102 106 18 125 132 139 143 20 163 171 180 186
17 97 102 108 112 19 132 138 146 151 21 171 179 188 194
18 103 108 114 118 20 138 145 153 158 22 179 187 197 203
19 108 114 120 124 21 145 152 160 166 23 186 195 205 212
20 113 119 126 130 22 152 159 167 173 24 194 203 213 220
21 119 125 132 136 23 158 166 175 180 25 202 211 222 229
22 124 131 138 142 24 165 173 182 188 26 209 219 230 238
23 130 136 144 149 25 171 179 189 195 27 217 227 239 246
24 135 142 150 155 26 178 186 196 202 28 225 235 247 255
25 140 147 155 161 27 184 193 203 210 29 232 243 255 263
26 146 153 161 167 28 191 200 210 217 30 240 251 264 272
27 151 159 167 173 29 197 207 217 224 31 248 259 272 280
28 156 164 173 179 30 204 213 224 232 32 256 267 280 289
29 162 170 179 185 31 210 220 232 239 33 263 275 289 298
30 167 175 185 191 32 217 227 239 246 34 271 283 297 306
31 172 181 191 197 33 223 234 246 254 35 279 291 305 315
32 178 187 197 203 34 230 241 253 261 36 286 299 314 323
33 183 192 203 209 35 236 247 260 268 37 294 307 322 332
34 188 198 208 215 36 243 254 267 276 38 302 315 330 340
35 194 203 214 221 37 249 261 274 283 39 309 323 339 349
36 199 209 220 228 38 256 268 281 290 40 317 331 347 358
37 205 215 226 234 39 262 275 289 298
38 210 220 232 240 40 269 281 296 305
39 215 226 238 246
40 221 231 244 252

A5
 na = 13 na = 15 na = 18
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
13 118 124 130 135 15 153 161 169 174 18 215 225 236 243
14 126 132 139 144 16 163 170 179 185 19 226 236 248 255
15 134 141 148 153 17 172 180 189 195 20 237 248 260 268
16 143 149 157 163 18 182 190 200 206 21 248 259 272 280
17 151 158 166 172 19 191 200 210 216 22 260 271 284 292
18 159 167 175 181 20 200 210 220 227 23 271 282 296 305
19 167 175 184 190 21 210 219 230 237 24 282 294 308 317
20 176 184 193 200 22 219 229 240 248 25 293 305 320 329
21 184 193 202 209 23 229 239 251 258 26 304 317 332 341
22 192 201 211 218 24 238 249 261 269 27 315 328 344 354
23 201 210 220 227 25 247 258 271 279 28 326 340 355 366
24 209 218 229 237 26 257 268 281 290 29 337 351 367 378
25 217 227 238 246 27 266 278 291 300 30 348 363 379 390
26 225 236 247 255 28 276 288 301 311 31 359 374 391 403
27 234 244 256 264 29 285 297 312 321 32 370 386 403 415
28 242 253 265 273 30 294 307 322 331 33 382 397 415 427
29 250 261 274 283 31 304 317 332 342 34 393 409 427 439
30 258 270 283 292 32 313 327 342 352 35 404 420 439 451
31 267 278 292 301 33 323 336 352 363 36 415 432 451 464
32 275 287 301 310 34 332 346 362 373 37 426 443 463 476
33 283 296 310 319 35 341 356 372 383 38 437 456 475 488
34 291 304 319 328 36 351 366 382 394 39 448 466 486 500
35 299 313 328 338 37 360 375 393 404 40 459 477 498 512
36 308 321 337 347 38 369 385 403 415
37 316 330 346 356 39 379 395 413 425
38 324 338 355 365 40 388 404 423 435
39 332 347 363 374
40 341 355 372 384

na = 14 na = 16 na = 19
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
14 135 141 149 154 16 173 181 190 196 19 238 248 260 268
15 144 151 159 164 17 183 191 201 207 20 250 261 273 281
16 153 160 168 174 18 193 202 212 218 21 261 273 286 294
17 161 169 178 184 19 203 212 222 230 22 273 285 298 307
18 170 178 187 194 20 213 222 233 241 23 285 297 311 320
19 179 188 197 203 21 223 233 244 252 24 296 309 323 333
20 188 197 207 213 22 233 243 255 263 25 308 321 336 346
21 197 206 216 223 23 243 253 266 274 26 320 333 348 359
22 206 215 226 233 24 253 264 276 285 27 331 345 361 371
23 215 224 235 243 25 263 274 287 296 28 343 357 373 384
24 223 233 245 253 26 273 284 298 307 29 355 369 386 397
25 232 243 255 263 27 283 295 309 318 30 366 381 398 410
26 241 252 264 272 28 292 305 319 329 31 378 393 411 423
27 250 261 274 282 29 302 315 330 340 32 390 405 423 436
28 259 270 283 292 30 312 326 341 351 33 401 417 436 448
29 268 279 293 302 31 322 336 352 362 34 413 429 448 461
30 276 289 302 312 32 332 346 362 373 35 425 441 461 474
31 285 298 312 321 33 342 357 373 384 36 436 453 473 487
32 294 307 321 331 34 352 367 384 395 37 448 465 486 500
33 303 316 331 341 35 362 377 395 406 38 459 477 498 512
34 312 325 341 351 36 372 388 405 417 39 471 489 511 525
35 320 334 350 361 37 382 398 416 428 40 482 502 523 538
36 329 343 360 370 38 392 408 427 439
37 338 353 369 380 39 402 418 437 450
38 347 362 379 390 40 412 429 448 461
39 356 371 388 400
40 364 380 398 410

