DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Math 10 Lecture

Basic concepts of calculus such as limits, continuity

and differentiability of functions; differentiation of
algebraic and transcendental functions involving one
or more variables; applications of differential calculus
to problems on optimization, rates of change, related
rates, tangents and normal, and approximations;
partial differentiation and transcendental curve
tracing.

DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
MATH 10 LECTURE

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

FUNCTIONS
Definition and Classification
Variables and Constants
A variable is a symbol which may assume any values. A
constant is a symbol which may stand for only one particular
value. Letters at the end of the alphabet, such as x, y, z, u, v,
and w, are used to represent a variable and letters at the
beginning of the alphabet, such as a, b, and c, represent a
constant.

Relations
A relation is a set of ordered pair. The relation may be
specified by an equation, a rule, or a table. Examples of
relations from analytic geometry are lines, parabolas, circles,
and hyperbolas.

The set of the first components of the ordered pairs are

called the domain of the relation. The set of the second
components is called the range of the relation.

R EMINDER : G IVE EXAMPLES ON RELATIONS, SUCH AS LINE , PARABOLA ,

CIRCLE , AND SINE WAVE , SPECIFIED BY EQUATIONS , TABLES, AND GRAPHS .

Functions
A function is a relation that associates, with each value
of a variable x in a certain set, exactly one value of another
variable y. The variable y is then called the dependent
variable, and x is called the dependent variable. The set in
which the values of x can be chosen is called the domain of
the function. The set of all the corresponding values of y is
called the range of the function.

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R EMINDER : IDENTIFY IF THE GIVEN RELATIONS ON THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLES
ARE FUNCTIONS OR NOT .

EXAMPLES:
Which of the following is a function?

a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 – function
b. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 – not a function
c. 𝑥𝑦 = 1 – function
d. 𝑦 3 = 8𝑥 – function
e. 𝑦 = ±√𝑥 − 7 – not a function
f. 𝑥 = |𝑦| – not a function

Domain and Range of a Function

The domain is the largest subset of the real numbers for
which the equation is defined. Once the domain has been
determined, the range is determined by finding the value of
the equation for each value of the domain.

EXAMPLES:
What is the domain and range of the following
function?

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all real numbers ≥ 2}
1
b. 𝑦 =
𝑥−3

domain = {real numbers ≠ 3}

range = {real numbers ≠ 0}

c. 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 2

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all numbers ≤ 3)

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d. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

domain = {all numbers ≥ -2}

range = {all real numbers ≥ 0}

e. 𝑦 = √𝑥
3

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all real numbers}

Graph of a Function
A rectangular coordinate system is used to give a
picture of the relationship between two variables.

EXAMPLES:
Graph the flowing functions.

a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

c. 𝑦 = |𝑥|

y = -x y=x

Functional Notation
The notation = 𝑓(𝑥) , read as “ y equals f of x”, is used
to designate that y is a function of x. Often, a function is
defined by giving the formula for an arbitrary value 𝑓(𝑥). For
example 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 10 is the same function as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 10.

Any letter may be used in the function notation; thus

𝑔(𝑥), ℎ(𝑥), 𝐹(𝑥), etc., may represent functions of x.

Evaluation of Functions
If a function is denoted by a symbol 𝑓, then the
expression 𝑓(𝑏) denotes the value obtained when 𝑓 is applied
to a number 𝑏 in the domain of 𝑓.

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EXAMPLES:
3
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 2, find 𝑓(−2), 𝑓(−1), 𝑓 (− ) , 𝑓(0), 𝑓(1),
2
and 𝑓(2).
𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 − 5(−2) − 2 = 0
𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 − 5(−2) − 2 = 2
3 17
𝑓(−3/2) = (−3/2)3 − 5 (− ) − 2 =
2 8
𝑓(0) = 03 − 5(0) − 2 = −2
𝑓(1) = 13 − 5(1) − 2 = −6
𝑓(2) = 23 − 5(2) − 2 = −4
2. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7. Find the following.
a. 𝑔(10)
b. 𝑔(𝑎 + 1)
c. 𝑔(𝑟 2 )
d. 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ)
𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑔(𝑥)
e.
ℎ

ANSWERS:

a. 𝑔(10) = 102 − 3(10) + 7 = 77

b. 𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = (𝑎 + 1)2 − 3(𝑎 + 1) + 7
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1 − 3𝑎 − 3 + 7
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎 + 5
c. 𝑔(𝑟 = (𝑟 )2 − 3𝑟 2 + 7
2) 2

= 𝑟 4 − 3𝑟 2 + 7
d. 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 3(𝑥 + ℎ) + 7
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 3𝑥 − 3ℎ + 7
𝑔(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥ℎ+ℎ2 −3𝑥−3ℎ+7−𝑥 2 +𝑥−7
e. =
ℎ ℎ
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 3ℎ
=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ − 3

Function of Two Variables

The variable z is said to be a function of the variables x
and y if there exists a relation such that to each pair of values
of x and y there corresponds one or more values of z. Here, x

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and y are independent variables and z is the dependent
variable.

The function notation used in this case is 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦):

read “z equals f of x and y.” The 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) denotes the value of z
when 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏, provided the function is defined for
these values.

