TOPIC 1

Properties of Fluids
Week 1
Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Continuum concept
1.3 Units and dimensions
1.4 Dimensional analysis
1.5 Fluid properties
1.6 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Learning Outcomes
• Explain the Continuum concept. (CO1PO1)
• Apply the units and dimensions used for fluid mechanics. (CO1PO1)
• Carry out dimensional analysis using Indicial Method. (CO1PO1)
1.1 Introduction
• Fluid mechanics: The science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of
fluids with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries.

Fluid mechanics deals with liquids

and gases in motion or at rest.
What is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the
liquid or gas phase.
A solid can resist an
applied shear stress by
deforming.
A fluid deforms Deformation of a rubber block
continuously under the placed between two parallel
influence of a shear stress, plates under the influence of a
no matter how small. shear force. The shear stress
shown is that on the rubber—an
equal but opposite shear stress
acts on the upper plate.
1.2 Continuum concept
• Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas
phase. Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature
of a substance and view it as a continuous, homogeneous
matter with no holes, that is, a continuum.
• Continuum is valid as long as size of the system is large in comparison
to distance between molecules.
• Engineering problems are normally concern with the bulk behavior of
fluids.
Macroscopic or classical approach:
Does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual molecules and
provides a direct and easy way to
analyze engineering problems.

Microscopic or statistical approach:

Based on the average behavior of large
groups of individual molecules. On a microscopic scale, pressure
is determined by the interaction
of individual gas molecules.
However, we can measure the
pressure on a macroscopic scale
with a pressure gage.
Continuum example
• For example, the pressure of a
gas in a container is the result of
momentum transfer between the
molecules and the walls of the
container.
• However, one does not need to
know the behaviour of the gas
molecules to determine the
pressure in the container. It
would be sufficient to attach a
pressure gage to the container.
1.3 Units and dimensions
• Fluid mechanics deals with a variety of fluid characteristics,
therefore, it is necessary to develop a system to describe these
characteristics both qualitatively (dimensions) and quantitatively
(units).
• A physical quantity (e.g. mass, length, force, pressure) is clearly
defined with a numerical value and a unit. A physical quantity
can be measured using a standard size called the unit.
• Units provide a convenient and standardized measure of the
dimensions.
• Two commonly used unit system are English system and the
metric SI (International System).
Basic quantity
Basic quantity Base unit
Length, L Metre
Mass, M Kilogram
Time, T Second
Electric current Ampere
Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin
Derived quantity
Derived quantity Derived unit
Area m2
Volume m3
Density kgm-3
Frequency Hz
Acceleration ms-2
Momentum kgms-1
Force N
Pressure Pa
Torque Nm
Velocity ms-1
• The dimensions of a physical quantity relates the physical
quantity to the basic quantities.
• The dimension of a physical quantity can be written as:
[physical quantity]
• Primary dimensions (based on basic quantity) include:
• mass [M], length [L] and time [T]
• Secondary dimensions can be expressed in terms of primary
dimensions and include:
• velocity [V], energy [E]
Example
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀
𝐿 = 3
𝐿
= = 𝑀 𝐿−3
𝑇

Unit for velocity is 𝑚𝑠 −1 Unit for density is 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

 Example
[𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒]
[Pr 𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒] =
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎]
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 [𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠] × [𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎]
𝐿𝑇 −1 𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2
= 𝑀 =
𝑇 𝐿2
= 𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 = 𝑀 𝐿−1 𝑇 −2

Unit for force is 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑠 −2 or 𝑁 Units for pressure is 𝑃𝑎

 Quantity FLT MLT English SI units
system system units
Acceleration, LT-2 LT-2 ft. s-2 m.s-2
a
Area,A L2 L2 ft2 m2
Density, ρ FL-4T2 ML-3 slug.ft-3 kg.m-3
Energy or FL ML2T-2 lb.ft N.m
Work, W
Volumetric L3T-1 L3T-1 ft3.s-1 m3.s-1
flow rate, Q
Kinematic L2T-1 L2T-1 ft2.s-1 m2.s-1
viscosity, υ
Pressure, P FL-2 ML-1T-1 lb.in-2 N.m-2
Dynamic FL-2T ML-1T-1 lb.ft-2.s N.m-2.s
viscosity, μ
Factor by which Prefix Symbol
unit is multiplied
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
10 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 mili m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
1.4 Dimensional analysis
• Dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different
physical quantities (mass, length, force, pressure etc) by identifying their
primary dimensions and units.
• In engineering, all equations must be dimensionally homogeneous. That
is, every term in an equation must have the same unit.
• If, at some stage of an analysis, we find ourselves in a position to add two
quantities that have different units, it is a clear indication that we have
made an error at an earlier stage.
• So checking dimensions (dimensional analysis) can serve as a valuable
tool to spot errors.
• One of the methods that can be used for dimensional analysis is indicial
method.
Example
A commonly used equation for determining the volumetric flow
rate, Q, of a liquid through an orifice located in the side of a tank
is given by,
𝑄 = 0.65𝑎 2𝑔ℎ