na = 17 na = 20
nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 nb α= 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
17 193 202 212 219 20 262 273 286 295
18 204 213 224 231 21 274 286 299 308
19 214 224 235 242 22 286 299 313 322
20 225 235 247 254 23 299 311 326 335
21 236 246 258 266 24 311 324 339 349
22 246 257 269 278 25 323 337 352 362
23 257 268 281 289 26 335 349 365 376
24 267 279 292 301 27 348 362 378 389
25 278 290 303 313 28 360 374 391 403
26 288 301 315 324 29 372 387 404 416
27 299 312 326 336 30 384 400 418 430
28 309 323 337 348 31 396 413 431 443
29 320 333 349 359 32 409 425 444 456
30 330 344 360 371 33 421 438 457 470
31 341 355 371 382 34 433 450 470 483
32 351 366 383 394 35 445 463 483 497
33 362 377 394 406 36 457 475 496 510
34 372 388 405 417 37 469 488 509 523
35 383 399 417 429 38 482 501 522 537
36 393 410 428 440 39 513 535 550
37 404 420 439 452 40 526 548 563
38 414 431 451 464
39 425 442 462 475
40 435 453 473 487

A6
Table S4. Critical F values

Use these values for performing Analysis of Variance tests and for comparing variances of 2 samples.

Critical F values at α = 0.05

v1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 Inf

v2
1 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88 243.90 245.95 248.02 249.26 250.10 250.69 251.14 251.49 251.77 252.20 252.50 252.72 252.90 253.04 253.25 254.32
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.47 19.47 19.48 19.48 19.48 19.48 19.48 19.49 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.60 8.59 8.59 8.58 8.57 8.57 8.56 8.56 8.55 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.73 5.72 5.71 5.70 5.69 5.68 5.67 5.67 5.66 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.52 4.50 4.48 4.46 4.45 4.44 4.43 4.42 4.41 4.41 4.41 4.40 4.37
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.79 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.40 3.38 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.30 3.29 3.29 3.28 3.27 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 3.02 3.01 2.99 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.77 2.76 2.76 2.75 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.59 2.58 2.54
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.46 2.45 2.40
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.36 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.30
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.21
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.18 2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.07
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.07 2.06 2.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.03 2.03 2.02 2.01 1.96
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.92
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.88
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.90 1.84
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.81
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.00 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.76
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.68 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.51
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.95 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.44
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.69 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.39
80 3.96 3.11 2.72 2.49 2.33 2.21 2.13 2.06 2.00 1.95 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.52 1.51 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.32
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.28
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47 1.46 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.35 1.25
Inf 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.51 1.46 1.42 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.00

For ANOVA V1 and V2 are the treatment and residual degrees of freedom respectively. For comparing variances of 2 samples V1 is the DF of sample
with the larger variance, V2 is the DF of sample with the smaller variance.
A7
Table 4 cont.
Critical F values at α = 0.01

v1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 Inf

v2
1 4052 4999 5404 5624 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6107 6157 6209 6240 6260 6275 6286 6296 6302 6313 6321 6326 6331 6334 6340 6366
2 98.50 99.00 99.16 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.38 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.49 99.49 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.34 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.58 26.50 26.45 26.41 26.38 26.35 26.32 26.29 26.27 26.25 26.24 26.22 26.13
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.79 13.75 13.71 13.69 13.65 13.63 13.61 13.59 13.58 13.56 13.46
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.33 9.29 9.26 9.24 9.20 9.18 9.16 9.14 9.13 9.11 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.18 7.14 7.11 7.09 7.06 7.03 7.01 7.00 6.99 6.97 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.94 5.91 5.88 5.86 5.82 5.80 5.78 5.77 5.75 5.74 5.65
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.26 5.20 5.15 5.12 5.09 5.07 5.03 5.01 4.99 4.97 4.96 4.95 4.86
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.60 4.57 4.54 4.52 4.48 4.46 4.44 4.43 4.41 4.40 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.17 4.14 4.12 4.08 4.06 4.04 4.03 4.01 4.00 3.91
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.89 3.86 3.83 3.81 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.69 3.60
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 3.70 3.65 3.62 3.59 3.57 3.54 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.45 3.36
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.17
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.22 3.18 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.11 3.09 3.00
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.05 3.02 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.87
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.93 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.86 2.84 2.75
17 8.40 6.11 5.19 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.07 3.00 2.96 2.92 2.89 2.87 2.83 2.81 2.79 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.65
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.68 2.66 2.57
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.71 2.67 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.60 2.58 2.49
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.69 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.58 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.52 2.42
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.36
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.40 2.31
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.35 2.26
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.64 2.58 2.53 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.21
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.27 2.17
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.57 2.50 2.45 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.13
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.10
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.51 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.26 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.06
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.48 2.41 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.23 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.16 2.14 2.03
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.92 1.80
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.56 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.68
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.10 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.73 1.60
80 6.96 4.88 4.04 3.56 3.26 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.55 2.42 2.27 2.12 2.01 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.49
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.37 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.57 1.43
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.93 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.66 1.62 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.53 1.38
Inf 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.77 1.70 1.64 1.59 1.55 1.52 1.47 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.36 1.32 1.00

