Introduction to

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Computers

Structure
1.1 Introduction
Objectives
1.2 Why Computer?
1.3 Evolution of Computers
1.3.1 The First Computer
1.3.2 Some Well Known Early Computers
1.3.3 Computer Generations
1.4 Components of a Computer
1.5 Hardware vs Software
1.6 System vs Applications Software
1.7 Bits and Bytes
1.8 Input and Output Devices
1.9 RAM/ROM
1.10 Secondary Storage Devices
1.11 Summary
1.12 Answers to SAQs

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This unit aims at introducing you to today’s most commonly used electronic
device – the computer. The study of this unit will highlight the characteristics
and evolution of computers. It will also help you to understand the basic
terminology associated with computers.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• understand the basic characteristics of computers,
• understand how the computers evolved,
• understand the components that make up a computer,
• differentiate between hardware and software,
• differentiate between system and application software,
• understand the difference between bits and bytes,
• classify devices as input and output devices,
• differentiate between ROM and RAM, and
• appreciate the use of various secondary storage devices.

1.2 WHY COMPUTER?

The word ‘Computer’ literally means to ‘Compute’ or to ‘Calculate’. Stated
simply, it is an electronic device, which processes information based on the
instructions provided, to generate the desired output. It, therefore, requires two 5
Computer Basics types of input – raw data, and the set of instructions to process or act upon the
data.
This can schematically be shown in Figure 1.1.

Data
Process Output

Instructions

Input

Figure 1.1 : Processing Information

Data can be of any type – text, numeric, alpha-numeric, image, picture, sound etc.
The instructions that act upon this data are also called the program or software in
computer terminology.
1.2.1 Characteristics of Computers
The characteristics of computers that have made them so powerful and
universally useful are speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage capacity :
Speed
Computers work at an incredible speed. The speed with which it performs is
way beyond human capabilities. As a comparison, it can do in one minute
what a human being would probably take a lifetime!
When we refer to the speed of computers, we have to talk in terms of
milliseconds (hundredth of a second), microseconds (millionth of a second),
nanoseconds (billionth of a second), and even picoseconds (trillionth of a
second). A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million
simple instructions per second.
Accuracy
In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur
can almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data, poorly
designed system or faulty instructions/programs written by the programmer)
rather than technological weaknesses. In fact, a special term GIGO
(Garbage in Garbage Out) has been coined to represent a scenario where
faulty results are got due to inaccurate instructions or faulty data.
Diligence
Unlike human beings, computers are highly consistent. They do not suffer
from human traits of boredom and tiredness resulting in lack of
concentration. Computers, therefore, score high over human beings in
performing voluminous and repetitive jobs.
Versatility
Computers are versatile machines and are capable of performing any task as
long as it can be broken down into a series of logical steps. This means that
their capability is, once again, limited only by human intelligence. As is
evident, in today’s fast developing technology-world, it is almost
inconceivable to find an area where computers are not being used. The
presence of computers can be seen in every sphere – Railway / Air
reservation, Banks, Hotels, Weather forecasting, and many more.
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Storage Capacity Introduction to
Computers
Today’s computers can store volumes of data. Unlike human memory
where unimportant information is relegated to the back of the mind and
forgotten as time progresses, a piece of information once recorded (or
stored) in the computer, can never be forgotten and can be retrieved almost
instantaneously! Information can, therefore, be retained as long as desired
(using secondary storage – a type of detachable memory).

SAQ 1

Identify the characteristics of a computer that have contributed towards

making it such a popular device.

1.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

The history of computers can be traced back to almost 2000 years ago, with the
advent of abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung
on them. Numbers are represented using the position of beads on the rack. Fast
and simple calculations can be carried out by appropriately placing the beads.
In 1620, an English mathematician by the name William Oughtred invented the
slide rule – a calculating device based on the principle of logarithms. It consisted
of two graduated scales devised in such a manner that suitable alignment of one
scale against the other, made it possible to perform additions, compute products
etc. just by inspection.

