Experiment No.

-1 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Uses of various measuring instruments

AIM: Uses of various measuring instruments .Vernier instruments, Micrometer instruments, Dial instruments and
Auxiliary instruments for carrying out measurements

APPARATUS: Steel Rule, Vernier Caliper, Vernier Height Gauge, Micrometer, Digital Vernier Caliper, Digital
Micrometer.

THEORY:
STEEL RULE: It is also known as scale. It is the line measuring device. It is the simplest and common
measuring instrument used for inspection. It works on the basic measuring technique of company on unknown
length to the one previously calibrated. It consists of a strip of hundred steel having line graduation etched
engraved on internal of fraction of standard unit of length, depending upon the internal at which graduations are
made. The scale can be manufactured in different sizes and styles. It may be 150 mm, 300 mm, 600 mm or
1000 mm long.

VERNIER CALLIPER: The principle of

vernier is that when two scales or divisions
slightly different in size are used, the
difference between them can be utilized to
enhance the accuracy of measurement. The
Vernier Calliper essentially consists of two
steel rules and these can slide along each
other. The details are shown in fig. below

1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or

width of an object
2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of
an object 3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of
an object or a hole
4. Main scale: gives measurements of up to one
decimal place (in cm).
5. Main scale: gives measurements in fraction(in inch)
6. Vernier gives measurements up to two decimal
places(in cm)

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

7. Vernier gives measurements in fraction(in inch) Metrology & Mechanical Measurement
Least country main scale division-vernier scale division. Least count = value of 1msd/total no. Of vsd 1 msd =
0.1mm, total no. Vsd = 5 therefore LC = 0.02mm Suppose 50 vernier scale I division coincide with 49 divisions
on main scale, and 1 msd=1 mm.Then 1 VSD = 49/50 of MSD = 49/50MM.and LC = 1-49/50= 0.02
mm.Alternatively, it is just as easy to read the 13 on the main scale and 42 on
the hundredths scale. The correct measurement being 13.42mm. 1 cmm = 10mm

VERNIER HEIGHT GUAGE: This is also a sort of a vernier caliper

equipped with a special base back and other attachments which make
the instrument suitable for height measurement. Along with the
sliding jaw assembly arrangement is provided to carry a removable
clamp. The upper and the lower surface of the measuring jaw are
parallel to the base so that it can be used for measurement over or
under the surface. The vernier height guage is merely used to scribe
lines of certain distance above surface. However, dial indicator can
be attached in the clamp and many useful measurements can be
exactly made as it exactly gives the indication when dial tip just touches the surfaces. For all these
measurements, use of surface plates as datum surface is very essential.

MICROMETER: The micrometer essentially consists of

U shaped frame. The component to be measured is held
between fixed anvil and movable spindle. The spindle can
be moved with the help of thimble. There are two scales on
micrometer, a main scale and a circular scale. The barrel is
graduated in unit of 0.5 mm whereas thimble has got 50
divisions around its periphery. One revolution of thimble
moves 0.5 mm which is the lead of the screw and also the pitch

DIGITAL MICROMETER:
1) It is used where high accuracy is required. 2) It is based on electronic technology.
3) It can be zeroed at any position, which greatly speeds the process of inspection.

V BLOCK:
The Vee-block is essentially tool steel blocks that are very
precisely 100mm square. Standard Vee-blocks come as 45 degree
block, i.e. the vee-sides slope 45 degree from horizontal or

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology
vertical, the included angle of the vee being of course, 90 degrees. But blocks with & Mechanical
different Measurement
angles and shapes
are also available. For special purpose such as checking triangle effects or for taps and other three-fluted tools,
60 degree Vee-blocks are also available. The included angle of the vee then is 120 degrees. The major purpose of
the Vee-blocks is to hold cylindrical pieces, or move to the point, to establish precisely the centre line or axis of a
cylindrical piece. In using a vee-block, it is very essential that the cylindrical piece should rest on firmly on the
sides of the vee and not on the edges of the vee.

VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE

1) This is similar to vernier height gauge.
2) It consists of main scale, vernier scale, jaws,
and lock nut fine adjustment screw like vernier
caliper
3) In vernier depth gauge, graduated scale can
slide through the base& vernier scale remains
fixed.
4) The vernier scale is fixed to the main body of the
depth gauge and is read in the same way as vernier caliper.
5) In vernier depth gauge, graduated scale can slide through the base and vernier scale remains fixed.
6) The main scale provides the datum surface from which the measurements are taken.Vernier depth gauge is used
to measure depth of holes, distance from a plane surface to a projection and recess