EXAMPLES:
If 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 , find
𝐹(𝑥,𝑦+𝑘)−𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
(a) 𝐹(2,3) (b) 𝐹(−3,0) (c)
𝑘

SOLUTION:

(a) 𝐹(2,3) = 23 − 3(2)(3) + 32 = −1

(b) 𝐹(−3,0) = (−3)3 − 3(−3)(0) + (0)2 = −27
𝐹(𝑥,𝑦+𝑘)−𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑥 3 −3𝑥(𝑦+𝑘)+(𝑦+𝑘)2 −[𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 ]
(c) = = −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑘
𝑘 𝑘

Operations Involving Functions

1. Sum of Function
𝑓+𝑔
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
2. Difference of Function
𝑓−𝑔 ; 𝑔−𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) ; 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
3. Product of Function
𝑓∙𝑔
𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
4. Quotient of a Function
𝑓 𝑔
;
𝑔 𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
;
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
5. Composite Function
𝑓∘𝑔 ; 𝑔∘𝑓
𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ; 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

EXAMPLES:

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1. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Find:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 + 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5
b. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 − 6 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7
c. 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
= 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 6 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= −2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 6

d. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 2(6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 1
= 12 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 1
= −2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 11

2. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2
Find:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 − 1)2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 2
b. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = [(𝑥 − 1)2 + 1]2
= (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 1)2
= (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)2
= 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
= 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 4

3. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Find:
a. 𝑔 ⋅ ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 )(4𝑥)
= 4𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3
b. 𝑔 ∘ ℎ ∘ 𝑓 = (4𝑥)2 − 1
= 16𝑥 2 − 1
= (4𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 + 1)
4. Given: 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

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1
𝑔(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Find:
a. 1
𝑓(𝑥) ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = = 2𝑥 2 + 1
1
2(𝑥 2 ) + 1
5. Given: 𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Find:
a. 1
2𝑥 2+1+1
𝑓∘𝑔∘ℎ =
1
2𝑥 2 + 1
= 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
= 2(𝑥 2 + 1)
b. 1
𝑔∘𝑓∘ℎ = 2
𝑥 +1
2( 2 )+ 1
𝑥
1
= 2
2𝑥 + 2
+1
𝑥2
2
𝑥
= 2
2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 2
𝑥2
= 2
3𝑥 + 2

Odd and Even Functions

A function 𝑓 is said to be even function if for every 𝑥 in
the domain of 𝑓, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥). When the left half of the graph
is a mirror image of the right half, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. This symmetry occurs because for any 𝑥
value, both 𝑥 and −𝑥 result in the same 𝑦 value.

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(-x, y) (x,y)

A function 𝑓 is said to be odd function if for every 𝑥 in

the domain of 𝑓, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). If substituting for −𝑥 fr 𝑥 and −𝑦
for 𝑦 in an equation yields an equivalent equation, we say the
graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

(x, y)

(-x, -y)

EXAMPLES:
State whether the following is an odd or even function.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 7
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2 + 7
= 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 7
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥
𝑔(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥)5 − 4(−𝑥)3 − 9(−𝑥)
= −3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥

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𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9
ℎ(−𝑥) = 2(−𝑥)4 + 7(−𝑥)3 − (−𝑥)2 + 9
= 2𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 9
ℎ(−𝑥) ≠ ℎ(𝑥) ≠ −ℎ(𝑥) → 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4. 𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑦 ≠ √−𝑥 → 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
5. 𝑥𝑦 = 1
1
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑓(−𝑥) =
−𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Special Function Types

1. Constant Functions – A function 𝑓 that is given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, wher 𝑐 is a constant (a real number)

2. Linear Functions – A function 𝑓 given by 𝑓 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏,

where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

3. Quadratic Functions – A function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

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a>0
a<0

4. Polynomial Function – a function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑥−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … 𝑎𝑛 are
constants with 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

𝑝(𝑥)
5. Rational Functions – a function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑞(𝑥)
where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are polynomial functions.
6. Square Root Function – the function is given by
𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(𝑥) = √𝑥. ( the graph is a parabola, either whole or
half)
7. Exponential Function – a function given by 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 ,
where 𝑏 is a real positive number not equal to 1.

8. Logarithmic Function – a function given by 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

where the function is defined for all positive real
numbers.

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9. Trigonometric Functions - given by functions such as

𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥),

𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥),

and 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥).

10. Absolute Value Function – The absolute value function,

denoted by | |, is the function from ℝ to ℝ given by
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
|𝑥| = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

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11. Piecewise Defined Functions – composed a with

functions within a function

Functions as Mathematical Mode ls

1. The area of rectangle is 18 in. Express the perimeter of the
rectangle as the function of the length of x of one side.
SOLUTION:
Let:
𝑥 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Area of rectangle:
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 = 18
18
𝑦=
𝑥
Perimeter of Rectangle:
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
18
= 2𝑥 + 2 ( )
𝑥
36
= 2𝑥 +
𝑥
2(𝑥 + 18)
=
𝑥
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖)
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙

2. The sum of two numbers is 40. Express their product as a

function of one of the numbers.

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SOLUTION:
Let:
𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Sum of two numbers:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40
𝑦 = 40 − 𝑥
Product of the numbers:
𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥(40 − 𝑥)
= 40𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
3. The product of two numbers is 32. Find a function that
represents the sum of their squares.
SOLUTION:
Let:
𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Product of the numbers:
𝑥𝑦 = 32
32
𝑦=
𝑥
Sum of their squares:
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
32 2
= 𝑥2 + ( )
𝑥
2
1024
=𝑥 + 2
𝑥
𝑥 4 + 1024
=
𝑥2
𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐
4. The product of the two positive numbers is 300. Let one of
the numbers be 𝑥 and express the sum of the two numbers
as a function of 𝑥.
SOLUTION:
Let:
𝑥 → 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

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𝑦 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Product of two numbers:
𝑥𝑦 = 300
300
𝑦=
𝑥
Sum of two numbers:
𝑆 =𝑥+𝑦
300
=𝑥+
𝑥
𝑥 2 + 300
=
𝑥
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
5. A piece of wire 12 in. long is to be used to form a square
and a circle. Determine a function that expresses the
combined area of both figures.
SOLUTION:
Let:
𝑥 → 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑦 → 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

+ = 12

𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Sum of the perimeter of square and circumference of
circle:
𝑃 + 𝐶 = 12
4𝑥 + 2𝜋𝑦 = 12
2𝜋𝑦 = 12 − 4𝑥
12 − 4𝑥
𝑦=
2𝜋
6 − 2𝑥
𝑦=
𝜋
Combined area:
𝐴 = 𝑥 2 + 𝜋𝑦 2
6 − 2𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 + 𝜋 ( )
𝜋
36 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 + 𝜋 ( )
𝜋2