Figure 1.2 : The Abacus

Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, is usually credited for building the first
digital computer in 1642. He invented the mechanical calculating machine.
Numbers were entered in this machine by dialing a series of numbered wheels.
Another series of toothed wheels transferred the movements to a dial, which
showed the results.
In 1671, Gottfried von Leibnitz, a German mathematician, invented a calculating
machine which was able to add and perform multiplications. He invented a
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Computer Basics special stepped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, which is still
being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibnitz were not used in many places. It was
only about a century later that Thomas of Colmar created the first successful
mechanical calculator which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of
improved desktop calculators by various inventors, followed, such that by 1890 a
range of improvements like accumulation of partial results, storage of past results,
and printing of results, were not uncommon.
1.3.1 The First Computer
Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, England,
realized that many long calculations usually consisted of a series of actions that
were constantly repeated and hence could possibly be automated. By 1822, he
designed an automatic calculating machine that he called the ‘Difference
Engine’. It was intended to be steam powered and fully automatic (including
printing of result tables), commanded by a fixed instruction program. In short, he
developed a prototype of a computer which was 100 years ahead of time and is,
therefore, considered as the father of modern day computers.
A step towards automated computing was the development of punched cards
which were first successfully used by Herman Hollerith, who worked in the US
Census Bureau in 1890. He along with James Powers developed devices that
could read information that had been punched into cards, without any human
help. This resulted in reducing reading errors, increased workflow, and make
availability of unlimited memory (punched cards could be used as easily
accessible memory of unlimited size).
These advantages were seen by various commercial companies and soon led to
the development of improved punch-card using computers by companies like
International Business Machines (IBM), and Remington.
1.3.2 Some Well Known Early Computers
Mark I
After World War II there was a need felt for advanced calculations. By that
time, many reliable mechanical desk calculators had been developed.
Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University, while working on his doctorate in
physics, in the year 1937, designed a machine that could automatically
perform a sequence of arithmetic operations. He completed this in 1944 and
named it as Mark I. This machine performed a multiplication and division
at an average of about four and eleven seconds respectively. The results
were printed at a rate of one result per five seconds.
ENIAC
The World War II also produced a large need for computer capacity
especially for the military. New weapons were made for which trajectory
tables and other essential data were needed. In 1942, Professors
John P. Eckert and John W. Mauchly at the Moore School of Engineering
of the University of Pennsylvania, USA decoded to build a high speed
computer to do the job. This was called the ENIAC (Electronic Numeric
Integrator and Calculator).

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 It used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and Introduction to
Computers
consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. It had punched cards I/O
and its programs were wired on boards.
ENIAC is accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital
computer which was used from 1946 to 1955.
EDIVAC
Fascinated by the success of ENIAC, John Von Neumann, a
mathematician, undertook an abstract study of computation in 1945. In this
he aimed to show that a computer should be able to execute any kind of
computation by means of a proper programmed control. His ideas, referred
to as ‘stored program technique’, further became essential for future
generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally accepted.
The basic idea behind the stored program concept was that data as well as
instructions can be stored in the computer’s memory to enable automatic
flow of operations.
Between 1947 and 1950, the More School personnel and the Ballistics
Research Laboratory of the US army built a computer named EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), which was based on
Von Neumann’s concept of stored program.
UNIVAC
The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), developed in 1951, was
the first digital computer to be produced and was installed in the Census
Bureau.
The first-generation stored-program computers needed a lot of maintenance,
reached 70% to 80% reliability of operations and were used for almost 10
years. EDVAC and UNIVAC fell into this group of computers and were the
first commercially available computers.