For ANOVA V1 and V2 are the treatment and residual degrees of freedom respectively. For comparing variances of 2 samples V1 is the DF of sample
with the larger variance, V2 is the DF of sample with the smaller variance.

A8
Table S5. Table of critical values of Fmax

Use these values for testing homogeneity of variances for ANOVA.

(k is the total number of samples; if two samples have different sizes use the df of the smaller sample.)

k=2 k=3 k=4 k=5

df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01
2 39.00 199.00 2 87.50 448.00 2 142.00 729.0 2 202.00 1036.0
3 15.40 47.50 3 27.80 85.00 3 39.20 120.0 3 62.00 151.0
4 9.60 23.20 4 15.50 37.00 4 20.60 49.0 4 29.50 59.0
5 7.15 14.90 5 10.80 22.00 5 13.70 28.0 5 18.70 33.0
6 5.82 11.10 6 8.38 15.50 6 10.40 19.1 6 13.70 22.0
7 4.99 8.89 7 6.94 12.10 7 8.44 14.5 7 10.80 16.5
8 4.43 7.50 8 6.00 9.90 8 7.18 11.7 8 9.03 13.2
9 4.03 6.54 9 5.34 8.50 9 6.31 9.9 9 7.80 11.1
10 3.72 5.85 10 4.85 7.40 10 5.67 8.6 10 6.92 9.6
12 3.28 4.91 12 4.16 6.10 12 4.79 6.9 12 5.72 7.6
15 2.86 4.07 15 3.54 4.90 15 4.01 5.5 15 4.68 6.0
20 2.46 3.32 20 2.95 38.00 20 3.29 4.3 20 3.76 4.6
30 2.07 2.63 30 2.40 3.00 30 2.61 3.3 30 2.91 3.4
60 1.67 1.96 60 1.85 2.20 60 1.96 2.3 60 2.11 2.4
inf 1.00 1.00 inf 1.00 1.00 inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0

k=6 k=7 k=8 k=9

df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01
2 266.00 1326.0 2 333.00 1705.0 2 403.00 2063.0 2 475.00 2432.0
3 62.00 184.0 3 72.90 216.0 3 83.50 249.0 3 93.90 281.0
4 29.50 69.0 4 33.60 79.0 4 37.50 89.0 4 41.10 97.0
5 18.70 38.0 5 20.80 42.0 5 22.90 46.0 5 24.70 50.0
6 13.70 25.0 6 15.00 27.0 6 16.30 30.0 6 17.50 32.0
7 10.80 18.4 7 11.80 20.0 7 12.70 22.0 7 13.50 23.0
8 9.03 14.5 8 9.78 15.8 8 10.50 16.9 8 11.10 17.9
9 7.80 12.1 9 8.41 13.1 9 8.95 13.9 9 9.45 14.7
10 6.92 10.4 10 7.42 11.1 10 7.87 11.8 10 8.28 12.4
12 5.72 8.2 12 6.09 8.7 12 6.42 9.1 12 6.72 9.5
15 4.68 6.4 15 4.95 6.7 15 5.19 7.1 15 5.40 7.3
20 3.76 4.9 20 3.94 5.1 20 4.10 5.3 20 4.24 5.5
30 2.91 3.6 30 3.02 3.7 30 3.12 3.8 30 3.21 3.9
60 2.11 2.4 60 2.17 2.5 60 2.22 2.5 60 2.26 2.6
inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0

k = 10 k = 11 k = 12
df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01 df α= 0.05 0.01
2 550.00 2813.0 2 626.00 3204.0 2 704.00 3605.0
3 104.00 310.0 3 114.00 337.0 3 124.00 361.0
4 44.60 106.0 4 48.00 113.0 4 51.40 120.0
5 26.50 54.0 5 28.20 57.0 5 29.90 60.0
6 18.60 34.0 6 19.70 36.0 6 20.70 37.0
7 14.30 24.0 7 15.10 26.0 7 15.80 27.0
8 11.70 18.9 8 12.20 19.8 8 12.70 21.0
9 9.91 15.3 9 10.30 16.0 9 10.70 16.6
10 8.66 12.9 10 9.01 13.4 10 9.34 13.9
12 7.00 9.9 12 7.25 10.2 12 7.48 10.6
15 5.59 7.5 15 5.77 7.8 15 5.93 8.0
20 4.37 5.6 20 4.49 5.8 20 4.59 5.9
30 3.29 4.0 30 3.36 4.1 30 3.39 4.2
60 2.30 2.6 60 2.33 2.7 60 2.36 2.7
inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0 inf 1.00 1.0

