ANDRADE, JOHN KEVIN L.

BEED - III
Foundations of Curriculum

Reference:
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FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION SOCIAL FOUNDATION

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

Perennialism
● Aim of Education - The reasonable person must be educated, and the mind must be
developed.
● Role - The role of education is to assist pupils in thinking rationally. Curriculum
● Focus - Classical topics, literary analysis, and a consistent curriculum.
● Curriculum Trends - Great texts are being used in the classroom, and a liberal approach
is being reintroduced.

Essentialism
● Aim of Education - To encourage an individual's intellectual development and to educate
a competent person.
● Role - In his or her subject area or field of specialization, the teacher is the sole authority.
● Focus - The 3 R's fundamental abilities and key subjects are the focus of the curriculum.
● Curriculum Trends - Educational excellence, a return to basics, and cultural literacy

Progressivism
● Aim of Education – To Encourage democratic and social behavior. Education's
● Role - Education promotes the growth and development of lifelong learners who actively
learn by doing.
● Focus - The curriculum focuses on interdisciplinary, integrative, and interactive subjects.
The curriculum is centered on the interests of the pupils, as well as human problems and
events.
● Curriculum Trends - School reforms, relevant and contextualized curricula, and
humanistic education

Reconstructionism
● Aim of Education – To better society and rebuild it. Education for the sake of change.
● Role - In different educational undertakings, including research, teachers act as agents
of change and transformation.
● Focus - Focus on current and future trends, as well as topics of national and
international concern, in the curriculum.
● Curriculum Trends - Access to global education, equality of educational chances in
schooling.

2. Historical Developments

1. Franklin Bobbit
● He started the curriculum development movement
● Curriculum is a science that emphasizes students’ needs.
● Curriculum prepares learners for adult life
● Objectives and activities should group together when tasks are clarified.

2. Werret Charters
● Like Bobbit, he also considered science which is based on students’
needs.
● Objectives and activities should match.
● Subject matter or content relates to objectives.

3. William Kilpatrick
● Viewed curricula as purposeful activities which are child-centered.
● The purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth
● He introduced project method where teacher and students plan the
activities
● Curriculum develops social relationships and small group instruction.

4. Harold Rugg
● Emphasized social studies in the curriculum and the teacher plans the
lesson in advance.
● Curriculum should develop the whole child.

5. Hollis Caswell
● Curriculum is organized around social functions of themes organized
knowledge and learners’ interest.
● Curriculum, instruction and learning are interrelated.
● Curriculum is a set of experiences.
● Subject matter is developed around social functions and learners’
interests.

6. Ralph Tyler
● Curriculum is a science and extension of schools’ philosophy. It is based
on students’ needs and interests.
 ● Curriculum is always related to instruction.
● Subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge, skills and values.
● The process emphasizes problem solving.
● Curriculum aims to educate generalists and not specialists.

7. Hilda Taba
● Contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of concept
development and critical thinking in social studies curriculum.
● She helped lay the foundation for diverse student population.

8. Peter Olivia
● He described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor.
● Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core of the
planners.
● Significant improvement is achieved through group activity.

3. Psychological Explanations

1. Association and Behaviorism by Ian Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, and

Robert Gagne

Ian Pavlov
● Father of Classical Conditional Theory, S-R Theory
● The key learning is early years of life is to train them what you want them
to become.
● S-R Theory is a foundation of learning practice called INDOCTRINATION.

Edward Thorndike
● He championed the Connectionism Theory
● Proposed the three laws of learning:
○ Law of Readiness
○ Law of Effect
○ Law of Exercise
● Specific stimulus has specific response

Robert Gagne
● Proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory
● Learning follows a hierarchy
● Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions.
● He introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.

2. Cognitive Information Processing Theory by Jean Piaget, Lev

Vygotsky, Howard Gardner, and Daniel Goleman
Jean Piaget
● Cognitive Development Theory
● Cognitive has stages from birth to maturity:
○ Sensory motor stage (0-2)
○ Preoperational stage (2-7)
○ Concrete operational stage (7-11)
○ Formal operational stage (11-onwards)

● Keys to Learning
○ Assimilation
○ Accommodation
○ Equilibrium

Lev Vygotsky
● Sociocultural Theory
● Cultural transmission and development

● Keys to Learning
○ Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to development
○ The child is an active agent in his or her educational process

Howard Gardner
● Multiple Intelligences
○ Human have several different ways are relatively independent of
one another
● 8th Multiple Intelligences
○ Linguistic Intelligence
○ Logical-mathematical Intelligence
○ Spatial Intelligence
○ Musical Intelligence
○ Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
○ Interpersonal Intelligence
○ Interpersonal Intelligence
○ Naturalistic Intelligence

Daniel Goleman
● Emotion contains the power to affect action and he called it the emotional
quotient.

3. Humanistic Psychology of Gestalt, by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

 Gestalt
● Gestalt Theory
○ Learning is explained in terms of “wholeness” of the problem
○ Human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an
organization or pattern of stimuli.

● Keys to Learning
○ Learning is complex and abstract
○ Learners analyze the problem, discriminate between essential and
non-essential data, and perceive relationships.
○ Learners will perceive something in relation to the whole. What or
how they perceived is related to their previous experiences.

Abraham Maslow
● Advanced the Self-Actualization Theory and Classic Theory of human
needs.
● A child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring
knowledge of the world.
● Put importance to human emotions, based on love and trust.

● Keys to Learning
○ Produce a healthy and happy learner who can accomplish, grow
and actualize his or her human self.

Carl Rogers
● Non-directive and Therapeutic Learning
● Established counselling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.
● Children’s perceptions which are highly individualistic, influenced their
learning and behavior in class.

● Keys to Learning
○ Curriculum is concerned with process not product; personal
needs not subject matter; psychological meaning not
cognitive scores
●
4. Societal Influences

1. School and Society

● Society as a source of change
● Schools as agents of change
● Knowledge as an agent of change

2. Emile Durkheim
 ● Sociologist known for his view of structure of society
● Durkheim believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals.
● Focused on how traditional and modern societies evolved and function
● Durkheim theories were founded on the concept of social facts defined as
norms, values, and structure of society

3. Alvin Toffler
● Wrote the book Future Shock
● Believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future.
● Suggested that in the future, parents must have the resources to teach
prescribe curriculum from home as a result of technology, not in spite of
it. (Home Schooling)
● Foresaw schools and students work creatively, collaboratively and
independent of their age.

4. Other Theorists like Paolo Freire, John Goodlad, William Pinar

Paolo Freire
● Believed that educational system played a central role in maintaining
oppression and thus it had to be reformed in order for things to change for
the oppressed. Knowledge is not an isolated phenomenon. It
comprehends both action and reflection.
● Paolo Freires’ Educational Theory
○ Theory of Value
○ Theory of Knowledge
○ Theory of Human Nature
○ Theory of Learning
○ Theory of Transmission
○ Theory of Society
○ Theory of Opportunity
○ Theory of Consensus

John Goodlad
● Designed and promoted several educational reform programs and
conducted major studies of educational change.
● Goodland asserts is to provide systematic general education
addressing both the purposes of a democracy and the needs of the
individual
● Argued that the fundamental focus of education should not be on
preparing young people to be active and engaged citizens in a
participatory democracy.

William Pinar
 ● Curriculum Theory
● Advocate for curriculum studies and his research interest include:
curriculum studies, gender studies, curriculum theory and international
studies
● Pinar speaks about the evolution of Curriculum Studies and how
certain genres of curriculum have dissipated and others have been
implemented over the years.

Reference:
https://www.slideshare.net/arjayalteza/foundations-of-a-curriculum