1.3.3 Computer Generations

‘Generation’ in computer terminology is a ‘step’ ahead in technology. As you go
through the history of evolution of computers, you will find that the earliest
computers were big in size, consumed a lot of power, and heated up quickly, due
to which it had to be shut down frequently – to be cooled. It were very
cumbersome and expensive to build and maintain.
As technology improved, computers became compact, extra storage space, faster
and more powerful. From a user’s perspective, they become user friendly and
more affordable. This has largely contributed towards the popularity that
computers have gained today.
The term ‘generation’ was earlier used only to distinguish between varying
hardware technologies but was later extended to include both hardware and
software. A comparison of generations is made below:
First Generation Computers (1940 to 1956)
The first generation of computers were characterized as vacuum tubes in
the circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
These computers were enormous in size, used great deal of electricity and
were expensive to operate. It also had limited storage capacity.
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Computer Basics

Figure 1.3 : Vacuum Tube

First generation computers relied on machine language (binary-coded
program) to perform operations and could solve only one problem at a time.
Punched cards and paper tapes were used to input data and instructions, and
output was displayed on printouts.
Early computers like ENIAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC can be classified as
first generation computers.
Second Generation Computers (1956 to 1963)
In the early 1950s, the discoveries of Transistor and Magnetic core
memory changed the image of computers – from unreliable to highly
reliable machines with increased capability, and higher storage capacity.

Figure 1.4 : First Silicon Transistor

The transistor was far superior to vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller in size, cheaper, reliable, and more energy efficient.
Though transistor still generated a great deal of heat, it was a substantial
improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second generation of computers were also characterized by allowing
programmers to specify instructions in symbolic (or assembly) language
rather than cryptic binary machine language. High level programming
languages like COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) and
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) were also being developed at this
time.
Due to the increase in the cost of expanding programming, these machines
were expensive to purchase and operate. Such computers were, therefore,
mostly found in large computer centres or government/private laboratories
with many programmers and support professionals.
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Third Generation Computers (1964 to 1971) Introduction to
Computers
The development of Integrated Circuit by Jack Kilby, an engineer with
Texas Instruments, in 1958, was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Punched cards and printouts gave way to devices like keyboards
and monitors making it easier for the user to interact with the computer.
Computer manufacturers could provide a range of accessories like the
cathode ray tube display devices, page printers, consoles etc.
Existence of an operating system allowed the device to run various
applications at one time with the central program monitoring the memory.
For the first time, computers were being widely used in business for areas
like :
• Accounting
• Payroll
• Billing
• Tracking Inventory, etc.
This generation of computers were charactersied by substantially smaller
and cheaper than its predecessors.

Figure 1.5 : IC Chips

Fourth Generation Computers (1971 to present)
The trend in 1970s was to move from single-purpose but powerful
computers towards cheaper computer systems that could support a large
range of applications.
A new revolution in computer hardware came into existence which could
shrink the computer logic circuitry and its components using the Large
Scale Integration (LSI) technology. Hundreds of components could now fit
onto a single chip!

Figure 1.6 : Intel Pentium Microprocessor Chip

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Computer Basics In the 1980s, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of
thousands of components onto a single chip. This shrinking trend continued
and led to the introduction of personal computers (PCs) – programmable
machines that are small enough and inexpensive so that these can be
purchased and used by individuals. Companies like Apple Computers, and
IBM introduced very successful PCs.
The IC technology was not only used to construct the processor, but also for
the construction of memory. The first memory chip was constructed in 1970
and could hold 256 bits.
Fifth Generation Computers (the Road Ahead)
The fifth generation of computers characterized by artificial intelligence is
in the process of development. The goal here is to develop a devices that are
capable of learning and responding to natural language input. This
generation of computers endow with new technologies in a very large scale
integration, along with new programming languages and will be capable of
having amazing whereabouts, in the area of artificial intelligence, such as
voice recognition.

SAQ 2

What unique features classify computers into different generations?

