Topic 1.part1
Topic 1.part1
TOPIC 1 part1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (06 : 00)
LEARNING OUTCOME
1.1 Know the element in basic communication system.
1.2 Know noise, interference and distortion.
1.3 Know Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio, Noise Factor and
Noise Figure.
1.4 Apply SNR, Noise Factor, and Noise Figure formula.
1.5 Know the frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and
wavelength.
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1.1 Remember the element in basic communication
system
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1.1 BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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COMMUNICATION
• Examples
– People-people, people-peoples,
– computer-computer, computer-computers
– People - computer
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COMMUNICATION
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• COMMUNICATION = Process of
sending the information between
two or more locations through
transmission medium.
• TELECOMMUNICATION = Process
of sending the information between
two or more locations through
transmission medium at …..
distance.
Telegraph
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MODEL
INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
TRANSMITTER MEDIUM or RECEIVER DESTINATION
SOURCE
CHANNEL
SYSTEM NOISE
&
INTERFERENCE
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ELEMENTS of COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
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ELEMENTS of COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
1. Information Source
• The ………….. that generate the ……………
(audio, text, image or video) that need to be
transferred to Receiver.
• The information that have been generated by
…………. could be an ………… form (human
voice, audio) or ………… form (binary coded
numbers, alphanumeric codes).
2. Transmitter
• A collection of one or more electronic …………. or
………….. that converts the original source
information to a form more suitable for
transmission over a particular transmission
medium.
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ELEMENTS of COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Coaxial Cable
Microstrip
Fiber Optic Cable
Waveguide
Twisted Pair Cable Free Space
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ELEMENTS of COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
4. Receiver
• A collection of one or more electronic ………… or
…………… that accept the transmitted signals
from the transmission medium and then convert
back to their original information form.
• Examples: Demodulator,
Satellite demodulator
Demultiplexer, Transducer,
Decoder, Photo detector, etc.
Multiplexer & Demultiplexer 13
ELEMENTS of COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
5. Destination
• Anything that …………. the transmitted information
and capable to ………….. them.
• Examples: people, computer, handphone, electronic
devices.
6. System Noise
• Noise is any ………………… electrical signals that
…………….. with the information signal.
• Examples: Atmospheric noise, Thermal Noise, Man-
made Noise, Cosmic Noise, Internal Noise etc.
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Information, Message, & Signal
Information
• Information = knowledge = intelligence.
• Information is an original source information which
do NOT processed yet by transmitter or do NOT
converted into signal.
• It can be stored in people or any devices like
computer, digital camera, video camera, recorder etc.
• Examples: audio, alphanumeric, text, image, video.
Message
• Message represents the content of Information.
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Information, Message, & Signal
Signal
• Signal is a …………… information into time-varying or
spatial-varying quantity that could be ……………
• Signal can be an electric current, light or
electromagnetic wave which is used to convey data
from one place to another.
• A signal may be expressed as a function of time or
frequency.
• When a signal is expressed as a function of time, there
are two basic types of signals.
i. Digital Signal (Discrete-time signal)
ii. Analog Signal (Continuous-time signal)
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Information, Message, & Signal
DIGITAL SIGNAL
A discrete or ………….. signal that generates and process
data in form of zeroes and ones (0s and 1s). It has finite
(countable) set of amplitudes. For example; binary-
encoded digit, alphanumeric codes, computer-generated
data, digitally encoded analog signals etc.
ANALOG SIGNAL
A continuous or …………. signal that generates continuous
values, leading to continuous wave pattern. It has infinite
(uncountable) of amplitudes. For example; human voice,
audio etc.
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Information, Message, & Signal
Continuous Discrete
(infinite) (countable)
amplitude levels amplitude levels
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1.2 Know noise, interference and distortion.
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NOISE, INTERFERENCE and DISTORTION
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1. ATMOSPHERIC NOISE
EXTERNAL NOISE
COSMIC NOISE
• Cosmic noise is an …………. noise generated from the
galaxies such as star.
• The star and distant also like a sun which have high
temperature.
• Therefore, these stars radiate the noise in the same way
as sun.
• The noise receive from the distant, star is known as
…………… noise and distributed almost uniformly over
the entire and almost effects on communication of radio
waves.