SURFACE PLATE
For majority of dimension measurement and establishment of geometric accuracies, reference
datum plane and flat surface is required. The instrument and jobs are kept on this surface for measurement
and also the surface is used for direct comparison and acts a master for checking of flatness and other
characteristics of work surface

PROCEDURE:
For Vernier Calliper/Micrometer/Height gauge :
1. Check the zero of main and vernier scale to be coinciding.
2. Read the instrument for at least three random vernier positions.
3. Measure the samples at indicated places and record as per the format

OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Vernier Calliper:

SR.No. Actual Reading Measured Reading Error

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

1 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

For Micrometer:

SR.No. Actual Reading Measured Reading Error

1

For Digital Height Gauge: LC : 0.001

SR.No. Actual Reading Measured Reading Error

1

For Vernier Depth Gauge:

SR.No. Actual Reading Measured Reading Error

1

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Experiment No. 02
Calibration of Vernier caliper / Micrometer using slip
Experiment Name gauges

Performed Date
Submission Date

Aim: To Calibration of Micrometer using slip gauges

Apparatus required: Slip gauges , Micrometer.

Theory.
Slip gauges are end standards used in linear measurements. They are used in workshop for work
where a tolerance as low as 0.001mm is needed. Slip gauges were invented by Swedish engineer, C.E.
Johnson, so they are also called Johnson gauges. Slip gauges are rectangular blocks, made of high grade
steel, having cross section about 30mm X10mm. These blocks are made into required sizes and hardened
to resist wear and allowed to stabilize so as to relieve internal stresses. This prevents occurrence of size
and shape variations. After hardening the blocks, measuring faces are carefully finished to fine degree
of surface finish, flatness and accuracy. This high grade surface finish is obtained by super finishing
process known as lapping.

Wringing of slip gauges:

The measuring face of the gauges is flat and it possesses high surface finish. If two slip gauges are
forced against each other on measuring faces, because of contact pressure, gauges stick together and
considerable force is required to separate these blocks. This is known as wringing of slip gauges. Thus,
wringing refers to condition of intimate and complete contact and of permanent adhesion between
measuring faces. Slip gauges are wrung to build desired dimension. Slip gauges are wrung together by
hand and no other external means. 1) Parallel wringing of slip gauges and 2) Cross wringing of slip
gauges.
In cross wringing – the two slip gauges are first cleaned to remove dirt and then they are placed together
at right angles in the form of cross and then rotated through 90o, while being pressed together. This
method causes less rubbing of surfaces. Almost any dimension may be built by suitable combination of
gauges. Wringing phenomenon is purely due to surface contact and molecular adhesion of metal of
blocks. Hence, ―wringing is defined as the property of measuring faces of gauge blocks of adhering, by

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

sliding or pressing the gauge against measuring faces of other gaugeMetrology
blocks or&reference
Mechanical Measurement
faces or datum
surfaces without the use of external means.‖

Uses/Applications of slip gauges

1. as a reference standard.
2. for verification and calibration of measuring apparatus.
3. for adjustment of indicating devices.
4. for direct measurement.
5. for setting of various types of comparators.
6. Micrometers are used to measure the small or fine measurements of length, width, thickness and
diameter of the job.

Procedure of performing experiment:

(1) Clean the fixed vice and micrometer
(2) Clamp the micrometer in vice putting cushioning material between micrometer and jaws of vice to
protect the micrometer from probable damage due to clamping force.
(3) Make pile of gauge blocks and insert between two anvils of the micrometer and take reading.
(4) Increase the value of gauge blocks pile and take next few readings.
(5) Then decrease the value of gauge blocks pile and take same readings in decreasing order.
(6) Tabulate the readings
(7) After cleaning the place the gauge blocks should be placed in their respective places

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER
Observation table: for Micrometer

Range: Least count: Make

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Slip gauges in Micrometer reading in mm

Sr. No
Increasing Decreasing Average Error Correction
combination
I

4
5

10

Determining the dimension of 29.758mm by M45 slip gauge set:

Rule 1:-Minimum number of slip gauges should be used to build dimension.
Rule 2:- Always start with the last decimal place.
Hence to build the dimension of 29.758 we need slip gauges of 20mm, 6mm, 1.7mm,
1.05mm and 1.008mm.