1.4 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

The computer system essentially comprises into three important parts – input
device, central processing unit (CPU), and the output device. The CPU itself is
made of three components namely, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), memory unit,
and the control unit.
In addition to these, auxiliary storage/secondary storage devices are used to store
data and instructions on a long-term basis.
Central Processing Unit

Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Input Unit Output Unit
Control Unit
Main
Memory

Secondary
Storage

Figure 1.7 : Schematic Representation of a Computer

12 Input Unit
 Data and instructions must be entered into the computer system for Introduction to
Computers
processing, and results obtained from computations must be displayed or
recorded for the user. The input device serves the purpose of receiving data
and instructions in a form that can be understood by the computer.
Central Processing Unit
Data and instructions (programs) are stored in the computer’s memory after
which all the major calculations and computations are carried out within the
CPU. The CPU is also responsible for controlling the operations of various
units of the computer system.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided,
are carried out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like
add, subtract, multiply, divide and logical operations like greater than,
less than, and equal too.
Main Memory
The main memory holds data and instructions after input, till they are
needed. It also holds the processed results that are awaiting output.
Control
The function of the control unit is to execute the instructions of a
program, one by one, in the desired sequence. It interprets each
instruction and then prompts its execution by one of the units like
input, output, ALU, storage.
For example, a comparison of two numbers (a logical operation) to be
performed by the ALU may require loading the two numbers into the
main memory which is a function performed by the control unit. It
then will pass on the execution of the ‘compare’ function to the ALU.
Output Unit
The processed data, stored in the memory of the computer is sent to the
output unit, which then converts it into a form that can be understood by the
user. The output is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display
device, or on paper (hard copy).
Secondary Storage
Also termed as ‘auxiliary’ or ‘backup’ storage, is typically used as a
supplement to main storage. It is much cheaper than the main storage and
stores large amount of data and instructions permanently. Hardware devices
like magnetic tapes and disks fall under this category.

SAQ 3

What are the basic components of a computer system?

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Computer Basics
1.5 HARDWARE Vs SOFTWARE
The electrical, electronic, mechanical, and magnetic components that make up the
computer system are together termed as ‘hardware’.These include components
that are responsible for user input, display, and mathematical processing. The
CPU, disk drives, internal chips and wiring, modem, peripheral devices like the
monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, speakers etc. are together termed as computer
hardware.
Computer hardware cannot perform any manipulation or calculation without
being instructed as to what to do and how to do it. Programs (or instructions) are
required to tell the computer what to do. The generic term for computer programs
is ‘software’. Software comes in two main types – system software and
application softwawre.

1.6 SYSTEM Vs APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

System software consists of programs that control the operations of the computer
system itself. It consists of a group of programs that control the operations of a
computer equipment including functions like managing memory, managing
peripherals, loading, storing, and is an interface between the application programs
and the computer. MS DOS (Microsoft’s Disk Operating System), UNIX are
examples of system software.
Software that can perform a specific task for the user, such as word processing,
accounting, budgeting or payroll, fall under the category of application software.
Such programs run on top of an operating system (like Windows, UNIX, Linux,
Macintosh) and are used to carry out specific functions. Word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems are all examples of general purpose
application softwares.

1.7 BITS AND BYTES

All information in the computer is handled using electrical components like the
integrated circuits, semiconductors, all of which can recognize only two states –
presence or absence of an electrical signal. Two symbols used to represent these
two states are 0 and 1, and are known as BITS (an abbreviation for BInary
DigiTS). 0 represents the absence of a signal, 1 represents the presence of a
signal. A BIT is, therefore, the smallest unit of data in a computer and can either
store a 0 or 1.
Since a single bit can store only one of the two values, there can possibly be only
four unique combinations:
00 01 10 11
Bits are, therefore, combined together into larger units in order to hold greater
range of values.
BYTES are typically a sequence of eight bits put together to create a single
computer alphabetical or numerical character. More often referred to in larger
multiples, bytes may appear as Kilobytes (1,024 bytes), Megabytes (1,048,576
bytes), GigaBytes (1,073,741,824), TeraBytes (approx. 1,099,511,000,000 bytes),
or PetaBytes (approx. 1,125,899,900,000,000 bytes).
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Bytes are used to quantify the amount of data digitally stored (on disks, tapes) or Introduction to
Computers
transmitted (over the internet), and are also used to measure the memory and
document size.