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36 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 +
𝜋
𝜋𝑥 2 + 36 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
=
𝜋
𝝅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝝅

Exercises:
Functions
Identify which of the following relation is a function.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1
3

2
3. 𝑦 =
𝑥+6
4. 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
5. 2𝑦 2 = 3𝑥

Answers:

1. Function
2. Function
3. Function
4. Function
5. Not a Function

Domain and Range

Find the domain and range of the following functions.
1
1. 𝑦 =
√2𝑥−3
𝑥
2. 𝑦 =
𝑥+1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1
1
4. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, where x is in radian

Answers:

1. Domain = {all real no. <3/2}

Range = {all real no. > 0}

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2. Domain = {x ≠ -1}
Range = {y ≠ 1}
3. Domain = {all real numbers}
Range = {all real numbers}
4. Domain = {x ≠ 3 and x ≠-1}
Range = {all real numbers ≠ 0}
5. Domain = {all real numbers}
Range = {-1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

Evaluation of Functions
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3. Evaluate

a. 𝑓(3)
b. 𝑓(−3)
c. 𝑓(−𝑥)
d. 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
e. 𝑓(𝑥 − 2)
f. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
g. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
h.
ℎ

Answers:

a. 𝑓(3) = 32 − 2(3) + 3 = 9 − 6 + 3 = 6
b. 𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 − 2(−3) + 3 = 9 + 6 + 3 = 18
c. 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥) + 3 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
d. 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2(𝑥 + 2) + 3
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 4 + 3
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
e. 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 2(𝑥 − 2) + 3
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 2𝑥 + 4 + 3
= 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11
f. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 2(𝑥 + ℎ) + 3
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ + 3
g. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ + 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
= 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 2ℎ
= ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ − 2)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) ℎ(2𝑥+ℎ−2)
h. = = 2𝑥 + ℎ − 2
ℎ ℎ

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Functions in Two Variables
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 , find

a. 𝑓(1,2)
b. 𝑓(−2, −3)
c. 𝑓(𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 − 1)

Answers:

a. 𝑓(1,2) = 2(12 ) + 4(1)(2) − 22 = 2 + 8 − 4 = 6

b. 𝑓(−2, −3) = 2[(−2)2 ] + 4(−2)(−3) − (−3)2
= 8 + 24 − 9 = 23
c. 𝑓(𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 − 1) = 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 − 1) − (𝑦 − 1)2
= 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 4(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1) − (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1)
= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 3

Operations Involving Functions

𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1. Find the following.
𝑥+1

a. 𝑓(1) + 𝑔(1)
b. 𝑓(2) ∙ 𝑔(2)
𝑓(3)
c.
𝑔(3)
d. 𝑓(𝑎 − 1) + 𝑔(𝑎 + 1)
e. 𝑓(𝑎2 + 1) ∙ 𝑔(𝑎2 + 1)

Answers
1
a. 𝑓(1) + 𝑔(1) = + √1 − 1 = 1/2
1+1
2
b. 𝑓(2) ∙ 𝑔(2) = ( ) (√2 − 1) = 3/2
2+1
3
𝑓(3) 3 3√2
c. = 3+1
= =
𝑔(3) √3−1 4√2 8
𝑎−1 𝑎−1
d. 𝑓(𝑎 − 1) + 𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = + √𝑎 + 1 − 1 = + √𝑎
𝑎−1+1 𝑎
1
= 1 − + √𝑎
𝑎
𝑎2 +1
e. 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) ∙ 𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = ( 2
2 2
) (√𝑎2 + 1 − 1)
𝑎 +1+1

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
𝑎2 + 1
=( ) |𝑎|
𝑎2 + 2

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1. Find

a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
b. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑎2 )
c. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(√𝑎)

Answers

a. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + +2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
b. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑎2 ) = (𝑎2 + 1)2 + 1 = 𝑎4 + 2𝑎2 + 1 + 1
= 𝑎4 + 2𝑎2 + 2
2
c. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(√𝑎) = (√𝑎) + 1 + 1 = 𝑎 + 2

Odd and Even Functions

Determine which of the following is an odd or an even
function.
1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√9−𝑥 2
𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+3
2𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 + 2𝑥 −3
5. 𝑦 = 3

Answers

1. Even
2. Neither
3. Neither
4. Odd
5. Even

Mathematical Models

1. A rectangular plot requires 2000 ft of fencing to enclose it.

If one of its dimensions is 𝑥 (in feet), express its area 𝑦 (in
square feet) as a function of 𝑥.

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2. From each corner of a square tin, 12 in. on a side, small
squares of side 𝑥 (in inches) are removed, and the edges
are turned up to form an open box. Express the volume 𝑉
of the box (in cubic inches) as a function of 𝑥.
3. Find the area, as a function of 𝑥, of a rectangle which can
be inscribed in a right triangle whose legs are 6 and 8
inches respectively.