Where a is the area of the orifice, g is the acceleration due to

gravity, and h is the height of the liquid above the orifice.
Investigate the dimensional homogeneity of this equation.
Solution
𝑄 = 𝐿3 𝑇 −1 𝑄 = (0.65) 𝑎 2 𝑔 ℎ
𝑎 = 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝑇 −1 = (0.65)𝐿2 2 𝐿𝑇 −2 0.5 𝐿 0.5
𝑔 = 𝐿𝑇 −2
ℎ =𝐿 𝐿3 𝑇 −1 = (0.65) 2 𝐿3 𝑇 −1

Both sides of the equation have the same

dimensions, therefore,
the equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Example
The velocity v of waves in a ripple tank depends on the
wavelength  , surface tension  and density  of water. Deduce
an equation to show the relationship between these quantities.
 (
1. Let v = kx y  z )
v   
M 0 0 1 1
L 1 1 0 -3
T -1 0 -2 0

2. Write the dimensions

𝑣 = 𝑘𝜆𝑥 𝜎 𝑦 𝜌 𝑧
𝐿𝑇 −1 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑀𝑇 −2 𝑦 𝑀𝐿−3 𝑧
3. Equating indices 5. Subs. to initial equation
𝑀 0=𝑦+𝑧 .....(1) 𝑣 = 𝑘𝜆𝑥 𝜎 𝑦 𝜌 𝑧
𝐿 1 = 𝑥 − 3𝑧 .....(2) 1 1 1
𝑣 = 𝑘𝜆− ൗ2 𝜎 ൗ2 𝜌− ൗ2
𝑇 −1 = −2𝑦 .....(3)
𝜎
𝑣=𝑘
𝜆𝜌
4. Finding x, y and z
1
From (3), y =
2
1
From (1), z = −
2
1
From (2), x = −
2
Example
• The thrust, F, of a propeller depends upon its diameter, d,
speed of advance, v, revolutions per second, N, the fluid
density, ρ, and viscosity, μ. Find an expression for F in terms of
these quantities.
Solution
May be expressed as below with
K as a numerical constant
(
F = K d m,vp, N r, q, s )
 TOPIC 1

Properties of Fluids
Week 2
Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Continuum concept
1.3 Units and dimensions
1.4 Dimensional analysis
1.5 Fluid properties
1.6 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Learning Outcomes
• Apply common fluid properties. (CO1PO1, CO2PO2)
• Formulate the relationship between shear stress and velocity
gradient from Newton’s Law of Viscosity. (CO1PO1, CO2PO2)
• Solve various engineering problem related to fluid properties.
(CO1PO1, CO2PO2)
1.5 Fluid properties
• What is property? Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
• Familiar: pressure, temperature, volume, and mass.
• Less familiar: viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity,
thermal expansion coefficient, vapor pressure, surface tension.
Fluid properties
• Density
• Specific weight
• Relative density/ specific gravity
• Specific volume
• Dynamic viscosity
• Kinematic viscosity
• Surface tension
• Capillarity
• Vapor pressure
• Compressibility & bulk modulus
Density, ρ
• Defined as mass per unit 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
volume 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚
• Units: kg/ m3 𝜌=
𝑉
• Dimensions: ML-3
• Typical values:
• ρwater = 1000 kg/ m3 ,
• ρHg = 13 600 kg/ m3
Specific volume
• Defined as the volume of a fluid Specific Volume =
1
occupied by a unit mass or a Density
volume per unit mass of a fluid 1
V =
(reciprocal of mass density) 
• Commonly applied for gases
• Units: m3/kg
• Dimensions: L3M-1
Specific weight, ɣ
• Defined as weight per unit Weight
volume. Specific Weight =
Volume
• Units: N/m3  =
W
V
• Dimensions: LM-2T-2
Specific Weight = Density  gravity
• Typical values:  = g
• γwater = 9810 N/m3
Relative density or specific gravity, SG
• Defined as ratio of mass
density of a substance to
density of water at 40C
• Units: unitless
• Dimensions: M0L0T0 = 1