SAQ 4

State TRUE or FALSE

(a) All code or data is stored and processed in computers using two
symbols – 0 and 1.
(b) A ‘Byte’ is a group of four bits and is often used to store
characters.

1.8 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

The computer will be of no use unless it is able to communicate with the outside
world. Input/Output devices are required for users to communicate with the
computer. In simple terms – input devices bring information INTO the computer
and output devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These
input/output devices are also known as peripherals since they surround the CPU
and memory of a computer system.
Some commonly used Input/Output devices are listed in a table below.

Input Devices Output Devices

Keyboard Monitor
Mouse LCD
Joystick Printer
Scanner Plotter
Light Pen
Touch Screen

Input Devices
Keyboard
It is a text base input device that allows the user to input alphabets, numbers
and other characters. It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.

Alphanumeric Keypad/
Special-function Keys
Function Keys
Cursor Movement
Keys

Numeric Keypad

Figure 1.8 : Qwerty Keyboard Layout

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Computer Basics • Alphanumeric Keypad : It consists of keys for English alphabets,
0 to 9 numbers, and special characters like + − / * ( ) etc.
• Function Keys : There are twelve function keys labeled F1, F2,
F3, … , F12. The functions assigned to these keys differ from one
software package to another. These keys are also user programmable
keys.
• Special-function Keys : These keys have special functions assigned
to them and can be used only for those specific purposes. Functions of
some of the important keys are defined below.
Enter
Is used similar to the ‘return’ key of the typewriter and is used to
execute a command or program.
Spacebar
Is used to enter a space at the current cursor location.
Backspace
Is used to move the cursor one position to the left and also delete the
character in that position.
Delete
Is used to delete the character at the cursor position.
Insert
Is used to toggle between insert and overwrite mode during data
entry.
Shift
Is used to type capital letters when pressed along with an alphabet
key. Also used to type the special characters located on the upper-side
of a key that has two characters defined on the same key.
Caps Lock
Is used to toggle between the capital lock feature. When ‘on’ locks
the alphanumeric keypad for capital letters input only.
Tab
Is used to move the cursor to the next tab position defined in the
document. Used to insert indentation into a document.
Ctrl
Or the control key is used in conjunction with other keys to provide
additional functionality on the keyboard.
Alt
Also like the control key, is always used in combination with other
keys to perform specific tasks.
Esc
Usually used to negate a command. Also used to cancel or abort
executing programs.
Numeric Keypad
Is located on the right side of the keyboard and consists of keys
having numbers (0 to 9) and mathematical operators (+ − * /) defined
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 on them. This keypad is provided to support quick entry for numeric Introduction to
Computers
data.
Cursor Movement Keys
Are have arrow keys used to move the cursor in the direction
indicated by the arrow (up, down, left, right).
Mouse
The mouse is a small device used to point at a particular place on the screen
and select in order to perform one or more actions. It can be used to select
menu commands, size windows, start programs etc.
The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one
being used most frequently.
Mouse Actions
Left Click : used to select an item.
Double Click : used to start a program or open a file.
Right Click : usually used to display a set of commands.
Drag and Drop : allows you to select and move an item from one
location to another. To achieve this place the cursor over an item on
the screen, click the left mouse button and while holding the button
down move the cursor to where you want to place the item, and then
release it.

Figure 1.9 : Mouse

Joystick
The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction
the stick is moved. It typically has a button on top that is used to select the
option pointed by the cursor. Joystick is used as an input device primarily
used with video games, training simulators, and controlling robots.

Figure 1.10 : Joystick

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Computer Basics Scanner
Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source
document into the computer system. It converts the document image into
digital form so that it can be fed into the computer. Capturing information
like this reduces the possibility of errors typically experienced during large
data entry.