Answers:

1. Let:
𝑥 → 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2000 − 2𝑥
= 1000 − 𝑥 → 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥(1000 − 𝑥)
𝑦 = 1000𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2. Let:
x x
12-2x

12-2x

𝑉 = (12 − 2𝑥)(12 − 2𝑥)(𝑥)

𝑉 = 4𝑥(6 − 𝑥)2
3. Let:

8-x

y 6-y
1 1 1
(8)(6) = (8 − 𝑥)(𝑦) + (6 − 𝑦)(𝑥) + 𝑥𝑦
2 2 2
1 1
24 = (8𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦) + (6𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦
2 2

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
24 = 4𝑦 − + 3𝑥 − + 𝑥𝑦
2 2
24 = 4𝑦 + 3𝑥
24 − 3𝑥
𝑦=
4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑥𝑦
24 − 3𝑥
= 𝑥( )
4
2
24𝑥 − 3𝑥
=
4
3
= 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
4

LIMITS
Limit of a Constant
1. lim 7 = 7
𝑥→2

7 7
2. lim ( ) =
𝑥→−3 3 3

3. lim √5 = √5
𝑥→1

4. lim 10.1 = 10.1

𝑥→6

1 1
5. lim =
𝑥→7 5 5
6. lim 5 = 5
𝑥→6

7. lim1 √7 = √7
𝑥→2

8. lim 0.57 = 0.57

𝑥→1.2

5 5
9. lim ( ) =
𝑥→7 2 2

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
10. lim 10 = 10
𝑥→2

Limit of a Power and Radical

1. lim(2𝑥)2 = (lim 2𝑥)2
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= [2(3)]2

= 62

= 36

2. lim(𝑥 − 1)2 = (lim 𝑥 − 1) 2

𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= (5 − 1)2

= (4)2

= 16

3. lim(5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)3 = (lim 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)3

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= (5(12 ) + 2(1) − 1)3

= (6)3

= 216

4. lim(3𝑥 − 2)2𝑥+1 = (lim 3𝑥 − 2)2𝑥+1

𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= (3(2) − 2)2(2)+1

= (4)5

= 1024
2 2
5. lim(2𝑥)𝑥 = (lim 2𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

2
= (2(1))1

=4

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
√𝑥 + 11 − 4 √𝑥 + 11 − 4 √𝑥 + 11 + 4
6. lim = lim ×
𝑥→5 𝑥−5 𝑥→5 𝑥−5 √𝑥 + 11 + 4
𝑥 + 11 − 16
=
(𝑥 − 5)(√𝑥 + 11 + 4)

𝑥−5
=
(𝑥 − 5)(√𝑥 + 11 + 4)

1
=
√𝑥 + 11 + 4
1
=
√5 + 11 + 4
1
=
√16 + 4
1
=
8

√𝑥 + 9 − 3 √𝑥 + 9 − 3 √𝑥 + 9 + 4
7. lim = lim ×
𝑥→7 𝑥 𝑥→7 𝑥 √𝑥 + 9 + 4
(𝑥 + 9) − 9
=
𝑥(√𝑥 + 9 + 3)
𝑥
=
𝑥(√𝑥 + 9 + 3)

1
=
√𝑥 + 9 + 3
1
=
√7 + 9 + 3
1
=
√16 + 3
1
=
7

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
√4 − 2 √4 − 2 √𝑥 + 2
8. lim = lim ×
𝑥→4 𝑥−4 𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4 √𝑥 + 2
𝑥−4
=
𝑥 − 4(√𝑥 + 2)

1
=
√𝑥 + 2
1
=
√4 + 2
1
=
4

𝑥 − √𝑥 𝑥 − √𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥
9. lim = lim ×
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + √𝑥

𝑥2 − 𝑥
=
𝑥 − 1(𝑥 + √𝑥)

𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
=
𝑥 − 1(𝑥 + √𝑥)
𝑥
=
𝑥 + √𝑥
1
=
1 + √1
1
=
2

√2𝑥 − 1 − 3 √2𝑥 − 1 − 3 √2𝑥 − 1 + 3

10. lim = lim ×
𝑥→5 𝑥−5 𝑥→5 𝑥−5 √2𝑥 − 1 + 3

(√2𝑥 − 1 − 3)(√2𝑥 − 1 + 3)
=
(𝑥 − 5)(√2𝑥 − 1 + 3)

(2𝑥 − 1) − 9
=
(𝑥 − 5)(√2𝑥 − 1 + 3)

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2(𝑥 − 5)
=
(𝑥 − 5)(√2𝑥 − 1 + 3)

2
=
√2𝑥 − 1 + 3
2
=
√2(5) − 1 + 3

2
=
√10 − 1 + 3
2
=
6
1
=
3

Limit of Sum and Difference

1. lim (3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 9) = lim 3𝑥 2 + lim 5𝑥 − lim 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 3lim 𝑥 2 + 5lim 𝑥 − lim 9

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 3(2)2 + 5(2) − 9

= 12 + 10 − 9

= 13

2. lim (𝑥 2 + 7) = lim 𝑥 2 + lim 7

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= (3)2 + 7

=9+7

= 16

3. lim (4𝑥 2 − 3) = lim 4𝑥 2 − lim 3

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 4lim 𝑥 2 − lim 3
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 4(2)2 − 3

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
= 16 − 3

= 13

4. lim (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5) = lim 𝑥 3 + lim 4𝑥 2 − lim 5

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= lim 𝑥 3 + 4lim 𝑥 2 − lim 5

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= (3)3 + 4(3)2 − 5

= 40

5. lim (3𝑥 + 2) = lim 3𝑥 + lim 2

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 3(5) + 2

= 15 + 2

= 17

6. lim (5𝑥 − 9) = lim 5𝑥 − lim 9

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= 5(3) − 9

= 15 − 9

=6

7. lim (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8) = lim 𝑥 2 − lim 2𝑥 + lim 8

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= lim 𝑥 2 − 2lim 𝑥 + lim 8

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= (2)2 − 2(2) + 8

=4−4+8

=8

8. lim (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) = lim 𝑥 3 − lim 𝑥

𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

= (4)3 − 4

= 64 − 4

= 60

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
9. lim (3𝑥 3 + 3) = lim 3𝑥 3 + lim 3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= 3lim 𝑥 3 + lim 3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= 3(3)3 + 3

= 81 + 3

= 84

10. lim(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2) = lim 𝑥 2 − lim 5𝑥 − lim 2

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= lim 𝑥 2 − 5lim 𝑥 − lim 2

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= (2)2 − 5(2) − 2

= −8

Limit of a Product
1. lim (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(2) = (lim(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)) (lim 2)
𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= (52 − 5)(2)

= (20)(2)