A9
Table S6. α = 0.05)
Table of critical q values (α
Use these values for performing Tukey HSD and Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests
(k is the total number of samples to be compared, v is the residual degrees of freedom)

k 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 34 40 50
v
1 17.97 26.98 32.82 37.08 40.41 43.12 45.40 47.36 49.07 50.59 51.96 53.20 54.33 55.36 56.32 57.22 58.07 58.83 59.56 60.91 62.12 63.22 64.23 65.15 66.81 68.92 71.73
2 6.085 8.331 9.798 10.88 11.74 12.44 13.03 13.54 13.99 14.39 14.75 15.08 15.38 15.65 15.91 16.14 16.37 16.57 16.77 17.13 17.45 17.75 18.02 18.27 18.72 19.28 20.05
3 4.501 5.910 6.825 7.502 8.037 8.478 8.853 9.177 9.462 9.717 9.946 10.15 10.35 10.53 10.69 10.84 10.98 11.11 11.24 11.47 11.68 11.87 12.05 12.21 12.50 12.87 13.36
4 3.927 5.040 5.757 6.287 6.707 7.053 7.347 7.602 7.862 8.027 8.208 8.373 8.525 8.664 8.794 8.914 9.028 9.134 9.233 9.418 9.584 9.736 9.875 10.00 10.23 10.53 10.93
5 3.635 4.602 5.218 5.673 6.033 6.330 6.582 6.802 6.995 7.168 7.324 7.466 7.596 7.717 7.828 7.932 8.030 8.122 8.208 8.368 8.512 8.643 8.764 8.8.75 9.075 9.330 9.674
6 3.461 4.339 4.896 5.305 5.628 5.895 6.122 6.319 6.493 6.649 6.789 6.917 7.034 7.143 7.244 7.338 7.426 7.508 7.587 7.730 7.861 7.979 8.088 8.189 8.370 8.601 8.913
7 3.344 4.165 4.681 5.060 5.359 5.606 5.815 5.998 6.158 6.303 6.431 6.550 6.658 6.759 6.852 6.939 7.020 7.097 7.170 7.303 7.423 7.533 7.634 7.728 7.895 8.110 8.400
8 3.261 4.041 4.529 4.886 5.167 5.399 5.597 5.767 5.918 6.054 6.175 6.287 6.389 6.483 6.571 6.653 6.729 6.802 6.870 6.995 7.109 7.212 7.307 7.395 7.554 7.756 8.029
9 3.199 3.949 4.415 4.756 5.024 5.244 5.432 5.595 5.739 5.867 5.983 6.089 6.186 6.276 6.359 6.437 6.510 6.579 6.644 6.673 6.871 6.970 7.061 7.145 7.295 7.488 7.749
10 3.151 3.877 4.327 4.654 4.912 5.124 5.305 5.461 5.599 5.722 5.833 5.935 6.028 6.114 6.194 6.269 6.339 6.405 6.467 6.582 6.686 6.781 6.868 6.948 7.093 7.279 7.529
11 3.113 3.820 4.256 4.574 4.823 5.028 5.202 5.353 5.487 5.605 5.713 5.811 5.901 5.984 6.062 6.134 6.202 6.265 6.326 6.436 6.536 6.628 6.712 6.790 6.930 7.110 7.352
12 3.082 3.773 4.199 4.508 4.751 4.950 5.119 5.265 5.395 5.511 5.615 5.710 5.798 5.878 5.953 6.023 6.089 6.151 6.209 6.317 6.414 6.503 6.585 6.660 6.796 6.970 7.205
13 3.055 3.735 4.151 4.453 4.690 4.885 5.049 5.192 5.318 5.431 5.533 5.625 5.711 5.789 5.862 5.931 5.995 6.055 6.112 6.217 6.312 6.398 6.478 6.551 6.684 6.854 7.083
14 3.033 3.702 4.111 4.407 4.639 4.829 4.990 5.131 5.254 5.364 5.463 5.554 5.637 5.714 5.786 5.852 5.915 5.974 6.029 6.132 6.224 6.309 6.387 6.459 6.588 6.754 6.979
15 3.014 3.674 4.076 4.367 4.595 4.782 4.940 5.077 5.198 5.306 5.404 5.493 5.574 5.649 5.720 5.785 5.846 5.904 5.958 6.059 6.149 6.233 6.309 6.379 6.506 6.669 6.888
16 2.998 3.649 4.046 4.333 4.557 4.741 4.897 5.031 5.150 5.256 5.352 5.439 5.520 5.593 5.662 5.727 5.786 5.843 5.897 5.995 6.084 6.166 6.241 6.310 6.434 6.594 6.810
17 2.984 3.628 4.020 4.303 4.524 4.705 4.858 4.991 5.108 5.212 5.307 5.392 5.471 5.544 5.612 5.675 5.734 5.790 5.842 5.940 6.027 6.107 6.181 6.249 6.372 6.529 6.741
18 2.971 3.609 3.997 4.277 4.495 4.673 4.824 4.956 5.071 5.174 5.267 5.352 5.429 5.501 5.568 5.630 5.688 5.743 5.794 5.890 5.977 6.055 6.128 6.195 6.316 6.471 6.680
19 2.960 3.593 3.977 4.253 4.469 4.645 4.794 4.924 5.038 5.140 5.231 5.315 5.391 5.462 5.528 5.589 5.647 5.701 5.752 5.846 5.932 6.009 6.081 6.147 6.267 6.419 6.626
20 2.950 3.578 3.958 4.232 4.445 4.620 4.768 4.896 5.008 5.108 5.199 5.282 5.357 5.427 5.493 5.553 5.610 5.663 5.714 5.807 5.891 5.968 6.039 6.104 6.222 6.373 6.576
24 2.919 3.532 3.901 4.166 4.373 4.541 4.684 4.807 4.915 5.012 5.099 5.179 5.251 5.319 5.381 5.439 5.494 5.545 5.594 5.683 5.764 5.838 5.906 5.968 6.081 6.226 6.421
30 2.888 3.486 3.845 4.302 4.302 4.464 4.602 4.720 4.824 4.917 5.001 5.077 5.147 5.211 5.271 5.327 5.379 5.429 5.475 5.561 5.638 5.709 5.774 5.833 5.941 6.080 6.267
40 2.858 3.442 3.791 4.039 4.232 4.389 4.521 4.635 4.735 4.824 5.904 5.977 5.044 5.106 5.163 5.216 5.266 5.313 5.358 5.439 5.513 5.581 5.642 5.700 5.803 5.934 6.112
60 2.829 3.99 3.737 3.977 4.163 4.314 4.441 4.550 4.646 4.732 5.808 5.878 4.942 5.001 5.056 5.107 5.154 5.199 5.241 5.319 5.389 5.453 5.512 5.566 5.664 5.789 5,958
120 2.800 3.365 3.685 3.917 4.096 4.241 4.363 4.468 4.560 4.641 5.714 5.781 4.842 5.898 4.950 4.998 5.044 5.086 5.126 5.200 5.266 5.327 5.382 5.434 5.526 5.644 5.802
Inf 2.772 3.314 3.633 3.858 4.030 4.170 4.286 4.387 4.474 4.552 5.622 5.685 4.743 5.796 4.845 4.891 4.934 4.974 5.012 5.081 5.144 5.201 5.253 5.301 5.388 5.498 5.646

