UCSP - FIRST QUARTER

Lesson 1:
HUMAN VARIATION

•Analyze this picture, Write down your observations.

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-Enviroment and history are two of the primary factors that shape the behavior of

human groups. This behavior, which serves as adaptive tool for the varied stimuli

projected by the environment, is influenced by beliefs, practices and material

possesions. Through constant practice, theses sets of behavior form human traditions,

which are passed from one generation to the other.

Nationality and Ethnicity

-Nationality is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country – a

‘’group of people who share the same history, traditions and language’’ and who

inhabits in a particular territory delineated by a political border and controlled by

the government.

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 Ethnic Groups within the nation these are the smaller cultural groups that

share specific enviroments, traditions and histories that are not necessarily

subscribed by the mainstream culture.

SOCIAL DIFFERENCES

GENDER- refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes

that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

SEX- biological characteristics of human such as male or female.

TYPES OF GENDER

-HETEROSEXUAL a person with this gender is inclined to be sexually

attracted to a person of the opposite sex

At the end of this module the students should be able to:

1.Demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and dynamics

of culture, society and political identity.

2. Value cultural relativism and ethnocentrism.

3. Understand the difference of every individual.

-HOMOSEXUAL person that is sexually attracted to the same sex.

GAY- romantically and sexually attracted to male.

LESBIAN - romantically and sexually attracted to female.

-BISEXUAL individuals who are attracted to the opposite sex.

-ASEXUAL totally incapable of being attracted to any sex

-POLYSEXUAL attracted to multiple types of gender identity.

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 -PANSEXUAL accommodates all types of gender. There are people whose

gender identities do not match on their biological identity as male or female. These

people classify themselves as transgender. Their sexual orientation is not related to

their genetalia, which allow them to identify with other type of gender. Under this

category are people who allow themselves as transsexual. These individuals believe

that the discord between their internal gender and the gender role that they have

to perform can be addressed through medical sexual reassignment.

SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS

-GLOBAL SOUTH also known as developing countries that perceive poverty.

-GLOBAL NORTH also known as developed countries and industrialized nations.

The typical determinants of one social status includes income, value of assets and

savings, cultural interest and hobbies and economic status of his or her peers and

relatives.

POLITICAL IDENTITY

-POLITICAL IDENTITY refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual

adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society.

RELIGION

-RELIGION the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power especially

a personal God or Gods.

-MONOTHEISTIC believing in the existence of one God.

-POLYTHEISTIC believing in the existence of multiple Gods.

CULTURAL VARIATION-The variation in human conditions promotes diversity and

plurality in cultural traditions. This could lead to discrimination and ostracism.

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ETHNOCENTRISM

•is perspective that promotes an individual culture as the most efficient and superior

hence the individual who exhibit ethnocentrism feels that his or her culture is the most

appropriate as compared to other cultures.

•This is tendency to regard one’s as the best and better than those of others.

XENOCENTRISM happens when people reject their own group or some part of

their culture.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

•promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in the context of their

locality. Using this perspective makes you tolerant of the differing attitudes and

practices of others.

•The concept of cultural relativism states that culture differ, so that a culture trait,

act or idea has no meaning or function by itself but has meaning only within its

cultural setting.

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Let’s Practice:

I.

- Gender is one of the reason why are have uniqueness to each and also

the reason why discriminate happens. In our country gender issues are one

of the most popular topics to be discussed. As a member of society. What

are the things you notice about gender issues in your everyday life.

ACTIVITY:

Gender is one reason why we have uniqueness to each other and also the reason

why discrimination happens. In our country gender issues are one of the most

popular topics to be discussed. As a member of society, what are the things you

notice about gender issues in your everyday life?

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2._________________________________________________________________

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II.

- Discuss your point of view about Philippine culture values on how they affect one’s

behaviour in society.

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- How the social group differentiated from from aggregate, social category, and

collectivity? Give examples.

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Gender is one reason why we have uniqueness to each other and also the reason

why discrimination happens . In our country gender issues are one of the most

popular

topicsto be discussed. As a member of society, what are the things you notice about

gender issues in your everyday life?

1._______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2._______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

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3._______________________________________________________________

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Gender is one reason why we have uniqueness to each other and also the reason

why discrimination happens . In our country gender issues are one of the most

popular

topicsto be discussed. As a member of society, what are the things you notice about

gender issues in your everyday life?

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1._______________________________________________________________

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2._______________________________________________________________

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 Lesson 2:

HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CULTURE

•CULTURAL BEGINNINGS

Culture is defined as ‘’that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices,

values, attitudes, law, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that a

person learns and shares as a member of society. It is a by-product of the attempt

of humans to survive their enviroment and to compensate for their biological

characteristics and limitations.

BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY FOR CULTURE

•THINKING CAPACITY – the primary component of humans that allowed for culture

is the developed brain. It has the necessary parts for facilitating pertinent skills such

as speaking, touching, feeling, seeing and smelling.