= 40

2. lim (5𝑥 4 )(𝑥 − 1) = (lim 5𝑥 4 ) (lim(𝑥 − 1))

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 5(lim 𝑥 4 ) (lim(𝑥 − 1))

𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 5(24 ) (2 − 1)

= 80 (1)

= 80

3. lim (𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 3 + 9) = (lim 𝑥 2 ) (lim(2𝑥 3 + 9))

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= (lim 𝑥 2 ) (lim(2𝑥 3 + 9))

𝑥→3 𝑥→3

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
= (32 ) [(2(33 )) + 9]

= (9) (38)

= 342

4. lim (9𝑥 5 )(5𝑥 2 ) = (lim 9𝑥 5 ) (lim(5𝑥 2 )

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 9(lim 𝑥 5 ) [ 5(lim 𝑥 2 )]
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 9(25 ) [5(22 )]

= 288 (20)

= 5760

5. lim (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 − 2) = (lim(𝑥 2 − 4)) (lim(𝑥 − 2))

𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

= (32 − 4) (3 − 2)

= (5) (1)

=5

6. lim (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = (lim(3𝑥 + 2)) (lim(𝑥 − 3))

𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

= (3(4) + 2) (4 − 3)

= 14 (1)

= 14

7. lim (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = (lim(𝑥 + 2)) (lim(𝑥 − 1))

𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= (1 + 2) (1 − 1)

= (3) (0)

=0

8. lim (25 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 − 1) = (lim(25 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )) (lim(𝑥 − 1))

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= (25 − 2 + (22 )) (2 − 1)

= 27 (1)

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
= 27

9. lim (2𝑥)(3𝑥 2 ) = (lim 2𝑥) (lim(3𝑥 2 )

𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

= 2(lim 𝑥) [ 3(lim 𝑥 2 )]
𝑥→4 𝑥→4

= [2(4)] (3(42 ))

= (8) (48)

= 384

10. lim(3𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 + 1) = (lim 3𝑥 − 1) (lim(5𝑥 + 1)

𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= [3(1) − 1][5(1) + 1]

= (2)(6)

= 12

Limit of a Quotient
3−𝑥 lim 3 − 𝑥
1. lim = 𝑥→3
𝑥→3 𝑥 lim 𝑥
𝑥→3

3−3
=
3
0
=
3
=0

3𝑥 + 6 lim 3𝑥 + 6
2. lim = 𝑥→2
𝑥→2 𝑥 + 1 lim 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→2

3(2) + 6
=
(2) + 1

12
=
3
=4

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2
𝑥 −2 lim 𝑥 2 − 2
3. lim = 𝑥→4
𝑥→4 𝑥+2 lim 𝑥 + 2
𝑥→4

42 − 2
=
4+2
14
=
6
7
=
3

𝑥−1 lim 𝑥 − 1
4. lim = 𝑥→2
𝑥→2 𝑥 + 4 lim 𝑥 + 4
𝑥→2

2−1
=
2+4
1
=
6

10 − 𝑥 2 lim 10 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→3
5. lim =
𝑥→3 𝑥 + 2 lim 𝑥 + 2
𝑥→3

10 − (32 )
=
3+2
1
=
5

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2 lim 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2
6. lim = 𝑥→4
𝑥→4 𝑥 lim 𝑥
𝑥→4

(42 ) + 4(4) − 2
=
4
30
=
4
15
=
2

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
7𝑥 − 1 lim 7𝑥 − 1
7. lim = 𝑥→5
𝑥→5 2𝑥 lim 2𝑥
𝑥→5

7(5) − 1
=
2(5)

34
=
10
17
=
5

𝑥+9 lim 𝑥 + 9
8. lim = 𝑥→1
𝑥→1 2 − 𝑥 lim 2 − 𝑥
𝑥→1

1+9
=
2−1
10
=
1
= 10

𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 lim 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→2
9. lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥−1 lim 𝑥 − 1
𝑥→2

23 − 22 + 2 + 1
=
2−1
7
=
1
=7

𝑥3 lim 𝑥 3
𝑥→4
10. lim =
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 1 lim 𝑥 − 1
𝑥→4

43
=
4−1
64
=
3

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
THE DERIVATIVES OF A FUNCTION
The process of finding the derivative of a given function is
called differentiation and the required function is called
derivative.

f’ is read as f prime

f’(x) is read as f prime of x

Another symbol that is used instead of f’(x) is dxf(x) which is

read as “the derivative of f of x with respect to x”

Increment Method
The four step rule of the increment method.

A first step on differentiation we implement method as follows:

Let y = f(x)

1. Replace y by y+ Δy and x by x +Δx in the given function

y+ Δy = f(x+ Δx)
2. Subtract y=f(x) on both sides f the resulting equation in
step
y+ Δy-y=f(x+ Δx)-y
Δy=f(x+ Δx)=f(x)
3. Divide both sides of the resulting equation in 2 by Δx
𝑓(𝑥+Δx)−f(x)
Δy/ Δx=
Δx
4. Apply the limit on both sides of equation 3 as Δx
approaches zero
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+Δx)=f(x)
= lim Δy/Δx
𝑑𝑥 Δx→0 Δx

Examples:
1. y=6
= y+ Δy=6
= y+ Δy-y=6-6
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

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2. y=5x+3
= y + Δy = 5(x+ Δx)+3
= 5x+5 Δx+3
=y+ Δy-y=5x +5 Δx+3-5x-3
= Δy/ Δx=5 Δx/ Δx
= lim 5
𝑥→0
=dy/dx = 5

3. y=50x+3
= y + Δy = 50(x+ Δx)+3
= 50x+50 Δx+3
=y+ Δy-y=50x +50 Δx+3-50x-3
= Δy/ Δx=50 Δx/ Δx
= lim 50
𝑥→0
=dy/dx = 50

