Sewage Disposal to rivers (Point Source)

Raw sewage is also disposed to rivers, streams, and the sea in many parts of the
world. Doing so can lead to serious pollution of the receiving water. This is
common in developing countries and may still occur in some developed countries,
for various reasons – usually related to costs. The disposal of untreated urban
sewage in to open water bodies is common in most developing countries. This
poses potential negative consequences to public health and agricultural
sustainability.

For a single source of BOD, assume the reach is at steady state with plug flow
(DO=0) and constant hydrological and geometry then the mass balance can be
written as

𝒅𝑪 𝒅𝑪
= −𝑽 ∓ ∑𝑺 … … … … … . . (𝟏)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙

𝑆 = 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )

Assume only deoxygenating (by organic matter oxidation) and re-oxygenation (by
natural reparation)
𝑑𝐿𝑟
The deoxygenating rate = −𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑟
𝑑𝑡

The re-oxygenation rate = 𝑘2

𝒌𝟏 Deoxygenating rate coefficient 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝒌𝟐 Reaeration rate coefficient 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝑫𝑶𝒔𝒂𝒕 Saturation concentration of oxygen (mg/l)

𝑫𝑶 Actual oxygen concentration (mg/l)

1
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂 is the deficit in oxygen (mg/l)

Substitute in equation 1

𝑑𝐶
𝑉 = −𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑟 + 𝑘2 . 𝐷
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐶
= −𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑟 + 𝑘2 . 𝐷
𝑑𝑡

𝐷 = 𝐷𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂

𝑑𝐷 𝑑𝐶
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐷
− = −𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑟 + 𝑘2 . 𝐷
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐷
= 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑟 − 𝑘2 . 𝐷
𝑑𝑡

Since
𝐿𝑟 = 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘1.𝑡

𝑑𝐷
= 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘1.𝑡 − 𝑘2 . 𝐷
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐷
+ 𝑘2 . 𝐷 = 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘1 .𝑡 … … … … … … … . . (3)
𝑑𝑡

2
3
The above equation is a first order non-homogenous linear differential equation
and solving it by integrating factor for 𝐷 = 𝐷𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0

𝒌𝟏 . 𝑳𝒐
𝐃𝐎(𝐭) = (𝒆−𝐤𝟏𝒕 − 𝒆−𝐤𝟐 𝒕 ) + 𝐃𝐨 𝐞−𝐤𝟐 𝐭 … … … … … … (4)
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌 𝟏

𝐃This equation is called Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Equation, where

DO(t) Oxygen deficit at any time (t)= DO𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂

𝑳𝒐 Ultimate BOD at the discharge site

𝐃𝐨 Initial oxygen deficit at the BOD discharge site

𝑸𝒓 × 𝑻𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒙 =
𝑸 𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘

𝑸𝒓 × 𝑫𝑶𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑫𝑶𝒘
𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒙 =
𝑸𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘

𝑸𝒓 × 𝑳𝒐 𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑳𝒐 𝒘
𝑳𝒐 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =
𝑸𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘 4
 𝑸𝒓 × 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟓 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟓
𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟐𝟎
𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =
𝑸𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘

𝑳𝒐,𝑻 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎𝑪 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟔)

𝑫𝒐 = 𝑫𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒙

𝑸𝒓 Flow rate of river

𝑸𝒘 Flow rate of waste

𝑫𝑶𝒓 Dissolved oxygen in river

𝑫𝑶𝒘 Dissolved oxygen in waste

𝑳𝒐 𝒓 BOD ultimate in river

𝑳𝒐 𝒘 BOD ultimate in waste

𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒙 Mixing dissolved oxygen at mixing point

𝑳𝒐 𝒎𝒊𝒙 Mixing ultimate BOD at mixing point

𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒙 Mixing temperatute at mixing point

𝒌𝟐 Can be determined from field studies, the general approximation formula is

given:

𝟑. 𝟗𝟑𝒗𝟎.𝟓
𝒌𝟐 =
𝑯𝟏.𝟓

5
𝒌𝟐 Re-aeration constant rate 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝑯 Average depth (m)