Density of a substance
Specific weight =
Density of water at 4C
 subs tan ce
SG =
 H O @ 40 C
2
Example
Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one
litre of a liquid which weighs 7 N.
Try yourself
Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of one litre of
petrol of specific gravity = 0.7.
Try yourself
• The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains
355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an
empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight,
density and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results
with the corresponding values for water at 200C.
Compressibility & bulk modulus
• Bulk modulus tells how easily can the volume (and density) of a
given mass of a fluid can be changed when there is a change in
pressure i.e. how compressible is the fluid.
• Units: N/m2

Change in pressure
Bulk modulus =
Volumetric strain
 dV 
dp = − K  
 V 
Example
When the pressure exerted on a liquid is increased from 550
kN/m2 to 1000 kN/m2, the volume is decreased by 1%. Determine
the bulk modulus of the liquid.
𝑑𝑝 = 1000 − 550 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑝 = −𝐾
= 450 𝑘𝑁ൗ 2 𝑉
𝑚 𝑉
𝐾 = −𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑𝑉
= −1% = − = − 450 × 103 × −100
𝑉 100
= 45 × 106 𝑁ൗ 2
𝑉 𝑚
= −100
𝑑𝑣
Surface tension and capillary effect

• Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the

surface of a liquid in contact with a gas such that the contact
surface behaves like a membrane under tension.
• Liquid droplets behave like small
balloons filled with the liquid on
a solid surface, and the surface
of the liquid acts like a stretched
elastic membrane under tension.
• The pulling force that causes
this tension acts parallel to the
surface and is due to the
attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid.
• The magnitude of this force per
unit length is called surface Attractive forces acting on
tension (or coefficient of surface a liquid molecule at the
tension) and is usually surface and deep inside
expressed in the unit N/m. the liquid.
Surface tension on liquid droplet
• Consider a small spherical droplet of a liquid of radius r. On the entire
surface of the droplet, the tensile force due to surface tension will be
acting.
• Let,
𝜎 = surface tension of the liquid
𝑝 = pressure intensity inside the droplet (in excess of the outside pressure intensity)
𝑑 = diameter of the droplet

• Cutting the droplet into half, the forces acting on one half will be:
• Tensile force due to the surface tension acting around the
circumference of the cut portion
• Pressure force on the area
Surface tension on liquid droplet
Tensile force = surface tension  circumference
= σ  2πR

Force due to pressure = pressure  area

= p  R 2

These two forces will be equal and opposite under equilibrium condition:
σ  2πR = p  R 2

pR
σ=
2
Surface tension on a hollow bubble

A hollow bubble like a soap bubble in air has two surfaces in contact
with air, one inside and other outside. Thus two surfaces are subjected
to surface tension. Therefore,

2  (  2R ) = p  R 2
pR
=
4
Example
The surface tension of water in contact with air at 20oC is 0.0725 N/m.
The pressure inside a droplet of water is to be 0.02 N/cm2 greater than
the outside pressure. Calculate the diameter of the droplet of water in
mm.
Solution
 = 0.0725 N =
pR
m 2
200 N 2 R
0.0725 N = m
p = 0.02 N 2 m 2
cm
R = 7.25  10 − 4 m
0.02N
= −4 d = 2  7.25  10 − 4 m
1 10 m 2

= 1.45  10 −3 m
= 200 N 2
m = 1.45mm
 Capillary Effect
Capillary effect
Capillary effect: The rise
or fall of a liquid in a
small-diameter tube
inserted into the liquid.

Meniscus: The curved

free surface of a liquid
in a capillary tube. The meniscus of colored water in a 4-mm-
inner-diameter glass tube. Note that the
edge of the meniscus meets the wall of
the capillary tube at a very small contact
angle.
 
The strength of the
capillary effect is 
quantified by the contact
(or wetting) angle, defined
as the angle that the
tangent to the liquid
surface makes with the
solid surface at the point of The contact angle for wetting
contact. and nonwetting fluids.