Plot the Graphs:

(1) Slip gauges combination – Micrometer average

Result:_

The given micrometer has been calibrated using M87 slip gauge set.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Experiment No. 03
Use of class of comparator such as mechanical, optical,
Experiment Name
pneumatic, etc.
Performed Date
Submission Date
AIM: Precision Angular Measurements using sine bar/sine center,
Autocollimator/ Angle dekkor

THEORY:
SINE BAR :
A sine bar is a tool used to measure angles in metalworking. It consists of a
hardened, precision ground body with two precision ground cylinders fixed at the ends. The distance
between the centers of the cylinders is precisely controlled, and the top of the bar is parallel to a line
through the centers of the two rollers as shown in Fig. 1

The dimension between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole number (for ease of later calculations)
and forms the hypotenuse of a triangle when in use. Generally, the centre distance between two
cylindrical rollers is 10 inch or 100 mm sine bar (however, in the U.S., 5 inch sine bars are the most
commonly used).
Sine Centre

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Sine Centre is a special type of sine bar, which is used for conical objects having male and female
parts, as shown in Fig. 3. It cannot measure the angle more than 45 degrees. Sine table (or sine plate)
is used to measure angles of large work pieces. Compound sine table is used to measure compound
angles of large work pieces. In this case, two sine tables are mounted one over the other at right
angles. The tables can be twisted to get the required alignment.

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the sine bar on the surface plate.
2. Measure the distance between rollers of center of sine bar.
3. Mark the position of the rollers on the surface plate which is advantage if the position of
sine bar is changed.
4. The axial length of taper under test is noted by use of vernier calliper.
5. The work piece whose taper is required to be known is fixed on the upper surface of the sine bar by
means of clamp and so positioned that easily access whole length of the taper to the dial gauge.
6. The dial gauge is fixed on its stand which in term is fixed on the slide way.
7. Note down the least count of the dial gauge used.
8. Adjust the slip gauge height on the taper to be measure in such a way that it easily takes slip on the
smaller end and note down dial gauge reading at the entry end.
9. By sliding the dial gauge across the work piece length take reading of the dial gauge on other end.
10. Calculate approximate height of slip gauge required at smaller dimension end in order to become an
upper surface of the work piece parallel to the reference plane.
11. Without altering the position of the roller place the slip gauge pile under the roller of small size end
of the sine bar set up to equal approximate height.
12. Then test with dial gauge for null deflection. If there is any slight deflection in dial gauge then alter
slip gauges pile until getting null deflection.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

13. With the help of formulas given in, calculate the actual angle andMetrology & Mechanical
theoretical Measurement
angle of taper and error
in taper.

Bevel Protractor:
A Bevel Protractor, a graduated circular protractor having a pivoted arm and used for
measuring or marking off angles, is shown in Fig. 2. Sometimes vernier scales are attached to give
more accurate readings

Angles are measured using a sine bar with the help of gauge blocks and a dial gauge or a spirit level.
sine of the angle of inclination of the wedge is the ratio of the height of the slip gauges used and the
distance between the centers of the cylinders.
PROCEDURE:

1. Note down the least count of the Bevel Protractor.

2. Keep the work piece on the surface plate.
3. Fix the slide of Bevel Protractor to the Turret.
4. Keep one of the surfaces of the specimen on the working edge and rotate the turret. Remove the slide
on to the other surface.
5. Fix the centre, after matching the both the faces and note down the reading.
6. Repeat the experiment for different faces.
OBSERVATION:
1. Length of sine bar=L=200 mm
2. size , h=68.6
3. specimen angle with vernier bevel protractor=68.6
4. centre distance=200 mm

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 5. ø=sin-1(h/L)= 20.097 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement
6. angle of specimen=20.1
7. least count of dial indicator=0.001 mm

CONCLUSION: Hence we have studied various angle measuring instruments.

Experiment No. 04
Experiment Name Measurement of Gear tooth thickness
Performed Date
Submission Date

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology
AIM: To determine the actual and theoretical tooth thickness of a gear by using&Gear
Mechanical
tooth Measurement

micrometer.

APPARATUS: Gear Tooth Micrometer, Spur gear preferably 50mm to 75 mm in dia. etc.

THEORY:
The measurement of element of Spur gear depend on the geometrical principle of the
involutes gear that the distance between parallel lines embracing several teeth is constant and
is equal to the are on the base circle intersected by the extreme points.
The principle will naturally be strictly true only for a gear, which is perfect on tooth from,
pitch concentricity etc. Therefore select precision gear, preferably ground and known to have
only small errors in these elements.
In measurements of gear tooth the following elements are checked.
Pitch circle diameter: It is the diameter of the pitch circle. Which by pure rolling action would produce
the same motion as the toothed gear? The size of the gear usually specified by Pitch circle diameter
Module: It is the ratio of the Pitch circle diameter in a millimetre to the number of teeth or it is the length
of the Pitch circle diameter per tooth. It is usually denoted by ‗m‘.
Addendum: It is the radial distance of the tooth from the pitch circle to the top or tip of the tooth.
Dedendum: It is the radial distance of the tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
Tooth thickness: It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle
Blank diameter: This is the diameter of the blank from which gear is cut.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

Observation: Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Least count of the gear tooth micrometer _________________ mm