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3. MAN MADE NOISE
EXTERNAL NOISE
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INTERNAL NOISE
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1. THERMAL NOISE
INTERNAL NOISE
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1. THERMAL NOISE
INTERNAL NOISE
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2. SHOT NOISE
INTERNAL NOISE
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DISTORTION
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DISTORTION
Some possible types of nonlinear distortion are:
1. Harmonic Distortion/ Amplitude Distortion:
Occurs when …………. harmonics of a signal are
produced through non-linear amplification.
(Noted: Harmonics are integer multiples of the original signal’s
frequency, e.g: 2f1, 3f1..).
Harmonic
Input Signal Distortion
V1 V1 f1 = original input
V2
V3 signal’s frequency
V4 V1 = original input
signal’s amplitude
fr fr
f1 f1 2f1 3f1 4f1
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(a) Input frequency spectrum (b) Output frequency spectrum
DISTORTION
2. Intermodulation Distortion:
The generation of ………….. sum (f1+f2) and difference
(f1-f2) frequencies(or cross-product frequencies)
produced when 2 or more signals mix in a nonlinear
device.
Input
Intermodulation Distortion
Input
Signal 1 Signal 2
V1 V2 V1 V2
Vdiff Vsum
fr fr
f1 f2 f1-f2 f1 f2 f1+f2
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DISTORTION
4. Phase Distortion:
A distortion that occurs due to the ………….. component,
such as …………… reactance or ………… reactance. As
the results, a phase shift occurs between components of
the original signal.
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INTERFERENCE
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INTERFERENCE
• Some possible types of interference are:
i. Adjacent-Channel Interference (ACI) - caused by
extraneous power from a signal in an adjacent channel.
ii. Co-Channel Interference (CCI) or Crosstalk - is
crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same
frequency.
iii. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) - is disturbance that
affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic
induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external
source.
iv. Inter-carrier interference (ICI) - caused by doppler shift in
OFDM modulation
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1.3 Remember Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio, Noise
Factor and Noise Figure
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SIGNAL TO NOISE POWER
RATIO (SNR)
• DEFINITION: the …….. of Signal Power(S) to the
Noise Power(N) which corrupting the signal.
• The better your SNR, the better the signal stands out, the
better the quality of your signals, and the better you ability
to get the results you desire.
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1.4 Apply SNR, Noise Factor, and Noise Figure
formula
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HOW TO CALCULATE SNR?
• SNR (dB):
S VS /Rin
2
SNR(dB) 10log SNR(dB) 10log 2
N V /R
N out
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Example 1: SNR
Solution:
S PS 5W
SNR 500
N PN 0.01W
S P
SNR (dB) 10 log( ) 10 log( S )
N PN
10 log(500) 26.99dB
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Exersice 1: SNR
Solution:
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Exersice 2: SNR
Solution:
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NOISE FACTOR & NOISE FIGURE
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NOISE FACTOR & NOISE FIGURE
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Example 1: Noise Factor/ Noise Figure
• Solutions:
a) Noise Factor
SNRin Sin/Nin 2 x 10 - 10 /2 x 10 - 18
F
SNRout Sout/Nout 2 x 10 - 4 /8 x 10 - 12
100 10 6
F 4
25 10 6
b) Noise Figure
NF 10logF 10log4 6.02dB
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Exersice 1: Noise Factor/ Noise Figure
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Exercise 1: Noise Factor/ Noise Figure
Solution:
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Exercise 2: Noise Factor/ Noise Figure
Solution:
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1.5 Understand the frequency spectrum,
bandwidth, and wavelength
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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Microwave Band
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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
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BANDWIDTH (BW)
• BW indicates the …………. of data. The larger size of
BW means the bigger capacity of data and more data
could be transfer at one time.
fmin fmax
• Unit SI BW is …………….
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WAVELENGTH (λ)
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WAVELENGTH (λ)
where;
c
wavelegth, λ λ = wavelength (meter)
f
c = velocity of light (3 x 108 m/s)
f = frequency (Hz)
• Unit SI in …………..
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Exersice 1: wavelength
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Exersice 1: wavelength
SOLUTION:
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Exersice 1: wavelength
SOLUTION:
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REFERENCES
• Wayne T. (2004). Electronic Communication Systems:
Fundamentals Through Advance (6th ed.). Prentice
Hall. ISBN-10: 0130453501 or ISBN-13:
9780130453501