MATH 102: Calculus II

Instructors: Dr. Ola Abd El Aziz

References
Textbook: Thomas Calculus (13th ed.)
Other References:
▪ Calculus 8th edition by Stewart
▪ Calculus 10th edition by Larson and Edwards

Slide 1
Don't use the slides of the previous
year lectures

Slide 2
 Syllabus
Ch. 10: Infinite Sequences and Series
Ch. 11: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
Ch. 12: Vectors and Geometry of Space
Ch. 14: Partial Derivatives
Ch. 15: Multiple Integrals
Ch. 16: Integration in Vector Fields

Slide 3
 Chapter 10
Infinite Sequences and Series
Lec.1: Lecture Objectives
10.1) Sequences:
1. Identify the sequence properties.
2. Identify methods of sequence Graphical Representation.
3. Determine if a sequence is convergent or divergent.
10.2) Infinite Series:
1. Identify what is meant by a convergent series.
2. Study the convergence of geometric series.
3. Study the convergence of combined series.
Prerequisite
Evaluate the limits (at ∞)

Slide 5
Ch. 10: Infinite Sequences and Series
Some Important Applications
❑ Taylor series
𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + …
3! 5!
❑ Evaluation of Non−elementary Integrals
1

න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
❑ Solution of DE
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

Slide 6
Sec. 10.1: Infinite Sequences
A) Definition:

A sequence is a list of numbers written in a given order,

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , … Rule

1
Ex. Write down the sequence 𝑎𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛

1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 1, , , , … , , …
2 3 4 𝑛

Slide 7
B) How to represent a sequence?
1) Rule:
𝟏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏
2) Listing terms:

1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 1, , , , … , , …
2 3 4 𝑛
3) Graphically:
(2) as ordered pairs on the xy plane
(1) as points on the number line

Slide 8
C) Convergence and Divergence of a Sequence:

Convergent Sequence Divergent Sequence

Slide 9
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :
1 Convergent:
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
𝑛2 limit tens to
definite value
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 divergent
𝑛 Divergent: limit to in
c) 𝑎𝑛 = −1 divergent
definite value or
bouncing value
1 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
lim −1 𝑛
=൝ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑛→∞
−1 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛
−1

Slide 10
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :
n+2 1
a) an = n
b) an =
2n

Solution:

2
𝑛+2 1+
𝑎) lim = lim 𝑛=1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1

1 1
𝑏) lim 𝑛 = lim =0
𝑛→∞2 𝑛→∞∞

Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
The Sandwich Theorem of a Sequence:

Slide 14
 −1 𝑛
(b) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑛
−1 −1 1
≤ ≤
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −1 𝑛

Slide 15
Function of a Sequence:

Ex. Study the convergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛+1
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1
𝑛

1
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 converges to 1
𝑛

Slide 16
Exercises
Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛2
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
𝑛3 +1

1
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 divergent
𝑛

1 n
c) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 0
2

𝑛−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
d) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1
𝑛

Slide 17
Ex. Study convergence and divergence of 𝑎𝑛 :

𝑛2
a) 𝑎𝑛 = converges to 1/2
2𝑛2 +5

−1 𝑛
b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 converges to 𝜋/4
𝑛+1

Slide 18
 0 1

1 0

𝑒𝑥 0

𝑛
𝑙𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛 4 𝑛 2 𝑛

conv. to 0 conv. to 0 conv. to 1 conv. to 𝑒 −2

Using 1 Using 4 Using 2, 3 Using 5

Slide 19
Slide 20
Lec.1: Lecture Objectives
10.1) Sequences:
1. Identify the sequence properties.
2. Identify methods of sequence Graphical Representation.
3. Determine if a sequence is convergent or divergent.
10.2) Infinite Series:
1. Identify what is meant by a convergent series.
2. Study the convergence of geometric series.
3. Study the convergence of combined series.
Prerequisite
Evaluate the limits (at ∞)

Slide 21
 Sec. 10.2: Infinite Series
An infinite series is the sum of an infinite sequence
𝑆 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 + … = σ 𝑎𝑛

A. Partial sums

B. Geometric Series

C. nth term test for divergence

D. Combined Series.

Slide 22
 Sec. 10.2: Infinite Series
A) Partial Sums:
𝑠1 = 𝑎1
𝑠2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
form a new
𝑠3 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 sequence
⋮
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
If lim 𝑠𝑛 = 𝐿 is a single finite value,
𝑛→∞
the series 𝑠 is convergent and converges to 𝐿
O.W. it is divergent
Slide 23
Ex. Find the first 10 partial sums of the series,
1 1 1
𝑠 =1+ + + +⋯
2 4 8
Geometric Series

Solution:
𝑠1 = 1
1
𝑠2 = 1 + = 1.5
2
1 1
𝑠3 = 1 + + = 1.75
2 4
1 1 1
𝑠4 = 1 + + + = 1.875
2 4 8
1 1 1 1
𝑠10 = 1 + + + + ⋯ 9 = 1.998046875
2 4 8 2
Slide 24
B) The Geometric Series: 1
(fixed ratio between terms)

𝑠 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + ⋯
2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑟 = 𝑠𝑡
1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
1 − 𝑟𝑛 Partial
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑎
1−𝑟 sum

∞
𝑛−1
𝑎
𝑠 = ෍ 𝑎𝑟 = lim 𝑠𝑛 = for 𝑟 <1
𝑛→∞ 1−𝑟
𝑛=1

Slide 25
Ex. Is the following series convergent? if so find its
sum
10 20 40
S=5− + − +⋯
3 9 27
2 5
Geometric series with 𝑟 = − , 𝑠 = 2 = 3 convergent
3 1− −3
Ex. Put the following G.S. in the sigma form
∞ 𝑛−1
10 20 40 2
S = 5− + − +⋯= ෍5 −
3 9 27 3
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛−1
1
= ෍2
3
𝑛=1
∞
9
= ෍ 𝑛
100
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛−1
1
= ෍ −
2
𝑛=1 Slide 26
 C) nth term test for divergence:
The converse is
not necessarily
true

If the series converges, then its nth term converges to 0.

2 𝑛 2 2 2
Ex. 𝑠 = σ∞
𝑛=1 − 3 = − G.S. with r = − 3 , 𝑎 = − 3
5
𝑎
𝑆=
𝑛 1−𝑟
2
lim − = 0 |x|<1
𝑛→∞ 3
Slide 27
 C) The nth term test for Divergence: 2

i.e. the series diverges, if 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎

𝒏→∞
Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?
∞

෍ 2𝑛 Divergent (G.S.)
𝑛=1
∞
𝑛
෍ 𝑙𝑛 No decision
𝑛+1
𝑛=1

Slide 28
D) Combined Series: 3

Ex: Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞
5 2𝑛 + 1
෍ 𝑛 Conv. ෍ 𝑛
Conv.
2 3
𝑛=2 𝑛=1

Slide 29
D) Combined Series:

Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞
2𝑛 + 4𝑛
෍ 5 𝑛 Div. ෍ 𝑛 Div.
3
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞

1 + 2 + ⋯ 100 + ෍ 1 Div.
𝑛=1

Slide 30
Ex. Are the following series convergent or divergent?

∞ ∞ 𝑛 𝑛
2 1
෍ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 Div. ෍ − Conv.
3 2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛
1 𝑛
෍ − − −1 Div.
2
𝑛=1
∞ 𝑛
1
෍ 1+ Div.
𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑛
1
lim 1+ =𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Slide 31
Slide 32
Slide 33