Figure 1.11 : A Flat-bed Scanner

Hand-held scanners are commonly seen in big stores to scan codes and
price information for each of the items.
Light Pen
It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a display screen. It is
quite like the mouse (in its functionality) but uses a light pen to move the
pointer and select any object on the screen by pointing to the object.
Users of CAD (Computer Aided Design) applications commonly use the
light pens to directly draw on screen.
Touch Screen
Allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display
screen. Common examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and
bank ATMs.
Output Devices
Monitor
Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and
uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor
is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and
displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program
or application output. Like the television, monitors are also available
in different sizes.

Figure 1.12 : Monitor

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
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 LCD was introduced in the 1970s and is now applied to display Introduction to
Computers
terminals also. Its advantages like low energy consumption, smaller
and lighter have paved its way for usage in portable computers
(laptops).
Printer
Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hardcopy)
output. Based on the technology used, they can be classified as
Impact or Non-impact printers.

Figure 1.13 : An Inkjet Printer

Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a
hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output.
Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this categories.
Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use
chemical, heat or electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper.
Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of
printers.
When we talk about printers we refer to two basic qualities associated
with printers: resolution, and speed. Print resolution is measured in
terms of number of dots per inch (dpi). Print speed is measured in
terms of number of characters printed in a unit of time and is
represented as characters-per-second (cps), lines-per-minute (lpm), or
pages-per-minute (ppm).
Plotter
Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets
computer commands and makes line drawings on paper using
multicoloured automated pens. It is capable of producing graphs,
drawings, charts, maps etc.

Figure 1.14 : A Flatbed Plotter

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Computer Basics Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) applications like CAD
(Computer Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided
Manufacturing) are typical usage areas for plotters.

1.9 RAM/ROM
Computer’s memory can be classified into two types – RAM, and ROM.
RAM or Random Access Memory is the central storage unit in a computer
system. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application
programs, and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be
accessed by the computer’s processor. The more RAM a computer has, the more
data a computer can manipulate.
Random access memory, also called the Read/Write memory, is the temporary
memory of a computer. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible
only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are cleared once the
computer is turned off.
ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read
and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It
typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among other things, ROM also
stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to start
the computer software operating, once the power is turned on.
Read-only memories can be manufacturer-programmed or user-programmed.
While manufacturer-programmed ROMs have data burnt into the circuitry, user-
programmed ROMs can have the user load and then store read-only programs.
PROM or Programmable ROM is the name given to such ROMs.
Information once stored on the ROM or PROM chip cannot be altered. However,
another type of memory called EPROM (Erasable PROM) allows a user to erase
the information stored on the chip and reprogram it with new information.
EEPROM (Electrically EPROM) and UVEPROM (Ultra Violet EPROM) are two
types of EPROMs.

SAQ 5

Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

1.10 SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

RAM is volatile memory having a limited storage capacity. Secondary/auxiliary
storage is storage other than the RAM. These include devices that are peripheral
and are connected and controlled by the computer to enable permanent storage of
programs and data.
Magnetic medium was found to be fairly inexpensive and long lasting medium
and, therefore, became the preferred choice for auxiliary storage. Floppy disks
and hard disks fall under this category. The newer forms of storage devices are
optical storage devices like CDs, DVDs, Pen drive, Zip drive, etc.
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Floppy Disk Introduction to
Computers
These are small removable disks and are plastic coated with magnetic
recording material. Floppy disks are typically 3.5″ in size (diameter) and
can hold 1.44 MB of data. This portable storage device is a rewritable
media and can be reused a number of times.

Figure 1.15 : A Floppy Disk

Floppy disks are commonly used to move files between different
computers. The main disadvantage of floppy disks is that they can be
damaged easily and, therefore, are not very reliable.
Hard Disk
Hard disks are made up of rigid material and are usually a stack of metal
disks sealed in a box. The hard disk and the hard disk drive exist together as
a unit and are a permanent part of the computer where data and programs
are saved. These disks have storage capacities ranging from 1GB to 80 GB
and more. Hard disks are also rewritable and are more reliable when
compared with floppies.

