Assignment 1

UNIT 67
Prepared by Prepared for

Ahasan Ulla Sazid Ali

Student ID: ND_AE_336

Task 1A

Answers to question number 1

(A) Force: A force is a push or pull that one object exerts on another which produces or
tends to produce motion, stops or tends to stop motion. The SI unit of force is N.
(B) Weight: The force of an object caused by gravitational field acting on its mass.
Weight =mass *acceleration of free fall. The SI unit is newton(N).
(C) Couple: A pair of equal and antiparallel forces having a turning effect but no resultant
force.

Answer to question number 2

Principals of moment:

For an object in equilibrium the sum of clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of
anticlockwise moment about the same point.

Condition of static equilibrium

(First condition of equilibrium), Conditions for equilibrium require that the sum of all external

forces acting on the body is zero.

(Second condition of equilibrium), the sum of all external torques from external forces is zero.
These two conditions must be simultaneously satisfied in equilibrium.

Answer to question number 3

Given,

F1 = 3000 N

F2 = 2.8k N

= (2.8 × 1000)

= 2800 N

F3 = 2400 N

Here, RA + RB = 3000 + 2800 + 2400 = 8200 N

∑MA = 0

∑ME = (RE ×160) + (−2400×130) + (−2800×80) + (−3000×46)

= 160RE – 312000 – 224000 – 138000

or, 160RE = 674000

⸫ RE = 4212.5 N

So, RA = 8200 − 4212.5 = 3987.5 N.

⸫ The Moment at both end of the beam, RA = 3987.5 N and RE = 4212.5 N (Ans).

Answer to question number 4.

Given,

F1 = 2.4 kN/m

= 2.4×1000

= 2400 N

= 2400×19.8

= 47520 N

F2 = 1600N

F3 = 2200N

F4 = 800N

Here, RA + RB = 47520+1600+2200+800 = 52120 N

∑MA = 0

∑ME = (RE×19.8) + (−800×17.8) + (−2200×9.8) + (−1600×3.4) + (−47520×9.9)

= 19.8RE – 14240 – 21560 – 5440 – 470448

or, 19.8RE = 511688

⸫ RE = 25842.82 N

So, RA = 52120 − 25842.82 = 26277.18 N

⸫ The Moment at two ends of the beam,

RA = 26277.18 N and RE = 25842.82 N. (Ans)

Task 1B

Answer to question number 1(A)

Direct stress, σ the level of direct stress at a point within a loaded body may be
considered analogous to the pressure acting in a fluid. It is defined as the normal force
per unit area, acting at a point within a material and not associated with any specific
area. It’s also known as normal stress. It can be expressed in formula as:

σ= F n / A

where,

σ= normal stress ((Pa) N /m2, psi )

F n= normal component force (N, l bf )

A= area (m 2, ¿2 )

Shear stress, force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane

or planes parallel to the imposed stress. Shear stress may occur in solids or liquids; in
the latter it is related to fluid viscosity. Stress parallel to the plane is usually denoted
“shear stress” and can be expressed as:

Ԏ= F p/A ,

Where ,

Ԏ= shear stress ((Pa) N/m 2, psi)

F p= parallel component force (N,l bf )

A= area (m 2, ¿2 )

Answer to question number 1(B)

Direct strain, in each case, a force F produces a deformation x. In engineering, we

usually change this force into stress and the deformation into strain and we define these
as follows: Strain is the deformation per unit of the original length.

⟁L
Strain = ԑ= , the symbol= ԑ(EISILON).
L

Strain has no units since it is a ratio of length to length. Most engineering materials do
not stretch very much before they become damaged, so strain values are very small
figure. It is quite normal to change small numbers into the exponent for 10−6 (micro
strain).

Shear strain, it is the amount of deformation perpendicular to a given line rather than
parallel to it. The ratio turn out to be tan A, where a is the angle the sheared line makes
with its original orientation. Generally,

shear strain = y= ⟁x/l.

Answer to question number 1C

Elastic modulus is the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding
strain. It is the measure of rigidity or stiffness of a material. In terms of the stress-strain
curve, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of
linear proportionality of stress to strain. The greater the modulus, the stiffer the material,
or the smaller the elastic strain that results from the application of a given stress. The
modulus is an important design parameter used for computing elastic deflections.
The moduli of elasticity are of three types:

 Elastic Modulus (Young's Modulus) - the ratio of longitudinal stress to strain

 Shear Modulus - the ratio of tangential force per unit area to the angular
deformation of the body
 Bulk Modulus - the ratio of stress to the fractional decrease in the volume of the
body

Answer to question number 2A

We know,
 F
Direct stress, σ =
A

80
=
50× 20

= 0.08 M Pa

=80 KPa. (ANS)

Answer to question number 2B

We know,

∆l
Direct strain =
l

65−50
=
50

15
=
50

=0.3 (ANS)

Answer to question number 3A

We know,

∆d
Direct strain =
d

16−10
=
10

6
=
10

= 0.6 (ANS)

Answer to question number 3B

We know,

F
Direct Stress, σ =
A
 F
= d2
π
4

4F
=
π d2

4 × 1250
=
3.1416× 1002

= 0.15915 MPa

=159.15 KPa.

again,

Direct stress
Direct elastic modulus =
Direct strain

159.15
=
0.6

= 265.25 KPa. (ANS)

Answer to question number 4A

We know,

F
τ=
Shear stress, π d2
2×
4

2F
=
π d2

2 × 4 ×103
=
3.1416× 102

= 25.46 MPa. (ANS)

Answer to question number 4B

We know,

∆d
Shear strain, γ =
d
 2 1
= 10 = 5

= 0.2 (ANS)

Answer to question number 4C

We know,

Shear stress
Elastic modulus =
Shear strain

25.46
= 0.2

= 127.3 MPa. (ANS)

Task 1C

∑ wixi
We know, x=
wi

w 1 x 1+w 2 x 2+w 3 x 3+w 4 x 4+ w 5 x 5+w 6 x 6

¿
w 1+ w 2+w 3+ w 4 +w 5+ w 6

=
32.25× 98+31.5 ×244.45+122 ×133.5+187 × 245.5+ 49.46 ×75+7.98 × 150
32.25+31.5+122+187+ 49.46+7.98

= 181.23. (ANS)

Task 1D

Answer to question number 1

We know,

Shear = π/4×d2

= 3.1416/4×(0.024)2

= 0.0004 m2

Single shear stress = F/A = 56/0.0004 = 140000 MN/m 2

So, Factor of Safety = 180/140000 = 0.0012. (ANS)

Answer to question number 2

We know,

Shear = 2×π×r2

= 2 × 3.1416 × (0.026)2

= 0.004 m2

Again, Double shear stress = F/A = 0.063/0.004 = 15.75 MN/m 2

So, Factor Of Safety = τ max/τ allowed = 230/15.75 = 14.6. (ANS)