A liquid is said to wet the surface when 𝜃 <

90° and not to wet the surface when 𝜃 > 90°
 Adhesive force > cohesive force:
The water molecules are more strongly
attracted to the glass molecules than they
are to other water molecules, and thus
water tends to rise along the glass surface.
Therefore, water meniscus curves up.
The capillary rise of water and the
Cohesive force > adhesive force:
capillary fall of mercury in a small-
The mercury molecules are more strongly
diameter glass tube.
attracted to the other mercury molecules
Cohesive forces: the forces between than the glass molecules which causes
like molecules, such as water and the liquid surface near the glass wall to be
water suppressed. Therefore, mercury meniscus
Adhesive forces: the forces between curves down.
unlike molecules, such as water and
glass
In atmospheric air, the contact
angle of water with glass is nearly
zero 𝜃 ≈ 0°
Therefore, the surface tension
force acts upward on water in a
glass tube along the
circumference, tending to pull the
water up. As a result, water rises
in the tube until the weight of the
liquid in the tube above the liquid
level of the reservoir balances the The capillary rise of water
surface tension force. and the capillary fall of
mercury in a small-
diameter glass tube.
The contact angle is 130° for
mercury.
Therefore, the surface tension force
acts downward on mercury in a glass
tube along the circumference,
tending to pull the mercury down.
As a result, mercury falls in the tube
until the weight of the liquid in the
tube below the liquid level of the The capillary rise of water and
reservoir balances the surface the capillary fall of mercury in
a small-diameter glass tube.
tension force.
Capillary height
• Consider a glass tube of small diameter d opened at both ends and is
inserted in a liquid e.g. water.
• The liquid will rise in the tube above the level of the liquid. Let h be
the height of the liquid.
• Under equilibrium state, the weight of the liquid of height h is
balanced by the surface tension at the surface of the liquid in the
tube.
Let,  = surface tension of liquid
 = angle of contact between liquid and glass tube

Weight of liquid of height h Vertical component of the surface tensile force

= (Area of tube  h )    g = (  circumference )  cos 

= d2  h   g .....(1) =   d  cos  .....(2)
4

Equating (1) and (2),


d 2  h    g =   d  cos 
4
4 cos 
h=
gd
Example
Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5 mm diameter when
immersed vertically in (a) water and (b) mercury. Take surface tension
of water and mercury as 0.0725 N/m and 0.52 N/m respectively. The
contact angle is 130o for mercury and 0o for water.
 a) water b) mercury

𝜎w = 0.0725 𝑁ൗ𝑚 𝜎w = 0.52 𝑁ൗ𝑚

𝜃 = 0° 𝜃 = 130°
𝑑 = 2.5𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 2.5𝑚𝑚
= 0.0025𝑚 = 0.0025𝑚

4𝜎 cos 𝜃 4𝜎 cos 𝜃
ℎ= ℎ=
𝜌𝑔𝑑 𝜌𝑔𝑑
4 × 0.0725 𝑁ൗ𝑚 × cos 0 ° 4 × 0.52 𝑁ൗ𝑚 × cos 1 30°
= =
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
1000 ൗ 3 × 9.81 𝑚ൗ 2 × 0.0025𝑚 13600 ൗ 3 × 9.81 𝑚ൗ 2 × 0.0025𝑚
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
= 0.0122𝑚 = −4.009 × 10−3 𝑚
= 12.2𝑚𝑚 = −4𝑚𝑚
Vapor pressure
• Vaporization is a change from liquid state to gaseous
state. It occurs because of continuous escaping of
molecules through the free liquid surface.
• Since the molecules of a liquid are in constant
agitation, some of the molecules in the surface layer
will have sufficient energy to escape from the liquid
body.
• If the space above the surface is confined, then the amount of particles
leaving and returning the fluid body will eventually reach equilibrium.
• The molecules which moves above the surface of the liquid exert
pressure in the confined space known as vapour pressure.
• There are two ways to boil a liquid:
• High temperature, fixed pressure.
• Low temperature, local pressure reduced to vapor pressure
Viscosity
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion or
the “fluidity”.
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of
its “resistance to deformation.”
Viscosity is due to the internal
frictional force that develops between
different layers of fluids as they are
forced to move relative to each other.

A fluid moving relative to a body

exerts a drag force on the body, partly
because of friction caused by
viscosity.
Dynamic viscosity, μ
• Defined as the shear force per unit 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
area (shear stress, τ) needed to drag 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
one layer of fluid with a unit velocity =
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
past another layer a unit distance

