Chapter 8

Code Converters, Multiplexers and

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 Objectives
• You should be able to:
– Use an IC magnitude comparator to perform
binary comparisons.
– Describe the function of a decoder and an
encoder.
– Design the internal circuitry for encoding and
decoding.
– Use manufacturers’ data sheets to determine
operation of IC decoder and encoder chips.

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 Objectives
• You should be able to:
– Explain the procedure involved in binary, BCD,
and Gray code conversion.
– Explain the operation of code converter circuits
built with SSI and MSI ICs.
– Describe the function and uses of multiplexers
and demultiplexers.
– Design circuits that employ multiplexer and
demultiplexer ICs.

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 Comparators
• Compare two binary strings
• Digital comparator
• Compare bit-by-bit
• Outputs a 1 if they are exactly equal
• Use exclusive-NOR gates
• Evaluating two 4-bit numbers - see Figure 8-1

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 Comparators
• Evaluating two 4-bit numbers – Figure 8-1

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 Comparators
• Magnitude
Comparators
–A=B
–A>B
–A<B
• 7485 4 bit
comparator
• Figure 8-2

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 Comparators
• Magnitude comparison of two 8-bit strings
• Figure 8-3

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 Decoding
• Converting some code (binary, BCD, or
hex) to a single output

• BCD decoder
• Figure 8-4

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 Decoding
• 3-Bit Binary-to-Octal Decoding
– Truth Table for active HIGH and active LOW

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 Decoding
• Complete Octal Decoder (active LOW out)
• Figure 8-6

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 Decoding
• Octal Decoder
– Also known as 1-of-8 decoder
– Also known as 3-line-to-8-line decoder
• Decoder ICs

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 Decoding
• Octal Decoder IC
– 74138 pin configuration and logic symbol.
Figure 8-7

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 Decoding
• Octal Decoder IC
– 74138 logic diagram and function table
– Don’t- Care level
– Figure 8-7 (continued)

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 Decoding
• BCD Decoder IC
– 7442 1-of-10 decoder pin configuration and
logic symbol – Figure 8-10

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 Decoding
• BCD Decoder IC
– 7442 1-of-10 decoder logic diagram and
function table – Figure 8-10 (continued)

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 Decoding
• Hexadecimal Decoder IC
– 74154 1-of16 Decoder pin configuration and
logic symbol – Figure 8-11

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 Decoding
• Hexadecimal Decoder IC
– 74154 1-of16 Decoder logic diagram and
function table – Figure 8-11 (continued)

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 Encoding
• Opposite process from decoding
• Used to generate a coded output
• Decimal-to-BCD encoder block diagram:

Figure 8-12

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 Encoding
• Octal to binary encoder – Figure 8-12
(continued)

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 Encoding

• The truth table can be used to design

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 Encoding
• Combinational logic for decimal to BCD
encoder based on truth table – Figure 8-13

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 Encoding
• Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
– 74147
– Inputs and outputs are Active-LOW
– Priority encoder - highest input has priority

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 Encoding
• Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
– 74147 logic symbol and function table – Figure 8-14

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 Encoding
• Octal-to-Binary Encoder
• 74148
• Eight active-low inputs
• Three active-low outputs
• Priority encoder

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 Encoding
• Octal-to-Binary Encoder
• 74148 logic symbol and function table –
Figure 8-17

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 Discussion Point
• Explain the difference between an encoder
and a decoder.
• How does a priority encoder determine
which input to encode if more than one is
active?

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 Code Converters
• Convert a coded input into another form
– Computer program (software)
– MSI integrated circuits (hardware)

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 Code Converters
• BCD-to-Binary conversion
– weighting factor of 10
• Figure 8-20

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 Code Converters
• 74184 BCD-to-Binary Converter logic
symbol – Figure 8-21

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 Code Converters
• Six-bit BCD-to-Binary Converter using 74184 –
Figure 8-22

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 Code Converters
• BCD to binary for two BCD decades – Figure 8-23(a)

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 Code Converters
• BCD to binary for three BCD
decades – Figure 8-23(b)

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 Code Converters
• 6 bit binary to BCD and 8 bit binary to BCD converters –
Figure 8-23 (c) and (d)

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 Code Converters
• BCD-to-Seven Segment Converters
– 4-bit BCD into a 7-bit code to drive display
segments
– Useful in calculators and any application that
requires a 7 segment display.

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 Code Converters
• Gray Code
– used to indicate angular position of rotating shafts
– varies by only 1 bit from one entry to the next

Figure 8-25

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 Code Converters
• Gray Code
– Comparison between regular binary and Gray
code:

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 Code Converters
• Conversion between binary and Gray code using
XOR gates
• Figure 8-26 and 8-27

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 Multiplexers
• Funneling several data
lines into a single one
for transmission to
another point
• Data selector
• Figure 8-30

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Multiplexers

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 Multiplexers
• Logic diagram for a four-line multiplexer:

Figure 8-31

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 Multiplexers
• 74151 Eight-Line Multiplexer logic symbol – Figure 8-32

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 Multiplexers
• 74151 Eight-Line Multiplexer logic diagram –
Figure 8-32(continued)

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 Multiplexers
• Providing Combination Logic Functions
– Multiplexers can be used to implement
combinational logic circuits.
– A multiplexer can replace several SSI logic
gates
– Example 8-12

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44
 Demultiplexers
• Opposite procedure from
multiplexing
• Data distributor
• Single data input routed
to one of several outputs
• Figure 8-37

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 Demultiplexers
• 74139 Dual 4-line Demultiplexer logic
symbol and logic diagram- Figure 8-38

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 Demultiplexers
• 74139 connected to route an input signal to
the 2a output – Figure 8-39

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 Demultiplexers
• 74154 4-line-to16-line hexadecimal decoder
– Used as a 16 line demultiplexer
– Connected to route a signal to the 5 output – Figure 8-40

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 Demultiplexers
• Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
• 4051, 4052, 4053 CMOS devices
• Both functions
• Bidirectional
• Analog and digital

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• 4051 CMOS analog multiplexer/demultiplexer –
Figure 8-41

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 System Design Applications
• The 74138 as a memory address decoder – Figure 8-42

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 System Design Applications
• The 74148 used to encode an active alarm – Figure 8-43

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 System Design Applications
• Serial Data Multiplexing for a Microcontroller
– One serial receive line
– One serial transmit line
– See Figure 8-44
• Analog Multiplexer
– superimposed
– 4051
– See Figure 8-45

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Figure 8-44

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Figure 8-45

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 System Design Applications
• Multiplexed Display Application
– Share common ics, components and conductors
– Digital bus and display bus
– See Figure 8-46

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Figure 8-46

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 CPLD Design Applications
• Used to simulate combinations of inputs
and observe the resulting output to check
for proper design operation.
• See CPLD Applications 8-1 and 8-2

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 Summary
• Comparators can be used to determine
equality or which of two binary strings is
larger.
• Decoders can be used to convert a binary
code into a singular active output
representing its numeric value.
• Encoders can be used to generate a coded
output from a singular active numeric input
line.
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 Summary
• ICs are available to convert BCD to binary
and binary to BCD.
• The Gray code is useful for indicating the
angular position of a shaft on a rotating
device, such as a motor.
• Multiplexers are capable of funneling
several data lines into a single line for
transmission to another point.

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 Summary
• Demultiplexers are used to take a single
data value or waveform and route it to one
of several outputs.

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