4. y=51x+30
= y + Δy = 51(x+ Δx)+30
= 51x+51 Δx+30
=y+ Δy-y=51x +51 Δx+30-51x-30
= Δy/ Δx=51 Δx/ Δx
= lim 51
𝑥→0
=dy/dx = 51

5. y=522
= y+ Δy=522
= y+ Δy-y=522-522
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

6. y=1
= y+ Δy=1
= y+ Δy-y=1-1
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

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7. y=1000
= y+ Δy=1000
= y+ Δy-y=1000-1000
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

8. y=60
= y+ Δy=60
= y+ Δy-y=60-60
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

9. y=12x+10
= y + Δy = 12(x+ Δx)+10
= 12x+12 Δx+10
=y+ Δy-y=12x +12 Δx+10-12x-10
= Δy/ Δx=12 Δx/ Δx
= lim 12
𝑥→0
=dy/dx = 12
=dy/dx = 51

10. y=123456
= y+ Δy=123456
= y+ Δy-y=123456-123456
= Δy/ Δx=0/ Δx
= lim Δy/Δx= lim 0/Δx
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= dy/dx = 0

Basic Differentiation Rules

1. derivative of a constant
y=c
dy/dx= d/dx[c] = 0
Examples:
a. y=5, d/dx=0
b. y=50, d/dx=0

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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
c. y=500,d/dx=0
d. y=31, d/dx=0
e. y=5122, d/dx=0
f. y=977, d/dx=0
g. y=645, d/dx=0
h. y=11512, d/dx=0
i. y=122, d/dx=0
j. y=1222222, d/dx=0
2. derivative of x to a constant power
y=xn
y’=dy/dx= d/dx[xn]=nxn-1
Examples:
a. y = x3, y’ = 3x2
b. y = 2x3, y’ = 6x2
c. y = 3x3, y’ = 9x2
d. y = 4x3, y’ = 12x2
e. y = 5x3, y’ = 15x2
f. y = 6x3, y’ = 18x2
g. y = 7x3, y’ = 21x2
h. y = 8x3, y’ = 24x2
i. y = 9x3, y’ = 27x2
j. y = 10x3, y’ =30x2
3. derivative of a constant time xn
y=cxn

dy/dx=d/dx[cxn] – c nxn-1

Examples:

a. y= 10/x-5=10x-5
y’=10(-5)x-5-1
=-50x-6
=-50/x6
b. y= 20/x-5=20x-5
y’=20(-5)x-5-1
=-100x-6
=-100/x6
c. y= 100/x-5=100x-5
y’=100(-5)x-5-1
=-500x-6
=-500/x6

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d. f(x) = 1/3x6
f’(x)= 1/3(6)x6-1
f’(x)=2x5
e. f(x) = 1/4x8
f’(x)= 1/4(8)x8-1
f’(x)=2x7
f. y= 1/x-5=1x-5
y’=1(-5)x-5-1
=-5x-6
=-5/x6
g. y= 5/x-5=5x-5
y’=5(-5)x-5-1
=-25x-6
=-50/x6
h. y= 10/x-10=10x-10
y’=10(-10)x-10-1
=-100x-9
=-100/x-9
i. y= 3/x-5=3x-5
y’=3(-5)x-5-1
=-15x-6
=-15/x6
j. y= 200/x-5=200x-5
y’=200(-5)x-5-1
=-1000x-6
=-1000/x6
4. derivative of a sum or difference
if u & v are differentiable function of x and y is a
function defined by y=U+V
dy/dx =d/dx [u+v] = dy/dx + du/dx
Examples:
a. y= 1/x3+2x
=x-3 +2x

y’= -3x-4+2

= -3/x4 +2

b. f(x)= 4x3 +1/3

=f’(x)= 4*3 x 3-1
= 12x2

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c. y= 1/x3 +2x3+3x
y=x-3+2x3 +3x
y’ = -3x-4+6x2+ 3
=-3/x4+6x2 + 3
d. f(x)= 5x3 +1/3
=f’(x)= 5*3 x 3-1
= 15x2
e. f(x)= 4x3 +1/3
=f’(x)= 4*3 x 3-1
= 12x2
f. f(x)= 4x2 +1/3
=f’(x)= 4*2 x 3-1
= 8x2
g. f(x)= 10x3 +1/3
=f’(x)= 10*3 x 3-1
= 30x2
h. f(x)= 2x4 +1/3
=f’(x)= 2*4 x 3-1
= 8x2
i. f(x)= 10x10 +1/3
=f’(x)= 10*10 x 3-1
= 100x2
j. f(x)= 7x3 +1/3
=f’(x)= 7*3 x 3-1
= 21x2

5. derivative of a product
y=u*v
dy/dx=d/dx [u*v]=udu/dx + vdu/dx

6. derivative of a quotient
y=u/v ; v is not equal to 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑣∗ −𝑢−𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥
dy/dx =d/dx[u/v] = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣^2
7. derivative of a constant numerator with differentiable
function of x as a denominator
y=c/u; v is not equal to 0
dy/dx = d/dx[c/u] = -c*du/dx/v2

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8. If c is any constant and v is a differentiable function of x
such that y is a function defined by: dy/dx = a[dx(v/c)]
= 1/c*du/dx
9. Derivative of a radical with index equal to 2
y=√𝑢

dy/dx = d/dx(√𝑢) = du/dx / 2√𝑢

10. Derivative of a composite function

dy/dx = d/dx[uh] = n*un-1 * du/dx

11. Derivative of a radical with index other than two

y= √𝑢 = u1/n = dy/dx = d/dx (u1/n) = 1/n * u1/n-1 * du/dx
𝑛

Examples:
Find the derivatives of the following.