away from it in the fluid. =
• Units: Pa.s or Ns/m2 or Poise (10 dv
Poise = 1 Ns/m2)
dy
• Dimensions: ML-1T-1 𝜏 = 𝜇 × 𝑑𝑣ൗ𝑑𝑦
Kinematic viscosity,
• Defined as ratio of dynamic viscosity
to mass density
• Units: m2/ s Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity =
• Dimensions: L2T-1 Density
• Typical values: 
=
−6 2 −1 
water = 1.14  10 m s
1.6 Newton’s Law of Viscosity
• When fluid is static, there is no shear stress.
However, shear stresses are developed
when the fluid is in motion.
• Movement of a fluid over a solid boundary
can be visualized as layers of a fluid moving
one above the other.
• When fluids flow past a solid boundary, the
fluid in contact with the boundary adheres
to it and will, therefore, have the same
velocity as the boundary.
• The velocity of the fluid layers increases as
the distance from the solid boundary
increases
Viscosity in gases and liquids
Gases Liquids
Viscosity is due to the Viscosity is due to the
intermolecular collision intermolecular cohesion
between randomly between liquid particles.
moving particles.
Temperature increases,
Temperature increases, intermolecular cohesion
the amount of is weakened and liquid
intermolecular collision particles are able to
increases, therefore, move freely, therefore,
viscosity increases. viscosity decreases.
• ABCD represents an element in a fluid with thickness s.
• The force F will act over an area A equal to BC × s producing shear stress τ
• The deformation angle φ (the shear strain ), will be proportional to the shear stress
and will continue to increase with time as long as the force is applied.
• Experimentally, in a true fluid, the rate of shear strain (or shear strain per unit time)
varies linearly with the shear stress.
Suppose that in time t a particle at E moves through a distance x. If E is a distance y
from AD then, for small angles,
x
Shear strain,  = Change of
y velocity with y
x
x u
Rate of shear strain,  = = t =
yt y y

Assuming shear stress is proportional to shear strain,

u
 = constant 
y
Rewriting u/y in differential form du/dy and dynamic viscosity 𝜇 is a constant,

dv
τ = μ Newton’s Law of viscosity
dy
Depends on types of
fluid
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Fluids obeying Newton’s law of
viscosity and for which μ has a
constant value are known as
Newtonian fluids

• Fluids which do not obey Newton’s

law of viscosity are known as non-
Newtonian fluids: Plastic, pseudo-
plastic, dilatant substances etc
Example
F

Figure shows a plate of negligible

weight moving upwards under the
action of a force, F, when equally
spaced between two fixed surfaces. 20 mm 20 mm

Kerosene fills the spaces on both sides

of the moving plate and has an absolute
viscosity of 1.64 x 10-3 Ns/m2. If the
contact area on each side of the moving
plate is 4.0 m2, find the value of the
force on the plate if its velocity is
constant at 2.5 mm/s.
Solution
 dv  F
 =    =
 dy  A
 dv 
F = A 
 dy 
  −3

( −3
)
= 1.64 10 (2  4.0 )
2.5 10
−3 

 20 10 
= 1.64 10 −3 N
Example 156 mm

150 mm
Crude oil
Crude oil at 200C fills the space between
two concentric cylinders of diameters
150 mm and 156 mm respectively as
shown in figure. Both cylinders are 250
mm in height. If the inner cylinder is to 250 mm

be rotated at a constant speed of 12

rev/min while keeping the outer cylinder
stationary, calculate the torque required.
The fluid properties of the crude oil at
200C are:
• Specific gravity = 0.86
• Kinematic viscosity = 8.35 x 10-6 m2/s
  oil
SG = ri =
0.15 m
= 0.075 m
w 2
 oil
0.86 =
1000 2 rad
 = 12 rev min  s
 oil = 860 kg 60 To convert
m3 2 rad
= angular
5 s
 velocity to
=
 linear velocity
dv =   r
 = 
2 rad
=  0.075 m
 = 8.35 10 −6 m s  860 kg 3
2
5 s
m
= 7.18110 −3 Pa.s = 0.0942 m
s
 do − di
dy = 𝑑𝑦 = Distance from static
2 boundary to moving
0.156m − 0.150m boundary
=
2 Moving 156 mm
= 0.003m Cylinder (inner) 150 mm
A = 2rh
= 2  0.075m  0.25m
= 0.1178m 2
2𝜋𝑟 250 mm

Static
To find area of moving cylinder that Cylinder (outer)
comes in contact with fluid only
 dv F
 =  =
dy A
dv
F = A  
dy
0.0942 m
= 0.1178m 2  7.18110 −3 Pa.s  s
0.003m
= 0.0265 N

T = F r
= 0.0265 N  0.075m
= 0.002 Nm
Try yourself
Figure shows two plates ∆𝑦 apart. The lower plate is fixed while the
upper one is free to move under the action of a mass of 50 g. castor oil
with absolute viscosity 650 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠Τ𝑚2 occupies the space between
these two plates. The area of contact of the upper plate with the oil is 0.7
m2. Find the velocity of the upper plate when the distance separating the
plates is 0.5 cm.
Pulley
Try yourself
A steel shaft 5.25 cm in diameter is fixed axially and rotated inside a
bearing sleeve 5.27 cm in diameter and 25 cm long at 2000 rpm as
shown in figure. Calculate the torque caused by the lubricant in the
clearance and the power needed to rotate the shaft. The clearance is
filled with lubricant of 4.52 Pa.s and linear velocity profile is assumed.
End of Topic 1