•SPEAKING CAPACITY – As the brain is the primary source of humans capacity to

comprehend sound and provides meaning to it, the vocal tract acts as the

mechanism by which sounds are produced and reproduced to transmit ideas and

values.

•GRIPPING CAPACITY – Notice how your thumb relates with your fingers. This

capacity to directly oppose your thumb with your other fingers is an exclusive trait

of humans.It allowed us to have a finer grip. Types of Grip Power Grip enabled

humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object. Precision Grip enabled humans

to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers.

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 •WALKING CAPACITY/STANDING CAPACITY – primates have two forms of

locomotions. Bipedalism the capacity to walk and stand on two

feet.Quadropedalism uses all four limbs. Apes are semi bipedal, Humans are the

only fully bipedal primates.

Let’s Analyze!

1. Identify the forms of tangible and intangible heritage.

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2. Explore the significance of human material remains as pieces of artifactual

evidence interpreting cultural, social, political and economic processes.

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3. Trace the biological and cultural evolution of early to modern humans.

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HUMAN EVOLUTION

•The Oldowan Industry

•Homo habilis a stone tool industry

•The Acheulian Industry

•Homo erectus developed a more complex industry, Created hand axes

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•The Mousterian Industry

•Homo neaderthalensis

•The tools from this industry combined acheulian industry techniques with the

•Levalloisian technique, which involved the use of premade core tool and the

extraction of a flake tool that has sharpened edges.

•The Aurignacian Industry,the development in this industry is projected through cave

paintings and the fabrication of accessories such as figurines, bracelets and beads.

•The Magdalenian Industry

•This industry, which is also a proto culture used by the early humans, was defined

by several revolutionary advancements in technology such as the creation of

microliths from flint, bone, antler and ivory.

THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

This period is characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence of the

early humans from foraging to agriculture. This dramatic shift affected the other

aspects of their lifestyle as foraging made them nomads and agriculture

encouraged permanent settlement. This shift in itself changed the entire array of

behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and corresponding material inventions.

CHARACTERISTICS PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC

Tools Small and handy for mobile lifestyle

Include a wider array of small and bigger tools due to sedentary lifestyle

Personal properties Limited to personal accessories and small tools that could easily

be carried around

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 Included structures (e.g., houses) decorative ornaments, large containers

Art Small and limited to personal ornaments, bigger artworks were done but not

within a

Included the certain artworks that required a longer length

Let’s Practice:

- Discuss the human evolution briefly.

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- Is education a matter of right or a matter of privilege? Justify your

answer.

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 Lesson 3:

ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE STUDY

OF CULTURE

ANTHROPOLOGY

Humans studying humans. Anthropology promotes a holistic study of humans.

Derived from the greek word antropos means human and logos means study

SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

•ARCHEOLOGY – examines the remains of ancient and historical populations to

promote an understanding of how humans adapted to their enviroment and

developed.

•CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – promotes the study of a society’s culture through

their belief systems, practices and possesions.

•LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – examines language of group of people and its

relation to their culture.

•PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY –looks into biological development of humansnand

their contemporary variation.

•APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY – attempts to solve contemporary problems throug the

application of theories and approaches of the discipline.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

•CULTURE IS EVERYTHING – It is what a peson has, does and thinks as part of

society. This implies all of persons belief system, set of behaviors and material

possesions.

•Material Culture – includes all tangible and visible parts of culture, which includes

clothes, foods and even buildings Nonmaterial Culture – includes all intangible parts

of culture, which consist of values, ideas and knowledge.

•CULTURE IS LEARNED – culture is set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an

individual learns through his or her family, school, church and other social institutions.

Enculturation – is a process of learning your own culture.

Let’s Analyze!

1. Describe the culture as a complex whole.

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2. Identify the aspects of culture and society.

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3. Explain the anthropological perspectives on culture.

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4. Recognize the value of Anthropology for the 21st century.

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•Acculturation - is a process of accommodating desirable traits from other culture.

•Deculturation – culture has been lost and even cultural trait itself is in the process of

being forgotten.

•CULTURE IS SHARED – This implies that a particular behavior cannot be considered

as a culture if there is only one person practicing it. Culture is shared

intergenerational.

•CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY – Humans are born into cultures that have values on

beauty and body. As such, they alter their bodies to fit physiological norms that are

dictated by their culture.

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•CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE – Culture is a tool for survival that humans use in response to

the pressures of their environment.

•CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE – Culture can also cause problems for the people who

subscribe to it. These problems arise when environment is change and culture has

remained the same.

•CULTURE CHANGES – The final characteristic of culture it is never static. This

dynamism of culture is due to changing needs of humans as they interpret and

survive in their environment.

Let’s Practice!

ACTIVITY: Give an example in each culture that show the characteristics of the said

culture.

CULTURE IS EVERYTHING

CULTURE IS LEARNED

CULTURE IS SHARED

CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY

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 CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE

CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE

CULTURE CHANGES

•Applied Sociology – uses sociological research and methods to solve contemporary

problems. Methods in Sociology

•Positivist Orientation – perceives society as a quantifiable subject from which

objective conclusions can be made.