1. (2x+1)(x2-1)
y’ (2x+1)(x2-1) +(x2-1)(2)

=4x2 + 2x +2x2-2
=6x2+2x-2
2. y=(3x+1)(4x-3)(x2+1)
y’ = (3x+1)(4x-3)(2x)+(3x+1)(x2+1)(4)+(4x-3)(x2+1)(3)
=(12x2-9x+4x-3)(2x)+(3x2+3x+x2+1)(4)+(4x3+4x-3x2-3)(3)
=24x3-18x2+8x2-6x+12x3+12x+4x2+4+12x3+12x-9x2-9
=48x3-15x2+18x-5
3. g(x)=x2+2x/3x+1
g’(x)= (3x+1)(2x+2)-(x2+2x-1)(3)/(3x+1)2
=6x2+6x+2x+2-5x2-6x+3/9x2+6x+1
=3x2+2x+5/9x2+6x+1
[3/(3𝑥+1)(−4𝑥)+(1−2𝑥2)(3)]
4. g’(x) = (3𝑥+1)^2(1−2𝑥 2 )^2

−3[(−12𝑥^2−4𝑥+3−6𝑥2)]/(3𝑥+1)2(1−2𝑥^2)^2
=
(3𝑥+1)^2(1−2𝑥2)^2
54𝑥 2 +12𝑥−9
=
(3𝑥+1)^2(1−2𝑥 2 )^2
𝑥^2+3
5. y=4/x2 –
2
y’ = 4/3(2x)-1/2(2x)

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8𝑥−𝑥 8𝑥−3𝑥
= =
3 3
=5x/3
6. g(x) = √𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 2 −6𝑥+2 √𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
g’(x) = *
2√𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 √𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1

2
(3𝑥 2 −6𝑥+2)(√𝑥 3−3𝑥 +2𝑥−1)
=
2(𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1)

7. y= (4x3-2x+3x2+1)5
y’= 5(4x3-2x+3x2+1)4 * (12x2-2+6x)

=5(4x3-2x+3x2+1)4 (12x2-2+6x)

8. y= √(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
3

=1/3[(x+3)(2x-1)]-2/3 * [(x+3)(2)+(2x-1)(1)]

=1/3[(x+3)(2x-1)]-2/3 * [(2x+6+2x-1)]

4𝑥+5 4𝑥+5 3√[(𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1)]

=1/3 * 3 =
√[(𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1)]2 3(𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1)

OPTIMIZATION
For a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the points on the graph where the graph
has zero slope are called stationary points.
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 0
Examples:
Find the stationary points of
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 17
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥

Types of Stationary Points

The highest point on the graph is called a local maximum
(relative maxima)and the lowest point is called local minimum
(local minimum).

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A stationary point that is neither a local maximum nor a local

minimum is called stationary point of inflection.

First Derivative Test

If 𝑥0 is a stationary point of the function f, so that 𝑓 ′(𝑥0 ) = 0, then
to find out the nature of the stationary point, check the sign
(positive or negative) of f’ just either side of 𝑥0 .

Examples:
Find all the local maximum and local minimum points (x,y).
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 3

Maxima and Minima

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If the maximum and minimum values exist, it must occur at one
of three places:
1. At the endpoints (if they exist) of the region under
consideration
2. Inside the region at a stationary point
3. Inside the region at a point where the derivative does
not exist
Procedure for finding the maximum or minimum values of a
function.
1. Find the endpoints of the region under consideration (if
there are any)
2. Find all the stationary points in the region.
3. Find all points in the region where the derivative does not
exist
4. Substitute all these into the functions and see which
gives the greatest (or smallest function value)

Examples:
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
1
1. 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 + 2, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3
3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 , − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

Applications
1. What number exceeds its square by the maximum amount?
2. What positive number added to its reciprocal gives the
minimum sum?
3. The sum of two positive numbers is 2. Find the smallest value
possible for the sum of the cube of one number and the
square of the other.
4. A farmer is to make a rectangular paddock. The farmer has
100m of fencing and wants to make the rectangle that will
enclose the greatest area. What dimensions should the
rectangle be?
5. A farmer wishes to make a rectangular chicken run using an
existing wall as one side. He has 16m of wire netting. Find the
dimensions of the run which will give the maximum area.
What is the area?
6. A box is to be made of a piece of cardboard 9 inches
square by cutting equal squares out of the corners and

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turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that
can be made in this way.
7. A cylindrical container with circular base is to hold 64 in 3.
Find its dimensions so that the amount (surface area) of
metal required is a minimum when the container is (a) an
open cup, (b) a closed can.
1
8. The cost of producing x radio sets per day is $ 𝑥 2 + 35𝑥 + 25,
4
1
and the price set at which they may be sold is $ 50 − 𝑥.
2
What should be the daily output to obtain a maximum total
profit?
9. A man in a rowboat at P, 5 miles from the nearest point A on
a straight shore, wishes to reach a point B, 6 miles from A
along the shore, in the shortest time. Where should he land
if he can row 2mi/hr and walk 4mi/h?
10. A wall of a building is to be braced by a beam which must
pass over a parallel wall 10 ft high and 8 ft from the building.
Find the length L of the shortest beam that can be used.

RELATED RATES

If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate of change of

x is given by dx/dt.
When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an
equation, the relation between their rates of change may be
obtained by differentiating both sides of the equation.