A10
Table S7 α = 0.05) for Dunnet’s multiple comparison test
Critical q’ values (α

Use these values for performing the Dunnet multiple comparison two-tailed test.

k 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 21
v
5 2.57 3.03 3.29 3.48 3.62 3.73 3.82 3.90 3.97 4.03 4.09 4.14 4.26 4.42
6 2.45 2.86 3.10 3.26 3.39 3.49 3.57 3.64 3.71 3.76 3.81 3.86 3.97 4.11
7 2.36 2.75 2.97 3.12 3.24 3.33 3.41 3.47 3.53 3.58 3.63 3.67 3.78 3.91
8 2.31 2.67 2.88 3.02 3.13 3.22 3.29 3.35 3.41 3.46 3.50 3.54 3.64 3.76
9 2.26 2.61 2.81 2.95 3.05 3.14 3.20 3.26 3.32 3.36 3.40 3.44 3.53 3.65
10 2.23 2.57 2.76 2.89 2.99 3.07 3.14 3.19 3.24 3.29 3.33 3.36 3.45 3.57
11 2.20 2.53 2.72 2.84 2.94 3.02 3.08 3.14 3.19 3.23 3.27 3.30 3.39 3.50
12 2.18 2.50 2.68 2.81 2.90 2.98 3.04 3.09 3.14 3.18 3.22 3.25 3.34 3.45
13 2.16 2.48 2.65 2.78 2.87 2.94 3.00 3.06 3.10 3.14 3.18 3.21 3.29 3.40
14 2.14 2.46 2.63 2.75 2.84 2.91 2.97 3.02 3.07 3.3.11 3.14 3.18 3.26 3.36
15 2.13 2.44 2.61 2.73 2.82 2.89 2.95 3.00 3.04 3.08 3.12 3.15 3.23 3.33
16 2.12 2.42 2.59 2.71 2.80 2.87 2.92 2.97 3.02 3.06 3.09 3.12 3.20 3.30
17 2.11 2.41 2.58 2.69 2.78 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.03 3.07 3.10 3.18 3.27
18 2.10 2.40 2.56 2.68 2.76 2.83 2.89 2.94 2.98 3.01 3.05 3.08 3.16 3.25
19 2.09 2.39 2.55 2.66 2.75 2.81 2.87 2.92 2.96 3.00 3.03 3.06 3.14 3.23
20 2.09 2.38 2.54 2.65 2.73 2.80 2.86 2.90 2.95 2.98 3.02 3.05 3.12 3.22
24 2.06 2.35 2.51 2.61 2.70 2.76 2.81 2.86 2.90 2.94 2.97 3.00 3.07 3.16
30 2.04 2.32 2.47 2.58 2.66 2.72 2.77 2.82 2.86 2.89 2.92 2.95 3.02 3.11
40 2.02 2.29 2.44 2.54 2.62 2.68 2.73 2.77 2.81 2.85 2.87 2.90 2.97 3.06
60 2.00 2.27 2.41 2.51 2.58 2.64 2.69 2.73 2.77 2.80 2.93 2.86 2.92 3.00
120 1.98 2.24 2.38 2.47 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.69 2.73 2.76 2.79 2.81 2.87 2.95
Inf 1.96 2.21 2.35 2.44 2.51 2.57 2.61 2.65 2.69 2.72 2.74 2.77 2.83 2.91