𝒗 Average stream velocity (m/sec)

𝒌𝟐 Is affected by temperature and can be corrected by

𝒌𝟐,𝑻 = 𝒌𝟐,𝟐𝟎°𝑪 × (𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟖)𝑻−𝟐𝟎

Equation 4 can be written as

𝒌𝟏 . 𝑳𝒐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝐎(𝐱) = (𝒆−𝐤𝟏 𝒗 − 𝒆−𝐤𝟐 𝒗 ) + 𝐃𝐨 𝐞−𝐤𝟐𝒗 … … … … … … (5)
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏

There is need to know the minimum DO in the river and to see whether this
becomes anoxic or worse (𝐃𝐂 ) , also to know far downstream iy is expected before
this worse condition occurs (𝐗 𝐂 ) at (𝐭 𝐂 )

The maximum O2 deficit 𝐃𝐂 occurring at a distance (𝐗 𝐂 ) downstream may be

𝑑𝐷
computed by setting =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐷
= 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘1.𝑡𝐶 − 𝑘2 . 𝐷𝐶
𝑑𝑡

0 = 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘1.𝑡𝐶 − 𝑘2 . 𝐷𝐶

To determine 𝑡𝐶 differentiate the oxygen sag equation (equation 4) with respect to

(t) and equating to zero

𝑑𝐷 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜
= (−k1 𝑒 −k1𝑡𝐶 − k 2 𝑒 −k2𝑡𝐶 ) + k 2 Do e−k2𝑡𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑘2 − 𝑘1

𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜
0= (−k1 𝑒 −k1𝑡𝐶 − k 2 𝑒 −k2𝑡𝐶 ) + k 2 Do e−k2 𝑡𝐶
𝑘2 − 𝑘1
6
 𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝐃𝐨 (𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 )
𝒕𝑪 = 𝐥𝐧 [ (𝟏 − )]
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 . 𝑳𝒐

𝒌𝟏
𝑫𝑪 = . 𝑳 𝒆−𝒌𝟏.𝒕𝑪
𝒌𝟐 𝒐

𝑫𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑫𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑫𝑪

𝒙𝑪 = 𝒗 × 𝒕𝑪

𝑫𝑪 Critical oxygen concentration (mg/l)

𝒕𝑪 Critical time (days)

𝒙𝑪 Critical distance (m or km)

The assumptions of Streeter Phelps are

1- Constant pollution load discharge

2- Point source
3- Constant flow rate of river
4- Uniform cross section of river
5- Plug flow ( lateral and vertical DO and BOD are uniform)
6- De-oxygenation and re-aeration processes were considered only
7- First order kinetic (k1, K2) with constant rate.
8- No sedimentation , no chemical waste, no nitrification, no photosynthetic
no respiration , etc

7
Example1 A city discharges 25000 m3/day of sewage into a river whose rate
of flow is 75000 m3/ day. Determine 1) The DO deficit for a distance 20km
downstream. 2) The DO minimum 3) The critical distance. 4) The critical time

River Waste
𝐵𝑂𝐷520 = 2.5 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐵𝑂𝐷520 = 60 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
Temperature = 20 °C Temperature = 20 °C
𝐷𝑂 = 8 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐷𝑂 = 2 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝑘2,20°𝐶 = 0.4 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑘1,20°𝐶 = 0.23 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
Velocity of mixing = 0.25 m/sec , DOsat, 20°C=9 mg/l

𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 20 °𝐶 → 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 9 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝑄𝑟 × 𝐵𝑂𝐷520 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝐵𝑂𝐷520
𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

75000 × 3 + 25000 × 60
𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 17.25 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
75000 + 25000
𝑄𝑟 × 𝐷𝑂𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝐷𝑂𝑤
𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

75000 × 8 + 25000 × 2
𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 6.5 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
75000 + 25000

𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘1𝑡 )

17.25 = 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −0.23×5 ) → 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 25.25 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐷𝑜 = 9 − 6.5 = 2.5 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

8
 𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
DO(x) = (𝑒 −k1 𝑣 − 𝑒 −k2 𝑣 ) + Do e−k2 𝑣
𝑘2 − 𝑘1