Applications
1. Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at the rate of
2ft3/min. How fast is the surface area shrinking when the
radius is 12ft?
2. Sand falling from a chute forms a conical pile whose altitude
is always equal to 4/3 the radius of the base. (a) How fast is
the volume increasing when the radius of the base is 3 ft and
is increasing at the rate of 3 in/min? (b) How fast is the radius
increasing when it is 6 ft and the volume is increasing at the
rate of 24 ft3/min?
3. Ship A is sailing due south at 16mi/hr, and ship B, 32 miles
south of A, is sailing due east at 12 mi/hr. (a) At what rate

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are they approaching or separating at the end of 1 hr? (b)
At the end of 2 hr? (c) When do they cease to approach
each other, and how far apart are they at that time?
4. A man 5 ft tall walks at a rate of 4 ft/sec directly away from
a street light that is 20 ft above the street. (a) At what rate is
the tip of his shadow moving? (b) At what rate is the length
of his shadow changing?
5. A balloon is rising vertically over a point A on the ground at
the rate of 15 ft/sec. A point B on the level ground is level
with and 30 ft from A. When the balloon is 40 ft from A, at
what rate is its distance from B changing?
6. A weight W is attached to a rope 50 ft long that passes over
a pulley at point P, 20 ft above the ground. The other end of
the rope is attached to a truck at a point A, 2 ft above the
ground. If the truck moves off at the rate of 9 ft/sec, how fast
is the weight rising when it is 6 ft above the ground?
7. A ladder 20 ft long leans against a house. Find the rates at
which the top of the ladder is moving downward if its foot is
12 ft from the house and moving away at a rate of 2 ft/sec.
8. Water is being withdrawn from a conical reservoir 3 ft in
radius and 10 ft deep at 4 ft3/min. How fast is the surface
falling when the depth of the water is 6ft? How fast is the
radius of this surface diminishing?
9. A barge, whose deck is 10 ft below the level of a dock, is
being drawn in by means of a cable attached to the deck
and passing through a ring on the dock. When the barge is
24 ft away and approaching the dock at ¾ ft/sec, how fast
is the cable being pulled in?
10. A boy is flying a kite at a height of 150 ft. If the kite moves
horizontally away from the boy at 20 ft/sec, how fast is the
string being paid out when the kite is 250 ft from him?

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑙𝑛𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎. 𝑎 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Differentiate the following functions

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1)
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . (2𝑥 + 3)
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+1

𝟐
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝟒𝒙

2 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 4𝑥 (4𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥𝑒 4𝑥

3. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑)

1 𝑑
𝑦′ = . (2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3)
2𝑥 3 2
+ 5𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
𝑦′ =
2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3
𝟑
4. 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙)𝒙

1 𝑑 3 d
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 ) ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 𝑥 3 (ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥))
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 dx

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 𝑥 3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 2𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥

5. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = . (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑
𝑦′ = . 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑥

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𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥

6. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = . (𝑥 2 + 1)
(𝑥 2 + 1) ln 5 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2
+1)𝑙𝑛5

7. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙

𝑦 ′ = 𝑙𝑛4. 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛4

𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 ln 4

8. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

= 6 cos(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 𝑥

6cos(𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = −6 sin(𝑥) ln(𝑥) +
𝑥
6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 6 cos(𝑥) (−6 sin(𝑥) + )
𝑥

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 − 3)

1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑥−3

10. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦′ = . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = = cot 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

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DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
𝑑 𝑑
(sinx) =cosx (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 2 − 1). (3𝑥 2 − 1) = 6𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙
2. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

′ (𝑥)
𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 (𝑥 2
+ 1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − + 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
3. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝒆 ) 𝟑𝒙

𝑑
𝑔′ (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑒 3𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑒 3𝑥 ) (𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑔′ (𝑥) = −3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑒 3𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑒 3𝑥 )
4. 𝒓(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝑑
𝑟 ′ (𝑥) = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑟 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
5. 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙)
𝑑
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) sin(2𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 [sin(2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) sin(2𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(2𝑥) [2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑥 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos(2𝑥)
6. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟐

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝒆𝒕
7. 𝒇(𝒕) =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕

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𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 (sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡

8. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1)(sin 𝑥) + (𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
9. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

′ (𝑥)
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(cos 𝑥)
𝑓 =
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
− sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
− sin 𝑥 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −1 −(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2
= =
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 1 + sin 𝑥
10. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝑦 ′ = csc 𝑥(−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥) + (− csc 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥

= − csc 𝑥(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥)

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Differentiate the following functions

1. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑦′ = 𝑥 2 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑥 ). arcsin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦′ = 𝑥 2 ( ) + (2𝑥) arcsin 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥( + 2 arcsin 𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥 2

𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)
2. 𝒚 =
𝟐−𝟑 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

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 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
𝑦′
𝑑 𝑑
(2 − 3 arctan 𝑥) (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)) − 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) (2 − 3 arctan 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2 − 3 arctan 𝑥)2
2 − 3 arctan 𝑥 3(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) 1
𝑦′ = ( 2
+ 2
)
1+ 𝑥 1+𝑥 (2 − 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
5
𝑦′ =
(1 + 𝑥 2 )(2 − 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2

3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝟐
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥. {(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2 } + (𝑥)(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥(2)(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + (1)(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
𝑑
′ (𝑥)
2𝑥
𝑓 = arctan 𝑥( + arctan 𝑥)
1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥( 2 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2)

′ (𝑥)
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(2𝑥 + 1(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑓 =
1 + 𝑥2
−𝟏 −𝒙𝟐
4. 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒆 )
1 −𝑥 2
𝑑
𝑦′ = 2 2𝑒 (−𝑥 2 )
−𝑥
1 + (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑥 2
𝑦′ = −2𝑥 2 𝑒 (−2𝑥)
1+𝑒
2
−2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦′ = 2
1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
5. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙
1 1 −1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 2
1 + (√𝑥)2 2
√𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 +
2(1 + 𝑥)
𝟏
6. 𝒚 =
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)−1
𝑑𝑥

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𝑑
𝑦 ′ = −(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦′ = − 2
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2√1−𝑥

7. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 (arcsin 𝑥 ) + (𝑥)(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑
2 −2 2
−𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = {𝑥 + (1) arcsin(𝑥)} + (2𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥 2 2√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝟏
8. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒙
−1 𝑑 1 1
𝑦′ = ( )−
1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1+( )
𝑥
−1 1 1
𝑦′ = − 2−
1 1 + 𝑥2
1+ 2 𝑥
𝑥
′
1 1
𝑦 = 2 −
𝑥 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
𝑦′ = 0
9. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑥 4 sin(2𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 4 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) + sin(2𝑥) (4𝑥 3 )
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 3 [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
10. 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
1
1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥)−2 . (𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = .3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2√𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2

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