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Foundation and Flooring System

Foundation is the most important part of any building structure as it transfers loads into the ground and holds the structure above it. There are two main types of foundations: shallow foundations, which are situated close to the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil near the surface cannot support the structure. Shallow foundations include footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads through friction and bearing into deeper soil/rock layers, and pier foundations, which are used when decomposed rock overlies sound rock. Flooring systems describe how floor materials are assembled and supported above by frameworks like wood, masonry, or steel framing.

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140 views2 pages

Foundation and Flooring System

Foundation is the most important part of any building structure as it transfers loads into the ground and holds the structure above it. There are two main types of foundations: shallow foundations, which are situated close to the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil near the surface cannot support the structure. Shallow foundations include footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads through friction and bearing into deeper soil/rock layers, and pier foundations, which are used when decomposed rock overlies sound rock. Flooring systems describe how floor materials are assembled and supported above by frameworks like wood, masonry, or steel framing.

Uploaded by

qwert qwerty
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Foundation. This is the most important part in a building structure.

Foundation transfers the dead load


and live load of superstructure into the ground. The purpose of a foundation is to hold up and hold
together the structure above it. Contrary to our everyday experience the ground is not quite still and, in
many cases, not totally solid. It is very important to make foundation perfectly because foundation is
beneath the surface of ground so we cannot see it. Because we cannot see the foundation, we cannot
see any sign of failure in foundation.

As discussed above foundation is the most important part of any structure. It is also said that the
beginning of strong structure starts with a strong foundation. Engineers should keep in mind the design
of foundation should be: Permanence, Stability and Cohesion, Depth, and, Consistency.

Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.

Shallow foundations, often called footings, are situated beneath the lowest part of the structure. A
footing is the first constructed element of a structure which is built after excavating the ground. In
general, the depth of a shallow foundation is less than its width. Shallow foundations are commonly
used as they are the most economical foundation system and are relatively easy to construct.

Types of Shallow foundations:

 Individual footing or isolated footing-is the most common type of foundation used for building
construction. This foundation is constructed for a single column and also called a pad
foundation.
 Combined footing-is constructed when two or more columns are close enough and their isolated
footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but their structural design
differs.
 Strip foundation- are those whose base is wider than a typical load-bearing wall foundations.
The wider base of this footing type spreads the weight from the building structure over more
area and provides better stability.
 Raft or mat foundation- are the types of foundation which are spread across the entire area of
the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and walls.

A deep foundation is a foundation that transmits the load of a structure of strong soil beds or rock beds
available in great depth. When the soil at or near the ground surface is not capable of supporting a
structure, deep foundations are required to transfer the loads to deeper strata.

Types of deep foundation

 Pile Foundation-This type of foundation generally adopted whenever hard strata are available at
great depth and bedding is uneven or the topsoil has a poor bearing capacity or there are large
fluctuations is subsoil water level, or the topsoil is of expansive nature. Pile foundation transfers
the load through friction as well as bearing.
 Pier foundation-Piler is a vertical column of a relatively larger cross-section than a pile. A pier
installs in a dry area by excavating a cylindrical hole of large diameter to the desired depth and
then backfilling it arbitrarily. It is preferred in a location where the top strata consist of
decomposed rock overlying strata of sound rocks.
A flooring system is how the material and pieces fit together. It is a group of components that are
fastened together to create a smooth, even, and beautiful floor. Typically, a flooring system will require
support at its opposite sides.The support for a flooring system is usually a concrete foundation or comes
from wall framing, steel girders or other lightweight and sturdy framework on a second floor.

When constructing the floor system it is important to take into consideration the type of flooring, the
laying of pipes and reinforcement.

There are 3 types of floor framing

 Wood Framing- A platform-framed wood floor is the most common method of construction
above ground-floor level. The floor is constructed using wood joists resting on double plates.
The method of securing these in place is dependent on a floor’s age and local building codes.
 Masonry Framing - generally a highly durable form of construction.
 Steel Framing- is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and
horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a
building which are all attached to the frame.

The structural floor framing systems for cast-in-place concrete are designated primarily as either one-
way or two-way systems. An Engineer should keep in mind of the function requirements for flooring :
Strength and stability, Resistance to weather and ground moisture ,Durability and free from
maintenance ,Fire resistance, Resistance to passage of heat, and Resistance to passage of sound.

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