Calculations:
1. Diameter of gear blank, D = MSR + (VSR x LC) Initial Error in mm
2. Number of teeth on gear T =
3. Module m = D/T
4. Theoretical thickness of tooth, Wt =T x m x sin (90/T) in mm

Procedure:
1. Note down the least count of the gear tooth micrometer
2. Measure the diameter of gear blank using vernier calliper also count the number of teeth
on the gear blank.
3. Calculate the addendum of the gear tooth and fix the same dimension in gear tooth
micrometer
4. Measure the same parameters for different teeth.
5. Take the average of tooth thickness

Results:

The actual and theoretical tooth thickness of a gear is calculated by using Gear tooth

micrometer.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Experiment No. 05
Experiment Name Measurement of diameters of screw threads
Performed Date
Submission Date

AIM: Measurements of screw threads using Floating Carriage Micrometer.

APPARATUS: Floating carriage micrometer with all accessories and specimens.

THEORY:
The measurement of minor diameter is carried out on a floating carriage diameter measuring
machine in which threaded work piece is mounted between centers. Such micrometer is constrained
to move at right angles to axis of centers by v ball side. If reading on setting cylinder with u-pipe in
position R1 and reading R2 and diameter D=Dm+ (R2-R1) reading may be taken at various positions
in order to determine the tapers variety.
The machine consists of parts:-
1. Base: base casting carries a pair of centre's on which threaded work piece is mounted
2. Another carriage is mounted on it and exactly 90° to it on this provided carriage is capable of
moving towards centre.
3. On this carriage one head having a large thimble enabling reading up to 0.002 mm is provided.

TWO WIRE METHOD:

The effective diameter of the screw may be as certain by planning two wires or rods at
identical diameter between the flanks of thread and measuring the
effective diameter 'E' is then calculated as:
E=T+d Where D=diameter under wire
T=m-2d m=dimension over the wire d=diameter of wire'

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology
The wires used are made up of hardened steel to sustain wear and tear in use.& Mechanical Measurement
Diameter 'T' can also be determined by placing wires over standard cylinder greater than the diameter
under wire and note the reading R1 and take with other
gauge say R2,
T=S-(R1-R2)
D= It is the value which depends upon the diameter of
wire and pitch on thread.
P=0.8P-d(for metric thread)
In figure line BD on the effective diameter,
BC=0.5pithch=0.5P
OP=dxcosec(x/2) X 0.5
PA=a(cosec(x/2-1))/2
PQ=2cosec(x/2)=0.25Pcot(x/2)
AQ=PQ-AP=0.25Pcot(x/2)=0.5dcosec(x/2-1) AQ is half value of P.
P=2AQ=0.5cos(x/2)-dcosec(x/2-1)

Two wire method cannot be carried out on diameter measuring because alignment is not possible by
two wires.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the given screw thread specimen to the arrangement block.
2. Measure the pitch of the given thread using pitch gauges and also note down the angle of the thread
based on Metric or With Worth.
3. Measure the maximum diameter of the screw thread using micrometer.
4. Calculate the best wire to be used by using the given equation.
5. Consider the available wires and fix the two wires to one end on micrometer Anvil and one wire
towards another anvil.
6. Measure the distance over the wire properly by using micrometer.
7. Calculate the effective diameter of the screw thread.
8. Find out the error in effective diameter of the screw thread.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least Count of the Micrometer = _____________mm.
2. Initial error in the micrometer = _____________mm.
3. Pitch of the thread p = _____________mm.
4. Best size of the wire used ____________mm.

CALCULATIONS:
R1=Standard specimen reading, R2=reading over the wire with specimen
R1=4+0.306+0.0001X6, (R1=4.3076 mm),(R2=3.7658 mm), Master cylinder
diameter, D=19.995 mm, M=D+(R2-R1), =19,995+(3.7658-4.3076), =19.4577
Now,T=M-2.7,(T=16.7577 mm),E=T+P, M-3w+0.8666P, =19.4577-
3(0.577P)+0.866P,Where P=2.49, (E=17.30385 mm)

RESULT:
Diameter over wire M=19.4577 mm
Major diameter D=18.92 mm

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

Effective diameter E=17.3035 mm Metrology & Mechanical Measurement
T=16.7577 mm
D=15.46 mm

CONCLUSION: Hence we have studied the floating carriage micrometer and found out effective
diameter of given threaded specimen.

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.

 Metrology & Mechanical Measurement

Experiment No. 06
Experiment Name Advanced measuring equipment Profile projector
Performed Date
Submission Date

AIM: Use of advanced measuring equipment such as Co-ordinate Measuring Machine / Metro
scope/ Profile projector

SMSMPITR, Akluj Page No.