Use these values for performing the Dunnet multiple comparison one-tailed test.

k 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v
5 2.02 2.44 2.68 2.85 2.98 3.08 3.16 3.24 3.30
6 1.94 2.34 2.56 2.71 2.83 2.92 3.00 3.07 3.12
7 1.89 2.27 2.48 2.62 2.73 2.82 2.89 2.95 3.01
8 1.86 2.22 2.42 2.55 2.66 2.74 2.81 2.87 2.92
9 1.83 2.18 2.37 2.50 2.60 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.86
10 1.81 2.15 2.34 2.47 2.56 2.64 2.70 2.76 2.81
11 1.80 2.13 2.31 2.44 2.53 2.60 2.67 2.72 2.77
12 1.78 2.11 2.29 2.41 2.50 2.58 2.64 2.69 2.74
13 1.77 2.09 2.27 2.39 2.48 2.55 2.61 2.66 2.71
14 1.76 2.08 2.25 2.37 2.46 2.53 2.59 2.64 2.69
15 1.75 2.07 2.24 2.36 2.44 2.51 2.57 2.62 2.67
16 1.75 2.06 2.23 2.34 2.43 2.50 2.56 2.61 2.65
17 1.74 2.05 2.22 2.33 2.42 2.49 2.54 2.59 2.64
18 1.73 2.04 2.21 2.32 2.41 2.48 2.53 2.58 2.62
19 1.73 2.03 2.20 2.31 2.40 2.47 2.52 2.57 2.61
20 1.72 2.03 2.19 2.30 2.39 2.46 2.51 2.56 2.60
24 1.71 2.01 2.17 2.28 2.36 2.43 2.48 2.53 2.57
30 1.70 1.99 2.15 2.25 2.33 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.54
40 1.68 1.97 2.13 2.23 2.31 2.37 2.42 2.47 2.51
60 1.67 1.95 2.10 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.39 2.44 2.48
120 1.66 1.93 2.08 2.18 2.26 2.32 2.37 2.41 2.45
Inf 1.64 1.92 2.06 2.16 2.23 2.29 2.34 2.38 2.42

A11
Table S8. Table of critical H values

Use these values for performing the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric multi-sample test