0.23 × 25.25 −0.23×20000 −0.40×

20000
DO(20km) = (𝑒 21600 − 𝑒 21600 ) + 2.5
0.40 − 0.23
20000
−0.40×
× 𝑒 21600 =

DO(20km) = 34.16 × (0.808 − 0.69) + 1.725 = 5.76𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂(20𝑘𝑚)

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 9.0 − 5.76 = 3.24 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝑫𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑫𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑫𝑪

𝒌𝟏
𝑫𝑪 = . 𝑳𝒐 𝒆−𝒌𝟏.𝒕𝑪
𝒌𝟐

𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝐃𝐨 (𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 )
𝒕𝑪 = 𝐥𝐧 [ (𝟏 − )]
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 . 𝑳𝒐

1 0.4 2.5 × (0.4 − 0.23)

𝑡𝐶 = ln [ (1 − )]
0.4 − 0.23 0.23 0.23 × 25.25

1
𝑡𝐶 = ln[1.739 × 0.927] = 5.882 × ln 1.612 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒅𝒂𝒚
0.4 − 0.23
𝒌𝟏
𝑫𝑪 = . 𝑳 𝒆−𝒌𝟏.𝒕𝑪
𝒌𝟐 𝒐

0.23
𝐷𝐶 = × 25.25 × 𝑒 −0.23×2.8 = 7.62 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
0.4

𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑫𝑶𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑫𝑪 → 𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 9 − 7.62 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝒈/𝒍

𝒙𝑪 = 𝒗 × 𝒕𝑪 → 𝑥𝐶 = 21600 × 2.8 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒎

9
Example2 A city discharges 20000 m3/day of sewage into a river whose rate
of flow is 0.7 m3/sec. Determine:- The DO deficit for a distance 20km
downstream

River Waste
𝐵𝑂𝐷520 = 3.4 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐵𝑂𝐷520 = 45 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
Temperature = 23 °C Temperature = 26 °C
𝐷𝑂 = 8.2 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐷𝑂 = 2 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝑘2 = 0.4 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑘1 = 0.23 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
Velocity of mixing = 0.25 m/sec ,

𝑄𝑟 = 0.7 m3/sec → 𝑄𝑟 =60480 m3/day

𝑄𝑟 × 𝑇𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

60480 × 23 + 20000 × 26
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 23.74 °𝐶
60480 + 20000

𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 23.74 → 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 8.57 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 (from a specified chart )

𝑄𝑟 × 𝐵𝑂𝐷520 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝐵𝑂𝐷520
𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

60480 × 3.4 + 20000 × 45

𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 13.72 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
60480 + 20000
𝑄𝑟 × 𝐷𝑂𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝐷𝑂𝑤
𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

60480 × 8.2 + 20000 × 2

𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 6.66 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
60480 + 20000

𝐵𝑂𝐷520 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘1𝑡 )

10
13.72 = 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −0.23×5 ) → 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 20.08 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

Not the BOD ultimate 𝐿𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑥 should be at the mixing temperature 23.74 °𝐶 , so
this value should be corrected using 𝑳𝒐,𝑻 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎𝑪 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟔)

∴ 𝐿𝑜,𝑇 = 𝐿𝑜,20𝐶 (0.02𝑇 + 0.6) = 20.08(0.02 × 23.74 + 0.6) = 21.58 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐷𝑜 = 8.57 − 6.66 = 1.91 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
DO(x) = (𝑒 −k1 𝑣 − 𝑒 −k2 𝑣 ) + Do e−k2 𝑣
𝑘2 − 𝑘1

𝑘1,𝑇 = 𝑘1,20𝐶 (1.047)𝑇−20

𝑘1, 23.74°𝐶 = 0.23(1.047)23.74−20 = 0.273 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝑘2,𝑇 = 𝑘2,20𝐶 (1.028)𝑇−20

𝑘2, 23.74°𝐶 = 0.4(1.028)23.74−20 = 0.443 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1

𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
DO(20km) = (𝑒 −kr 𝑣 − 𝑒 −k2 𝑣 ) + Do e−k2 𝑣
𝑘2 − 𝑘𝑟

0.273 × 21.58 −0.273×20000 −0.443×

20000
DO(20km) = (𝑒 21600 −𝑒 21600 ) + 1.91
0.443 − 0.273
20000
× 𝑒 −0.443×21600 =

DO(20km) = 34.65 × (0.776 − 0.663) + 1.267 = 5.18 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂(20𝑘𝑚)

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 8.57 − 5.18 = 3.39 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

11
Example3 A city discharges 0.25 m3/sec of sewage into a river whose rate of
flow is 0.75 m3/sec.

River Waste
𝐿𝑜 = 3.3 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐿𝑜 = 60 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
Temperature = 20 °C Temperature = 20 °C
𝐷𝑂 = 9.17 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 𝐷𝑂 = 0 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝑘2 ,20°𝐶 = 0.82 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 𝑘1 ,20°𝐶 = 0.23 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1
Velocity of mixing = 0.20 m/sec , 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 9.17 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

1- Is it possible to discharge this waste into the river within the environmental
limitations if the 𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
2- Is a position 50km downstream be suitable for an intake (WTP) to provide
𝐷𝑂 = 6 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

Answer

𝑄𝑟 × 𝑇𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤

0.75 × 20 + 0.25 × 20
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 20 °𝐶
0.75 + 0.25

𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 23.74 → 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 8.57 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝑸𝒓 × 𝑳𝒐 𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘 × 𝑳𝒐 𝒘
𝑳𝒐 𝒎𝒊𝒙 =
𝑸 𝒓 + 𝑸𝒘

0.75 × 3.3 + 0.25 × 60

𝐿𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 17.48 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
0.75 + 0.25
𝑄𝑟 × 𝐷𝑂𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤 × 𝐷𝑂𝑤
𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑤
12
 0.75 × 9.17 + 0.25 × 0
𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥 = = 6.88 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
0.75 + 0.25

𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐷𝑜 = 9.17 − 6.88 = 2.29 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝐃𝐨 (𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 )
𝒕𝑪 = 𝐥𝐧 [ (𝟏 − )]
𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 . 𝑳𝒐

1 0.82 2.29 × (0.82 − 0.23)

𝑡𝐶 = ln [ (1 − )] = 1.46 𝑑𝑎𝑦
0.82 − 0.23 0.23 0.23 × 17.48

𝒌𝟏
𝑫𝑪 = . 𝑳𝒐 𝒆−𝒌𝟏.𝒕𝑪
𝒌𝟐

0.23
𝐷𝐶 = × 17.48 × 𝑒 −0.23×1.46 = 3.5 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
0.82

𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑫𝑶𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝑫𝑪

𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 9.17 − 3.5 = 5.67 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

Since 𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 5.67 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 > 𝑫𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 4 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 ∴ 𝑖𝑡 is possible to discharge

the waste into the river

2- Is a position 50km downstream be suitable for an intake (WTP) to provide

DO=6 mg/l

𝑚 24 × 3600
𝑣 = 0.2 × = 17.28 𝑘𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1000

𝒙𝑪 = 𝒗 × 𝒕𝑪

𝑥𝐶 = 17.28 × 1.46 = 25.22 𝑘𝑚 > 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒎

∴ 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝑻𝑷

13
Or

𝑘1 . 𝐿𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
DO(x) = (𝑒 −k1 𝑣 − 𝑒 −k2 𝑣 ) + Do e−k2 𝑣
𝑘2 − 𝑘1

0.23 × 17.48 −0.23× 50 −0.82×

50
−0.82×
50
DO = (𝑒 17.28 − 𝑒 17.28 ) + 2.29 × e 17.28
0.82 − 0.23

DO(50km) = 3.1 mg/l

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷𝑂𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝐷𝑂(50𝑘𝑚)

𝐷𝑂𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 = 9.17 − 3.1 = 6.07 𝑚𝑔/𝑙 > 6 𝑚𝑔/𝑙

∴ 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑾𝑻𝑷

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