Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 5: Analysis of Beams For Bending

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MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF BEAMS FOR
BENDING
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Calculate the reactions at support for simply supported,
cantilever or overhanging beams.
• Analyse the beam to evaluate the shear force and bending
moment due to various loadings condition using moment
equations and graphical technique due to point load, UDL,
linearly distributed load, external moment or combined loads.
• Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.
• Locate the maximum shear force and bending moment and
their location.
INTRODUCTION
• Beams: Members with support loadings applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis
• Beams are subjected to a variety of loading pattern:
➢ Normal concentrated load
➢ Inclined concentrated load
➢ Uniformly distributed loads
➢ Linearly distributed loads
➢ Moment
Normal Concentrated Load

A normal concentrated load is one that acts


perpendicular (normal) to the major axis of the beam
at only a point or over a very small length of the beam

P
Inclined Concentrated Load

A inclined concentrated load is one that acts effectively


at a point but whose line of action is at some angle to
the main axis of the beam

P cosØ

Ø
Uniformly Distributed Loads

Loads of constant magnitude acting perpendicular to


the axis of a beam over a significant part of the length
of the beam

W (kN/m)
Linearly Distributed Loads

Loads of varying magnitude acting perpendicular to


the axis of a beam over a significant part of the beam

W (kN/m)
W (kN/m)
Concentrated Moment
When a moment act on beam at a point in a manner
that tends to cause it to undergo pure rotation

M (kNm) P
d

M=Pd
P
REVISION

Beam are normally classified by:

a) Simple – roller type supported


b) Pinned support
c) Fixed support
Simple or Roller Support
A simple support is one that can resist only force
acting perpendicular to beam

The slotted bolts restrain


vertical deflection but allow
the beam to move horizontally RAy
Pinned Support
A pinned support is a hinge that can resist forces in 2
directions but which allows rotation about the axis of
the pin in the hinge

RAx

While this connection restrains RAy


deflection, it enough resistance to
completely prevent rotation
Fixed Support
A fixed support is one that held solidly such that it
resists forces in any direction and also prohibits
rotation of the beam at the support

Welding
MA
RAx

Deflection is restrained and restrained RAy


of the joint is prevented by the extra
plates on top and bottom
BEAM TYPES
• Type of beam is indicated by the types of supports
and their placement

a) Simply supported beam


Determinate
b) Overhanging beam
beam
c) Cantilever beam
d) Continuous beam
e) Propped cantilever beam Indeterminate
f) Fixed end supports beam
Statically Determinate Beam

Simply Supported Beam Cantilever Beam


Both ends are placed freely Fixed at one end and free at
on the wall or column the other end

Overhanging Beam
One end overhanging, as in cantilever but exceed the
support. Can also have both ends overhanging
Statically Indeterminate Beam

Fixed Beam
Continuous Beam
Both ends are fixed rigidly or
Has more than two supports
built in into the wall
BEAMS TAXONOMY

Roof Beam

1st Floor Beam

Ground Beam
WRONG ANALYSIS
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Shear and moment functions can be plotted in
graphs called shear and moment diagrams.
• Positive directions indicate the distributed load
acting downward on the beam and clockwise
rotation of the beam segment on which it acts.
Shear force:
• It is internal forces developed in the material of a
beam to balance externally applied forces in order to
secure equilibrium of all parts of the beam

+V

+V
*Sign convention for shear force (V) – positive internal V
• Acts downward on right hand face of a beam
• Acts upward on the left hand face of a beam
Bending moment:
• Bending moments are internal moments developed
in the material of a beam to balance the tendency for
external forces to cause rotation of any part of the
beam

+M +M

*Sign convention for bending moment (M) – positive


internal M
• Acts counter c/w on right hand face of a beam
• Acts clockwise on the left hand face of a beam
Shear & moment diagram
• The cutting plane exposes an internal shear force (V)
and internal bending moment (M)
• The free body with V and M must satisfy equilibrium
• To develop shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD), it is necessary to determine
V and M at all locations along the length of the beam
• Plotted as a function of x using moment equations –
M(x) and shear equations – V(x)
• Other alternative, it can be created using graphical
technique
Procedure for analysis
• Draw FBD
• Support Reactions
– determine all the reactive forces and couple
moments (if necessary) acting on the beam
• Shear and Moment Functions
– Cut the beam where you wish to determine the
internal force. Choose the part with the simplest
FBD
• Shear and moment Diagram
– Plot the SFD (V)and BMD (M) : generally show the
V and M directly below the FBD of the beam
The first step in analyzing a beam to determine the
support reactions on a free-body diagram.

1) Draw the free-body diagram (FBD)


2) Use the equilibrium equations (ΣM=0) by
summing moments about the point of
application of one support
3) Use the equilibrium equations (ΣFy=0) or (ΣFx=0)
by summing forces to solve the other reaction
x
Exercise
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
and the given loading

9 kN 9 kN 9 kN 9 kN

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m


Example 6.6
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown.
Solution:
2 regions of x must be considered in order to describe the shear and moment
functions for the entire beam.
0  x1  5 m,
+   Fy = 0; 5.75 − V = 0  V = 5.75 kN (1)
+  M = 0; − 80 − 5.75 x1 + M = 0  M = (5.75 x1 + 80 ) kNm (2)

5 m  x1  10 m,
+   Fy = 0; 5.75 − 15 − 5( x2 − 5) − V = 0  V = (15.75 − 5 x2 ) kN (3)
 x −5
+  M = 0; − 80 − 5.75 x1 + +15 + 5( x2 − 5) 2 +M = 0
 2 
M = (− 2.5 x22 + 15.75 x2 + 92.5) kNm (4)
Solution:

The shear diagram represents


a plot of Eqs. 1 and 3 ➔

The moment diagram represents


a plot of Eqs. 2 and 4 ➔
Maximum moment
Draw the shear and moment diagrams and determine the value of
maximum moment of the beam. .

6 kN/m

2 kN/m

18 m
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR
AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Regions of Distributed Load


• The following 2 equations provide a convenient
means for quickly obtaining the shear and moment
diagrams for a beam.
Slope of the
-distributed
= − w( x ) load intensity
shear dV
diagram at dx
at each point
each point

Slope of
moment dM Shear at
=V
diagram at dx each point
each point
• We can integrate these areas between any two
points to get change in shear and moment.

Change in -area under


shear V = −  w(x )dx distributed
loading

Change in
moment M =  V (x )dx
Area under
shear diagram
Common loading cases
Exercise 6.4
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
and the given loading

9 kN 9 kN 9 kN 9 kN

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m


Example
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
and the given loading

x
Solution:

STEP 1:
Replace the 45 kN load with an equivalent force-couple
system at D. Thus, find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.
Try This
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam by
using graphical method

30 kN/m
45 kNm

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m


THANK YOU

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