Sample size α Sample size α

n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 0.05 0.01 n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 0.05 0.01
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
3 2 1 2 2 2 1 5.679
3 2 2 4.714 2 2 2 2 6.167 6.667
3 3 1 5.143 3 1 1 1
3 3 2 5.361 3 2 1 1
3 3 3 5.600 7.200 3 2 2 1 5.833
4 2 1 3 2 2 2 6.333 7.133
4 2 2 5.333 3 3 1 1 6.333
4 3 1 5.208 3 3 2 1 6.244 7.200
4 3 2 5.444 6.444 3 3 2 2 6.527 7.636
4 3 3 5.791 6.745 3 3 3 1 6.600 7.400
4 4 1 4.967 6.667 3 3 3 2 6.726 8.105
4 4 2 5.455 7.036 3 3 3 3 7.000 8.538
4 4 3 5.598 7.144 4 1 1 1
4 4 4 5.692 7.654 4 2 1 1 5.833
5 2 1 5.000 4 2 2 1 6.133 7.000
5 2 2 5.160 6.533 4 2 2 2 6.545 7.391
5 3 1 4.960 4 3 1 1 6.178 7.067
5 3 2 5.251 6.909 4 3 2 1 6.309 7.455
5 3 3 5.648 7.079 4 3 2 2 6.621 7.871
5 4 1 4.985 6.955 4 3 3 1 6.545 7.758
5 4 2 5.273 7.205 4 3 3 2 6.795 8.333
5 4 3 5.656 7.445 4 3 3 3 6.984 8.659
5 4 4 5.657 7.760 4 4 1 1 5.945 7.909
5 5 1 5.127 7.309 4 4 2 1 6.386 7.886
5 5 2 5.338 7.338 4 4 2 2 6.731 8.346
5 5 3 5.705 7.578 4 4 3 1 6.635 8.231
5 5 4 5.666 7.823 4 4 3 2 6.874 8.621
5 5 5 5.780 8.000 4 4 3 3 7.038 8.876
6 2 1 4.822 4 4 4 1 6.725 8.588
6 2 2 5.345 6.982 4 4 4 2 6.957 8.871
6 3 1 4.855 4 4 4 3 7.142 9.075
6 3 2 5.348 6.970 4 4 4 4 7.235 9.287
6 3 3 5.615 7.410 2 1 1 1 1
6 4 1 4.947 7.106 2 2 1 1 1
6 4 2 5.340 7.340 2 2 2 1 1 6.750
6 4 3 5.610 7.500 2 2 2 2 1 7.133 7.533
6 4 4 5.681 7.795 2 2 2 2 2 7.418 8.291
6 5 1 4.990 7.182 3 1 1 1 1
6 5 2 5.338 7.376 3 2 1 1 1 6.583
6 5 3 5.602 7.590 3 2 2 1 1 6.800 7.600
6 5 4 5.661 7.936 3 2 2 2 1 7.309 8.127
6 5 5 5.729 8.028 3 2 2 2 2 7.682 8.682
6 6 1 4.945 7.121 3 3 1 1 1 7.111
6 6 2 5.410 7.467 3 3 2 1 1 7.200 8.073
6 6 3 5.625 7.725 3 3 2 2 1 7.591 8.576
6 6 4 5.724 8.000 3 3 2 2 2 7.910 9.115
6 6 5 5.765 6.124 3 3 3 1 1 7.576 8.424
6 6 6 5.801 8.222 3 3 3 2 1 7.769 9.051
7 7 7 5.819 8.378 3 3 3 2 2 8.044 9.505
8 8 8 5.805 8.465 3 3 3 3 1 8.000 9.451
3 3 3 3 2 8.200 9.876
3 3 3 3 3 8.333 10.200

For larger samples and for k>5, H can be approximated by the equivalent chi-square, χ2, value with k-1 degrees of freedom
(see Table 11).

A12
Table S9. α = 0.05)
Critical Q values (α

Use these values for performing Non-parametric Multiple Comparison Testing (following e.g. the
Kruskal-Wallis test).

probability
k 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
2 1.645 1.960 2.327 2.576 3.091 3.291
3 2.128 2.394 2.713 2.936 3.403 3.588
4 2.394 2.639 2.936 3.144 3.588 3.765
5 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291 3.719 3.891
6 2.713 2.936 3.209 3.403 3.820 3.988
7 2.823 3.038 3.304 3.494 3.902 4.067
8 2.914 3.124 3.384 3.870 3.972 4.134
9 2.992 3.197 3.453 3.635 4.031 4.191
10 3.059 3.261 3.512 3.692 4.083 4.241
11 3.119 3.317 3.565 3.743 4.129 4.286
12 3.172 3.368 3.613 3.789 4.171 4.326
13 3.220 3.414 3.656 3.830 4.209 4.363
14 3.264 3.456 3.695 3.868 4.244 4.397
15 3.304 3.494 3.731 3.902 4.276 4.428
16 3.342 3.529 3.765 3.935 4.305 4.456
17 3.376 3.562 3.796 3.965 4.333 4.483
18 3.409 3.593 3.825 3.993 4.359 4.508
19 3.439 3.622 3.852 4.019 4.383 4.532
20 3.467 3.649 3.878 4.044 4.406 4.554
21 3.494 3.675 3.902 4.067 4.428 4.575
22 3.519 3.699 3.925 4.089 4.448 4.595
23 3.543 3.722 3.947 4.110 4.468 4.614
24 3.566 3.744 3.968 4.130 4.486 4.632
25 3.588 3.765 3.988 4.149 4.504 4.645

A13
Table S10. Critical values for Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, r

Use these values for testing the significance of a correlation determined by product-moment analysis.