•Anti-positivist Orientation – promotes a subjective approach wherein social

phenomena are understood through individual experiences.

ACTIVITY: Extend your Knowledge

Answer all the question below to enhance and extend our knowledge in cuture.

1. Why is anthropology relevant in 21st century.

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 Lesson 4:

ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION

Proponents of social learning theory argue that the set of behaviors of an individual

is acquired through enculturation and socialization proceses. The variation in human

behavior is attributed to the differences in cultural templates of every society that

the individual learns from.

Today, the social learning perspective is more accepted by sociologists and

anthropologists in explaining the development of behavior and attitude among

humans.

Important Terminologies in Enculturation and Socialization

1. Nature- biological inheritance

2. Nurture- cultural inheritance

3. Socialization- refer to the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by

his or her society’s norms.

4. Identity Formation – the compilation of the values, attitudes, and beliefs that

individuals receive from their family, peers, and community enables them to create

a personal identity.

5. Primary Identity- consist of the roles and statutes that an individual learns as a child.

Theories on Identity

• Norms and values- it refers to all those ideas held in society that are considered

good, acceptable, and right. Four categories of Norms

1.Folkways- the socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning.

2. Mores- the norms related to moral conventions.

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 3. Taboos- behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in specific culture.

4. Laws- consists of the rules and regulation that are implemented by the state.

• Status and Role

At the end of this module the students should be able to: Let’s Analyze!

1. Identify thecontext, content,processes andconsequence ofenculturation and

socialization.

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2. Demonstrate theproduct ofsocialization andenculturation.

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3. Articulate thesocial goal andachieving thesegoals.

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Status- is an individual’s position in his or her society, which carries with it a set of

defined rights and obligations. Roles- the sets of expectation from people who

occupy a particular status.

• Conformity and Deviance Conformity- is the act of following the roles and goals

of one’s society.

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 Deviance- the act of violating the prescribed social norms.

Several Theories that explain the existence of deviants(human/groups) and

deviance(acts)

• Social Control Theory- deviance is primarily caused by alack in stronger social

bonds within a society.

• Rational Choice Theory- the individual’s decision to follow or to go against social

norms is dependent on their perceived cost and benefit of such action.

• Differential Association Theory- conformity or deviance is learned by an

individual from those he or she associates with.

•Labeling Theory- actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labelled

as such by members of the community.

• Conflict Theory- society consists of opposing groups of people whose access to

power is unequal.

• Structural-functionalist Theory- this theory proposes two perspectives in the

formation of deviant behavior. On the macro level- deviance is a product of the

breakdown of social norms. On the macro level- deviance is a product of the role

strain that an individual experience due to lack of resources to cope with the

demands of the social norms.

Social Control- It is need to maintain social order and stability.

Two elements that promote social control

1. Internalization – is an integral part of communicating and incorporating social norms

to an individual’s personality.

2. Sanctions- powerful in leading an individual to conform to social norms.

Types of Sanctions

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• Formal Sanctions – these are the rewards of forms of punishment that are

formally awarded by an institution such as government, council or establishment.

• Informal Sanctions – these are the rewards and forms of punishment that are

spontaneously given by an individual or a group of people as a response to a

behavior that was either accepted or disapproved.

• Positive Sanctions – these are the actions or statements that reward a particular

behavior, which reinforce its repetition.

- Does intelligent of a person is considered as nurture or nature

Enrichment Question

ACTIVITY: Feel me!

1. Based on your knowledge about the current crime problem mostly in minors, do

you think lowering the Age of Criminal Liability is the key in lowering the criminal

involvement of the minors?

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2. What do you think the different possible events that takes place if the

government will not resolve the issue of involvement of minor in criminal acts?

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 Lesson 7:

Social Organization

Social group consists of individuals who are united by their similar characteristics

and these characteristics serve as the bases of their constant interaction. However,

not all individuals who share similar characteristics interact with one another.

Important Terminologies in Social Organization

1. Social aggregate – individuals gather in the same place but are neither interacting

nor sharing similar characteristics.

2. Social networks – consists of individuals who have dyadic relationships that are

interacting with other relationships within a structure.

In groups, Out- groups, and Reference Groups

 In group- the social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses

loyalty to. It’s three primary characteristics reinforce the boundary that it creates

between its members and those coming from other groups.

Three Primary characteristics of In-group

1. Members use titles, external symbols and dress to distinguish themselves from the

out- group.

2. Members apply positive stereotypes to their in-group and negative stereotypes to

the out- group.

3. Members tend to clash or compete with members of the out-group.

•Out-group – The group that an individual is not part of negative attributes are

usually associated with individuals who are part of this group.  Reference •Group

– the behavior of an individual can be shape by the set of behavior and beliefs of

a group that such an individual considers as ideal.

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 Let’s Analyze! At the end of this module the students should be able to:

1. Describe theorganized ofsocial life andrules governing behavior.

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2. Analyze thedifferent socialforms of socialorganization

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3. Trace the socialand politicalstructures

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