Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Computer Science 3A - CSC3A10/CSC03A3

Lecture 1: Java Basics and OO

Academy of Computer Science and Software Engineering

University of Johannesburg

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

1 Java Programming
Classes, Types and Objects
Methods
Expressions
Control Flow
Arrays
General Java programs
Exercises
2 Object Orientation
Goals, Principles and Patterns
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Exceptions
Interfaces
Multiple Inheritance
Abstract class
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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Casting
Generics
Exercises

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Java Programming

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Classes, Types and Objects

Declare a class
(Properties and Methods)
Class modifiers (abstract, 1 enum Day{
final, public) 2 Monday ,
3 Tuesday ,
Objects (new, Number, 4 ... ,
String and Dot operator) 5 Sunday
6 };
Variable modifiers 7 Day x = Day . Monday ;
(private, public,
protected, static, final)
Enums

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Methods

Method modifiers:
private
public
protected
static
final
abstract

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Method Types

Method types:
Procedure
Function
Constructor
Main
1 p u b l i c s t a t i c v o i d main ( S t r i n g [ ] a r g s ) {
2 // Main c o d e h e r e
3 }

Main method

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Expressions

Literals
Operators (i--, i++ and ++i)
Logical operators
Bitwise operators
Operator precedence
Casting (explicit cast and implicit cast)

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Control Flow

If statement
elseif
switch
loops (while, for and do-while)
Explicit control-flow statements (return, break and continue)

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Arrays

Capacity
Out of bounds errors
Declaring arrays
Arrays are objects
Cloning an array

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

General Java programs

Packages
Nested classes
Anonymous classes
etc.

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

General Java programs II

Developing a Java program:

Design
Psuedo-code
Coding
Documentation
Readability and Style
Testing
Debugging

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exercises

Reinforcement exercises:
R1.2
R1.3
R1.4
R1.8
Creativity exercises:
C1.10
C1.12
C1.13
C1.17

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Object Orientation

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

OO Goals

Robustness
Adaptability
Reusability

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

OO Design principles

Abstraction
Distill complex system into its most fundamental parts
Applying abstraction paradigm - Abstract data types (ADT)
Encapsulation
Modularity
Hierarchical organization

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Design Patterns

Template for a software solution

Consists of name and context (describes scenario for usage)
Algorithm patterns
Software engineering patterns

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Inheritance

Modular and hierarchical

organization structure
Base class or super class
Subclass inherits
(extends) the base class
Dynamic dispatch/binding

Figure: Inheritance example,

where S is the parent of T

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Polymorphism

“Many forms”
In OO design, objects
take different form
Override
Overloading (with a
different signature) or
name, type and argument
combination)
Self study - Using
inheritance in Java and Figure: Polymorphism example,
numeric progression where the c method has multiple
example definitions

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exceptions

Throwing exceptions:
Objects that are thrown when unexpected condition experienced
Thrown exceptions are caught
1 i f ( some c o n d i t i o n )
2 throw new M y E x c e p t i o n ( ‘ ‘We h a v e a p r o b l e m ! ’ ’ ) ;

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exceptions II

Throw clause specifies throw exceptions at declaration

1 p u b l i c v o i d w a t c h i n g R u g b y ( ) throws n o B e e r s E x c e p t i o n , n o B i l t o n g E x c e p t i o n
2
3 p u b l i c v o i d P l a n n i n g S a t u r d a y ( ) throws n o B e e r s E x c e p t i o n ,
noBiltongException
4 {
5 w a t c h i n g R u g b y ( ) ; // do n o t h a v e t o h a v e t r y c a t c h b l o c k
6 }

Throws example

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exceptions III

Catching exceptions require a try-catch block

1 try
2 {
3 PlanningSaturday () ;
4 }
5 catch ( E x c e p t i o n e ) {
6 i f ( e instanceof noBeersException )
7 sendFriend () ;
8 }
9 finally startBraai ;

Throws example

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exceptions IV

finally
optional
Executed regardless of exceptions being thrown or caught

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Interfaces

Method declarations with no body and no data

Methods are always empty
May not be instantiated
Class implementing interface must implement all interface’s methods

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Interfaces II

1 public interface Sellable

2 {
3 public string description () ;
4 public int l i s t P r i c e () ;
5 public int lowestPtice () ;
6 }
7
8 p u b l i c c l a s s P r o d u c t implements S e l l a b l e
9 // . . .
10 public s t r i n g d e s c r i p t i o n () { return d e s c r i p t i o n ;}
11 public int l i s t P r i c e () { return p r i c e ;}
12 public int lowestPtice () { return p r i c e ∗0.5;}
13 }

Interface example

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Multiple Inheritance

No multiple inheritance for classes allowed

Multiple inheritance on interfaces is allowed
1 p u b l i c c l a s s MotorCar e x t e n d s L a n d V e h i c l e implements I S e l l a b l e ,
IPurchasable

Multiple Inheritance alternative

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Abstract class

Empty method declarations

Concrete declarations of methods and variables
May not be instantiated
Can extend other abstract classes
1 p u b l i c a b s t r a c t c l a s s Number { . . . }

Abstract class example

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Casting

Casting up
java.lang.Object ⇒ java.lang.Number ⇒ java.lang.Integer
1 // I n t e g e r i= new I n t e g e r ( 3 ) ; D e p r e c a t e d w i t h J a v a 9
2 I n te g er i = I nt e ge r . valueOf (3) ;
3 Number n = i ;

Casting up

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Casting II

Casting down
1 Number n = I n t e g e r . v a l u e O f ( 2 ) ;
2 Integer i = ( Integer ) n;

Casting down

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Casting III

Casting exceptions
instanceof
1 i f (n instanceof Integer )
2 Integer i = ( Integer ) n;

Multiple Inheritance alternative

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Casting IV
Casting with interfaces
1 public i n t e r f a c e Person {
2 p u b l i c boolean equalTo ( Person o t h e r ) ;
3 }
4
5 p u b l i c c l a s s S t u d e n t implements P e r s o n {
6 // . . .
7 p u b l i c boolean equalTo ( Person o t h e r ) {
8 Student otherStudent = ( Student ) other ;
9 // . . .
10 }
11 // . . .
12 }

Casting with interfaces example

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Generics

Generic framework
Abstract types that avoid many explicit casts
Define a class in terms of formal type parameters
1 p u b l i c c l a s s P a i r <K, V> { . . . }

Single-letter uppercase names

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Generics II

Generic type
not defined at compile time
specified at run time
Instantiate an object with actual type parameters
1 P a i r <S t r i n g , A r r a y L i s t > = new P a i r <S t r i n g , A r r a y L i s t >() ;

Generic instantiation

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Generics III

Generics can also be restricted

1 p u b l i c c l a s s P a i r <K, V e x t e n d s A r r a y L i s t > { . . . }

Generic instantiation

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Outline Java Programming Object Orientation

Exercises
Reinforcement exercises:
R2.3
R2.4
R2.5
R2.6
R2.9
R2.10
Creativity exercises:
C2.12
C2.14
C2.18
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