Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 5: Analysis of Beams For

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF BEAMS FOR
BENDING
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Explain the internal moment and bending / normal
stress in the beam.
• Calculate the section properties about the N.A of
symmetrical or unsymmetrical 2D cross – sectional
area of beam.
• Calculate the second moment inertia about x-x axis,
Ixx at different cross – sectional area of beam.
• Apply and analyse the bending stress in the beam
using flexure formula at the appropriate location(s).
INTRODUCTION
• Previously, you have learnt how to determine the
shear force (Vx) and bending moment (Mx) at any
section of a loaded beam
• In future work in structural design you will learn how
to design beams capable of withstanding the effects
of shear force and bending moment
• As an introduction, the analysis on bending stresses
that result from the application of bending moment
will be study
ANALYSIS ON BENDING STRESSES
• When loads are applied perpendicular to the long

axis of a beam, bending moment (M) are developed
inside the beam, causing it to bend
• The characteristically curved shape are shown below
is evident
P P Initial position of
straight line
Beam after load is

applied
• It is revealed that, the fibers of the beam near its top
surface are shortened
• Conversely, the fibers near the bottom surface are
stretched /elongated
Top surface
shortened
Centroidal due to
axis compression
Bottom surface
elongated due to tension
Straight unloaded beam Bent segment when

segment subjected to M
• Cross section of a straight beam remains plane when
the beam deforms due to bending.
• As summary, material above the centroid axis will be
in compression with the maximum compressive
stress occurring at the top surface
• Material below the centroid axis will be in tension
with the maximum tensile stress occurring at the
bottom surface
• Along the centroid axis itself, there is zero strain and
stress due to bending called as the neutral axis (N.A)
FLEXURAL FORMULA
• Resultant moment on the cross section is equal to
the moment produced by the linear normal stress
distribution about the neutral axis.
• It is shown that, the bending stress is inversely
proportional to the moment of inertia of the cross-
section with respect to its horizontal centroidal axis
• Theoretically expressed that:
My
 =−
I
 = bending stress at the outermost fiber of beam
M = bending moment at the section of interest
y = distance from the centroidal axis of the beam
I = moment of inertia of the cross - section
• By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

since it acts in the negative x direction.
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING
• Determine the maximum bending moment on the
beam
• Locate the centroid of the cross – section of the
beam
• Compute the moment of inertia of the cross –
section with respect to its centroidal axis
• Compute the distance (y) from the centroidal axis
to the top or bottom of the beam
• Compute the bending stress from flexure formula
CONDITIONS FOR APPLYING
1. The beam must be straight or very nearly so
2. The cross – section of beam must be uniform
3. All loads and support reactions must act perpendicular to the axis
of the beam
4. The beam must not twist while the loads are being applied
5. The beam must be relatively long and narrow in proportion to its
depth
6. The material of beam is perfectly homogenous and isotropic (E) -
is the same in tension and compression
7. The stress resulting from the loading must not exceed the
proportional limit of the material
8. No part of beam may fail from instability – buckling or crippling
9. The section where the stress is to be computed must not be close
to the point of application of point load
EXAMPLE OF BEAM SHAPES
• Beam shapes with loads acting through an axis of

symmetry
P P
P P
P
EXAMPLE OF BEAM SHAPES
• Beam shapes with loads not acting through an axis of
symmetry – resulting in twisting of the beam
P P P
**This sections can support the load, but the actual stress condition in them
is different from that which would predicted from the flexural formula - not
fulfill the conditions (5) , (8) and (9)
STRESS DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM
↗As mention earlier, a beam will deforms under the
influence of a bending moment
↗The segment assumes the characteristic ‘bent’ shape
as the upper fiber are shortened and lower fiber are
elongated
↗The neutral axis remain zero bending stress –
coincident with the centroidal axis of the x-x of the
beam
↗To present the bending stress distribution diagram,
we can express it by determination of bending stress
at specific point located as below
σcompressive
x
+y
σN.A
x
-y
Compression
σtensile
Tension
↗In general, stress distribution diagram would vary
linear with distance from the neutral axis (N.A)
σc σc
σN.A
σN.A
σt σt
Stress distribution on Stress distribution on
symmetrical beam unsymmetrical beam
Table for Neutral axis and Moment of Inertia Calculation
I = bh3 (m4)
Section y (m) Area (m2) Ay (m3) Ay2 (m4)
12
Total
EXERCISE
Analyze the beam below. Then determine the bending stress at
the specific location (A, B, C, D and N.A) as shown in Figure.
150
x A
20
B
20 300
x
C
20
D
x 250
x-x of beam
(all dimension in mm)
EXERCISE
Determine the maximum moment by using graphical method.
Determine the bending stress at point A, B, C and N.A of the cross
section beam shown below. Thus draw the stress distribution diagram.
Take reference line at the top.
A
120 kN 20 kN
200 mm
50 kN/m 600 mm
B
200 mm
A 3m 2m B 2m C C
600 mm
SUMMARY
• The bending stress can calculate using flexure formula
• The distance of ‘y’ is taken from the neutral axis to the point
where to considered
• It is zero bending stress at the centroidal axis (N.A)of the
cross-section of the beam
• It is a maximum tensile stress at the bottom surface (+σ)
• It is a maximum compressive stress at the top surface (-σ)
• The stress distribution diagram is linearly from the top to
bottom
THANK YOU

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MECHANICS OF

• When loads are applied perpendicular to the long

Beam after load is

Straight unloaded beam Bent segment when

• By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

• Beam shapes with loads acting through an axis of

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