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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8: Torsion

This document provides an overview of torsion and torsional stress. It defines torsion as a twisting load applied to a structural member that causes it to rotate. When a torque is applied, shear stresses develop in the member. For circular shafts, the shear stress is calculated using the torsion formula, which relates the shear stress to the applied torque, polar moment of inertia of the cross-section, and material properties. The document also describes how circular shafts deform under torsion, and how to calculate the angle of twist using integrals of the shear stress and strain. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating shear stress and angle of twist for various shaft geometries.

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احمد يوسف
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614 views33 pages

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8: Torsion

This document provides an overview of torsion and torsional stress. It defines torsion as a twisting load applied to a structural member that causes it to rotate. When a torque is applied, shear stresses develop in the member. For circular shafts, the shear stress is calculated using the torsion formula, which relates the shear stress to the applied torque, polar moment of inertia of the cross-section, and material properties. The document also describes how circular shafts deform under torsion, and how to calculate the angle of twist using integrals of the shear stress and strain. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating shear stress and angle of twist for various shaft geometries.

Uploaded by

احمد يوسف
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
CHAPTER 8: TORSION
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Define the concept on torsion for circular shaft –
hollow and solid shaft
• Describe the concept on deformation of a circular
shaft – hollow and solid shaft
• Calculate the stress and shear stress for the circular
shaft
• Calculate the polar moment of inertia
• Apply the principle of torsion formula – determine
the torsional deformations
• Calculate the angle of twist for circular shaft
INTRODUCTION

• Stresses also can occur within a structural element


due to torsional or twisting effect
• Torsion refers to the loading of a member that tends
to cause it to rotate or twist
• Such a load is called a torque, rotational moment,
twisting moment or couple
• Torsional deformation created when a torque is
applied to a member, thus, shearing stress is
developed
• Torsion – Applications more to mechanical
engineering : machineries, shaft transmitting power,
turbine, motor etc
• Applications due to civil engineering : certain
structures are considered to torsion (some cases
torsion is unnoticed)
• Examples:
➢Secondary beam
➢Column for signboard
➢Beam supported gutter
BIG PICTURES

Load Wind

Secondary
beam

T T
Signboard T
TORQUE
• Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member
about its longitudinal axis
• This simplest device for accomplishing this function is
called a shaft
SHAFT DEFORMATION
• As mention earlier, torque is a moment that tends to
twist a member about its longitudinal axis
• If the angle of rotation is small, the length of the
shaft and its radius will remain unchanged
• From observation, the angle of twist of the
shaft is proportional to the applied torque
and to the shaft length  T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted

• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular


shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric

• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-


axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion
Deformation
Before applying torque

Deformation after applying torque on the rubber bar


T
T
Failure modes
Failure of ductile specimen:
A ductile specimen breaks along
a plane of maximum shear, i.e.,
a plane perpendicular to the
shaft axis

Failure of brittle specimen:


A brittle specimen breaks along
planes perpendicular to the
direction in which tension is a
maximum, i.e., along surfaces at
45o to the shaft axis
TYPES OF TORQUE-LOADED
MEMBERS
Prismatic Members

Solid Hollow
TYPES OF TORQUE-LOADED
MEMBERS
Non – Prismatic Members

Stepped Tapered
TORSION FORMULA
• When material is linear-elastic, Hooke’s law applies
• A linear variation in shear strain leads to a
corresponding linear variation in shear stress along
any radial line on the cross section
• To determine the shear stress:

Tc Tp
 max = or  =
J J
Tc Tp
 max = or  =
J J
 max = maximum shear stress in the shaft
 = shear stress
T = resultant internal torque
J = polar moment of inertia of cross-sectional area
c = outer radius of the shaft
p = intermediate distance
What is polar second moment of area (J)?

• If the shaft has a solid circular cross section:


J= c4
2
• If a shaft has a tubular cross section:


J=
2
(c4
o − ci4 )
SIGN CONVENTION
Example 8.2
The shaft is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three
torques as shown in Figure. Determine the shear stress
developed at points A and B, located at section a–a of the shaft.

A = 75mm from C

C
B= 15mm from C

a-a plan view


= 2000 Nm
Exercise
For the hollow shaft and loading shown, determine:
(a) Maximum shearing stress for the shaft
(b) Diameter of a solid shaft if maximum shearing stress in the
loading shown is the same as in (a)
TORSIONAL DEFORMATIONS
• If the shear stresses in a shaft are below the proportional limit
of the shaft material (elastic action), then Hooke’s Law relates
shear stress and shear strain in the torsion member is:

 = G
• Using Hooke’s Law:

Tc d
= Gc
J dx
Angle of Twist
• Integrating over the entire length L of the shaft, we
have

T ( x )dx
L
=
0
J ( x )G

Φ = angle of twist
T(x) = internal torque
J(x) = shaft’s polar moment of inertia
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
• Assume material is homogeneous, G is constant, thus

Ti Li
=
J i Gi

• Sign convention is determined by right hand rule


Angle of twist for two bars

• External torsion applied is equal


to internal torsion on bar
A B C T = Tbar1 + Tbar2
Bar X
• Angle of twist for bar X is equal to
Bar Y
bar Y
bar1 = bar2
• Total angle of twist can be
determine using angle of twist
formula TL
=
JG
EXAMPLE 5

Determine the torsion (T) that can be applied to the bar with
length of 1.0 m and angle of twist (Φ) if the maximum shear
stress (max) is 50x103 kN/m2.

Given G=80x106 kN/m2.

a. If the diameter of solid circular bar is 0.1 m


b. If the diameter of tabular bar having outer and inner
cross section of 0.1 m and 0.05 m respectively

Adopted from Mekanik Bahan & Struktur, UTM


Try This
Draw the Torque Diagram thus, determine the maximum shear
stress and total angle of the hollow bar shown in Figure below.
Given outer diameter = 40 mm; inner diameter = 37 mm; G = 200
GPa
IQ TEST 1
Determine the total angle for
the bar ABCD as shown in
Figure. Take Modulus of
Rigidity is 80 GPa A
Ø 30 mm
250 Nm 0.4 m

B
2000 Nm
0.2 m
Ø 44 mm C
Ø 60 mm 0.6 m
y

D
x
THANK YOU

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