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Welcome To The Seminar Titled: Visual Cryptography

This document summarizes a seminar on visual cryptography. It introduces visual cryptography as a technique for encrypting images in a way that allows decryption through human visual perception without computation. The document outlines various visual cryptography schemes, including those for binary images using 2x2 pixel sharing, grayscale images using halftone techniques, and color images. Advantages are perfect security and simplicity of decryption by human vision. Disadvantages include loss of image quality and need for precise transparency alignment. Applications include watermarking, steganography, and electronic voting.

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5A3Khaja Vali Pathan
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51 views26 pages

Welcome To The Seminar Titled: Visual Cryptography

This document summarizes a seminar on visual cryptography. It introduces visual cryptography as a technique for encrypting images in a way that allows decryption through human visual perception without computation. The document outlines various visual cryptography schemes, including those for binary images using 2x2 pixel sharing, grayscale images using halftone techniques, and color images. Advantages are perfect security and simplicity of decryption by human vision. Disadvantages include loss of image quality and need for precise transparency alignment. Applications include watermarking, steganography, and electronic voting.

Uploaded by

5A3Khaja Vali Pathan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WELCOME TO THE

SEMINAR TITLED

VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

Presented by:
SHAHID MANZOOR ZARGAR
SEMINAR OVERVIEW
 INTRODUCTION
 VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
 SECRET SHARING SCHEME
 VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR BINARY IMAGES
 VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR HALFTONE IMAGES
 VISUAL CYPTOGRAPHY FOR COLOR IMAGES
 IMPLEMENTATION
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION
 Cryptography is the science and art of transforming
messages to make them secure and immune to attack.
Process of Cryptography

Plain Text/image Encryption Cipher

Plain Text /image Decryption Channel

It is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of
third parties (called adversaries).
Visual cryptography

 Visual cryptography (VC) was introduced by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir at EUROCRYPT (1994).
 Used to encrypt written text/ pictures etc in a perfectly secure way.
 Decoding is done by human visual system, without any computation.
 Encryption involves creating “shares” of the image which in a sense will be a piece of the image.
 Give of the shares to the respective holders.
 Decryption – involving bringing together an appropriate combination and the human visual
system.
Secret sharing scheme in Visual
Cryptography

Suppose the data D is divided into n shares

 D can be constructed from any k shares out of n

 Complete knowledge of k-1 shares reveals no information about D

 k of n shares is necessary to reveal secret data.


OVERVIEW OF Visual Cryptography

Share1

Stacking the share


reveals the secret

Share2

Encryption Decryption
2 out of 2 scheme(2 subpixels)
 Black and white image: each pixel divided in 2 sub-pixels
 Randomly choose between black and white.
 If white, then randomly choose one of the two rows for white.
2 out of 2 Scheme (2 subpixels)

 If black, then randomly choose between one of the two rows for
black.
2 out of 2 Scheme (4 subpixels)

 Each pixel encoded as


 a 2x2 cell
 in two shares (key and cipher)
 Each share has 2 black, 2 transparent subpixels
 When stacked, shares combine to
 Solid black
 Half black (seen as gray)
2 out of 2 Scheme (4 subpixels)

Horizontal shares Vertical shares Diagonal shares


2 out of 2 Scheme (4 subpixels)
Visual cryptography for Binary Images

 Naor and Shamir proposed a scheme


 take a pixel from secret image
 extend it onto 2x2 subpixel
 Randomly choose 1 out of 2 share.
Visual Cryptography for gray-level images
(The halftone technology )

 Transform the gray-level image into black-and white halftone image


 Halftone technology uses the density of black dots to simulate the content of
grayscale image
 White area: low density of black dots
 Black area: high density of black dots
visual cryptography for color images

 Rijmen and Preneel’s method


 Each pixel is divided into 4 subpixels, with the color red, green,
blue and white.
 In any order, we can get 24 different combination of colors. We
average the combination to present the color.
 To encode, choose the closest combination, select a random order
on the first share. According to the combination, we can get the
second share.
visual cryptography for color images

 Rijmen and Preneel’s method

Combined Combined
Pattern1 Pattern2 Pattern1 Pattern2
Result Result
visual cryptography for color images
Advantages

 Simple to implement, Such a technique thus would be lucrative for


defense and security.
 Decryption algorithm not required (Use a human Visual System). So a
person unknown to cryptography can decrypt the message.

 We can send cipher text through FAX or E-MAIL.

 Lower computational cost since the secret message is recognized only by


human eyes and not cryptographically computed.
Advantages
 Send innocent looking transparencies, e.g. Send images a dog, a house, and get
a spy message with no trace.

 
Disadvantages

 The contrast of the reconstructed image is not maintained.

 Perfect alignment of the transparencies is troublesome.

 Due to pixel expansion the width of the decoded image is twice as


that of the original image. Leads to loss of information due to
change in aspect ratio.

 Its original formulation is restricted only to binary images.


Additional processing is required for colored images.
Implementation
 Platform: .Net Framework 3.5

 Language: C#

 Reason for selecting .Net:


 Previous experience working on .Net.
 .NET also has lot of support for image acquisition and
manipulation.

 Other Platforms: Matlab, Python etc


Application

 Watermarking

 Steganography

 Remote electronic voting

 Bank customer identification


Example of watermarking

Fig: A twenty euro bank note held against the light to show watermark.
Example of steganography
Example of internet voting system

 Fig 1. The screen image and  Fig 2. After aligning the


transparency are random dots before transparency and screen image,the
aligning. voter password (EH) is revealed.

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