probability
d.f. 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001
1 0.988 0.997 0.999 0.9999 0.99999
2 0.900 0.950 0.980 0.990 0.999
3 0.805 0.878 0.934 0.959 0.991
4 0.729 0.811 0.882 0.917 0.974
5 0.669 0.754 0.833 0.875 0.951
6 0.621 0.707 0.789 0.834 0.925
7 0.582 0.666 0.750 0.798 0.898
8 0.549 0.632 0.715 0.765 0.872
9 0.521 0.602 0.685 0.735 0.847
10 0.497 0.576 0.658 0.708 0.823
11 0.476 0.553 0.634 0.684 0.801
12 0.457 0.532 0.612 0.661 0.780
13 0.441 0.514 0.592 0.641 0.760
14 0.426 0.497 0.574 0.623 0.742
15 0.412 0.482 0.558 0.606 0.725
16 0.400 0.468 0.543 0.590 0.708
17 0.389 0.456 0.529 0.575 0.693
18 0.378 0.444 0.516 0.561 0.679
19 0.369 0.433 0.503 0.549 0.665
20 0.360 0.423 0.492 0.537 0.652
21 0.352 0.413 0.482 0.526 0.640
22 0.344 0.404 0.472 0.515 0.629
23 0.337 0.396 0.462 0.505 0.618
24 0.330 0.388 0.453 0.496 0.607
25 0.323 0.381 0.445 0.487 0.597
26 0.317 0.374 0.437 0.479 0.588
27 0.311 0.367 0.430 0.471 0.579
28 0.306 0.361 0.423 0.463 0.570
29 0.301 0.355 0.416 0.456 0.562
30 0.296 0.349 0.409 0.449 0.554
35 0.275 0.325 0.381 0.418 0.519
40 0.257 0.304 0.358 0.393 0.490
45 0.243 0.288 0.338 0.372 0.465
50 0.231 0.273 0.322 0.354 0.443
55 0.220 0.261 0.307 0.338 0.424
60 0.211 0.250 0.295 0.325 0.408
65 0.202 0.240 0.284 0.313 0.393
70 0.195 0.232 0.274 0.302 0.380
75 0.189 0.224 0.265 0.292 0.368
80 0.183 0.217 0.257 0.283 0.357
85 0.178 0.211 0.249 0.274 0.347
90 0.173 0.205 0.242 0.267 0.338
95 0.168 0.200 0.236 0.260 0.329
100 0.164 0.195 0.230 0.254 0.321

A14
Table S11. Critical values for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, rs

Use these values for testing the significance of a correlation determined by Spearman’s rank
correlation analysis.

probability
n 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
5 0.900
6 0.829 0.886 0.943
7 0.714 0.786 0.893 0.929
8 0.643 0.738 0.833 0.881
9 0.600 0.683 0.783 0.833
10 0.564 0.648 0.745 0.794
11 0.523 0.623 0.736 0.818
12 0.497 0.591 0.703 0.780
13 0.475 0.566 0.673 0.745
14 0.457 0.545 0.646 0.716
15 0.441 0.525 0.623 0.689
16 0.425 0.507 0.601 0.666
17 0.412 0.490 0.582 0.645
18 0.399 0.476 0.564 0.625
19 0.388 0.462 0.549 0.608
20 0.377 0.450 0.534 0.591
21 0.368 0.438 0.521 0.576
22 0.359 0.428 0.508 0.562
23 0.351 0.418 0.496 0.549
24 0.343 0.409 0.485 0.537
25 0.336 0.400 0.475 0.526
26 0.329 0.392 0.465 0.515
27 0.323 0.384 0.456 0.505
28 0.317 0.377 0.448 0.496
29 0.311 0.370 0.440 0.487
30 0.305 0.364 0.432 0.478
31 0.300 0.358 0.424 0.470
32 0.295 0.352 0.416 0.462
33 0.291 0.346 0.409 0.454
34 0.287 0.341 0.402 0.446
35 0.283 0.336 0.396 0.439
36 0.279 0.331 0.390 0.432
37 0.275 0.326 0.384 0.425
38 0.271 0.322 0.378 0.418
39 0.267 0.318 0.373 0.411
40 0.264 0.314 0.368 0.405
45 0.248 0.294 0.347 0.382
50 0.235 0.279 0.329 0.363

A15
Table S12. Critical values of chi-square, χ2.

Use these values for performing chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and contingency table tests.

probability
d.f. 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
1 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.827
2 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597 13.815
3 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838 16.266
4 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860 18.466
5 9.236 11.070 12.832 15.086 16.750 20.515
6 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548 22.457
7 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278 24.321
8 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955 26.124
9 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589 27.877
10 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188 29.588
11 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757 31.264
12 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300 32.909
13 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819 34.527
14 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319 36.124
15 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801 37.698
16 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267 39.252
17 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718 40.791
18 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156 42.312
19 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582 43.819
20 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997 45.314
21 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401 46.796
22 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796 48.268
23 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181 49.728
24 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.558 51.179
25 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928 52.619
26 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290 54.051
27 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645 55.475
28 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.994 56.892
29 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.335 58.301
30 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672 59.702
35 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275 66.619
40 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766 73.403
45 57.505 61.656 65.410 69.957 73.166 80.078
50 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490 86.660
55 68.796 73.311 77.380 82.292 85.749 93.167
60 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952 99.608
65 79.973 84.821 89.177 94.422 98.105 105.988
70 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215 112.317
75 91.061 96.217 100.839 106.393 110.285 118.599
80 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321 124.839
85 102.079 107.522 112.393 118.236 122.324 131.043
90 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299 137.208
95 113.038 118.752 123.858 129.973 134.247 143.343
100 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.170 149.449

A16