Figure 1.16 : A Winchester Disk

Depending on the way they are packaged, hard disks can be classified as
Disk packs or Winchester disks. Disk packs are removable, in the sense
that they can be removed and kept offline when not in use. They must be
mounted on the disk drive before use. Winchester disks on the
other hand, consist of disk platters sealed in a contamination-free
container and form a permanent component of the computer.
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Computer Basics CD
Compact Disk (CD) is portable disk having data storage capacity between
650-700 MB. It can hold large amount of information such as music,
full-motion videos, and text etc. It contains digital information that can be
read, but cannot be rewritten. Separate drives exist for reading and writing
CDs.
Since it is a very reliable storage media, it is very often used as a medium
for distributing large amount of information to large number of users. In
fact today most of the software is distributed through CDs.
DVD
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) is similar to a CD but has larger storage
capacity and enormous clarity. Depending upon the disk type it can store
several Gigabytes of data (as opposed to around 650MB of a CD). DVDs
are primarily used to store music or movies and can be played back on your
television or the computer too. They are not rewritable media.

1.11 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have studied the evolution of a computer from a simple device
like the abacus to the more sophisticated ones as seen today, and its
characteristics (speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, and storage capacity) that
have contributed towards making it such a popular device. The differences
between concepts like hardware/software, system/application software, bits/bytes,
ROM/RAM was also explained. Various types of input, output and secondary
storage devices along with their usages, were also studied.

1.12 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
Computer Characteristics :
(a) Speed
(b) Accuracy
(c) Diligence
(d) Versatility
(e) Storage capacity
SAQ 2
Computers can be classified into various generations based on the following
features :
(a) Technology used
(b) Speed
(c) Storage capacity
(d) Programming language

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 Introduction to
Computer Technology Speed Storage Programming
Computers
Generation Used Capacity Language
First Vacuum tubes Slow Limited Symbolic
language
Second Transistors Relatively Increased High Level
faster storage Languages (e.g.
capacity COBOL,
FORTRAN)
Third Integrated Better Increased Extensive use of
Circuits (ICs) performance, storage High Level
Remote Languages
processing and
time sharing
Fourth Large scale and Considerably Increased Sophisticated
very large scale faster storage programs and
integrated languages for
circuits (LSI, special
VLSI) applications
Fifth Use of ICs with Extremely fast Larger Based on
ultra large scale capacity Artificial
integration storage Intelligence
technology (RAID,
(ULSI) optical
disks)

SAQ 3
The basic components of the computer system include :
Input Unit
Input unit receives data and instructions in a form that can be
understood by the computer.
Output Unit
Output unit presents processed information in a form that can be
understood by the user.
Main Memory
Main memory holds data and instructs after input, till needed. Also
holds information awaiting output.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Arithmetic logic unit performs calculations and comparisons based on
the instructions.
Control Unit
Control unit interprets each instruction and prompts the execution by
one of the units – input, output, ALU, storage.
Secondary Storage
Secondary storage supplements main storage, and stores data and
instructions permanently.
SAQ 4
(a) True
(b) False 23
Computer Basics SAQ 5
The main memory in the computer system is referred to as RAM (Random
Access Memory). It is fast access memory and is used to store data and
instructions during computer operations. The main feature of RAM is that it
can be read from and written onto any location and thus can be accessed
randomly hence the name RAM commenced. The contents of RAM are
available only as long as the computer is on and are lost once it is switched
off. It is, therefore, also called ‘volatile’ memory. Secondary storage can be
used to store data and instructions permanently.
ROM or Read Only Memory holds data or instructions permanently and as
the name suggest, can only be read from but cannot be changed by the
users. It is non-volatile in nature, which means that contents of ROM are
not lost even if the power is switched off. It, therefore, usually contains
instructions that are required to get the computer started once it is powered
on. The contents of ROM are built into it at the time of manufacturing itself.

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