8010A/8012A Digital Multimeters Instruction Manual a8010A/8012A Digital Multimeters Instruction Manual aDear Customer: Congratulations! We at Fluke are proud to present you with the 8010A and 8012A Multimeters. These instruments represent the very latest in integrated circuit and display technology. As a result, the end products are rugged and reliable instruments whose performance and design exhibit the qualities of finely engineered lab instruments. They also provide some unique measurement capabilities in addition to those normally found in an ordinary multimeter. To fully appreciate and protect your investment, we suggest that you take a few moments 10 read the manual, As always, Fluke stands behind your instrument with a full one-year warranty and a worldwide service organization. If the need arises, please don’t hesitate to call on us. Thank you for your trust and confidence. JOHN FLUKE MFG. CO., INC.SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS. be 1s 1-7. SPECIFICATIONS OPERATION 21. INTRODUCTION 23. SETTING UP YOUR INSTRUMENT 24, Unpacking . 28. AC Line Voltage Requirements 2-10, Fuse Replacement 213. FRONT PANEL FEATURES 21S. LED DISPLAY «s.ese0.+ : 218. SIGNAL INPUT LIMITS ... 2.20, OPERATING TECHNIQUES 222, AC/DC Voltage (V) 224 AC/DC Current (ma)... 2.26. AC/DC Current (10A max, $010 only) 2-28, Resistance (0) 2-30. Low Ohms Resistance (LO RANGE 0, $012A only)» 232, Conductance (S=1M) ose. eesee.e Diode Test... TITLE INTRODUCTION OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES INITIAL CHECKOUT PROCEDURE... APPLICATIONS ae Citeuit Loading Error (Voltage) ...... Burden Voltage Error (Current)... ‘Test Lead Compensation (Resistance) .... High Resistance Measurements (Conductance) Leakage Resistance Measurements (Conductance) Diode Leakage Tests (Conductance) .......+ Transistor Tester s.sesessese+s ‘True-RMS Measurements Waveform Comparison (RMS vs Averaging Meters). Waveform Crest Factors Combined AC and DC Signal Measurements AMfecis of Offset in AC Measurements Bandwidth Limitations in AC Voltage Measurements Table of Contents 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 210 2-10 2.10 22 23 23 213 25 2s 2S (continued on page ii)TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued SECTION 3 THEORY OF OPERATION 1 36. 38. 327 34. 354 37. INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS, Digital Voltmeter : Input Signal Conditioners Meter Protection Circuits Power Supply .....0+0+0 ‘Touch and Hold Circuit MAINTENANCE . 41 43. 47. 48. 419, 421 427, 430, 47, 434, 436, LIST OF REPLACEABLE PARTS SA 53. INTRODUCTION SERVICE INFORMATION GENERAL INFORMATION Interior Access Cleaning 2.2.20. Special Test Devices PERFORMANCE TEST Display Test Resistance /Conductance Test LO RANGE Test (80124 only) DC Voltage Test... : RMS Converter Offset Test AC Voltage Test DC Current Test AC Current Test. OA Current Test (HOIOA oly) » CALIBRATION PROCEDURE ... Power Supply Check DC Calibration Adjustment RMS Converter DC Offset Adjustment [AC Calibration Adjustment LO RANGE 1 Calibration Adjustment (6012A only) ‘TROUBLESHOOTING ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . PARTS ORDERING INFORMATI OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION : ACCESSORIES 2. ccccseee OPTIONS. ‘SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE ION PAGE 37 410 Bt Ss 52 52 et 1 62 600-1 oll TA mMList of Tables TITLE 8010A/8012A Options and Accessories . 8010A/8012A Specifications : 8010A/8012A Controls, Indicators, and Connectors. Maximum Input-Signal Limits List of Recommended Test Equipment ... Display Test : Resistance/ Conductance Test. DC Voltage Test. ‘AC Voltage Test DC mA Test .....05 Power Supply Voltages Troubleshooting Guide . Test Points ... ittivFIGURE Frontispiece Lt 21 22 23 2 25 26. 21. 28 29, 2-10 DAL 20 213, 24 List of Illustrations TITLE PAGE 8010/8012 Digital Multimeters. 8010 /8012A Dimensions . 1s Controls, Indicators, and Connectors ....2...sssesseseee 22 Liquid Crystal Display 23 AC/DC Voltage Operation «. 25 AC/DC Current Operation. 2s AC/DC Current Operation, 10A (8010A only) 26 Resistance Operation ......cse.ceserse-0e : 26 Resistance Operation, LO RANGE 11(8012A only) 27 Conductance Operation cose 28 Diode Test Operation 29 Circuit Loading Error ane 210 Calculating Burden Voltage Error v.00... 210 Conductance To Resistance Conversion 2H ‘Transistor Beta Test Fixture - Waveform Comparisons Crest Factor 5 ‘Total RMS Value ... Basie Block Diagram .. A/D Converter Simplified Schematic and Timing Diagram enn Input Signal Conditioners eneeeeaneee foe 35 Removing the mA Input Line een cies 43 190 and 1.90 Test SeIS oes eeeeseeeeereseee coer aeeenaeenennennaneal 2 Calibration Adjustment Locations “7'8010A/8012A Digital MultimetersSection 1 Introduction and Specifications 4-4, INTRODUCTION 1.2. This manual contains complete operating and maintenance instructions for the Fluke Models 80108, and 8012A Digital Multimeters. The information presented in this manual reflects both instruments except where indicated by a particular model number. The term Multimeter is used throughout this manual to indicate both the 8010A and the 8012A. 1-3. The Multimeters are portable bench-type digital multimeters (DMMs) with 3-1/2 digit liquid erystal displays (LCDs). The Multimeters have the following industry-standard features: © Voltage measurements from 100 wV to 1000V de 1d 10 mV to 750V true-rms ac. © Current measurements from 100 nA to2A deand 10 HA to 2A true-rms ac (up to I0A for the 8012A). © Resistance measurements from 100 m0 (I m0 for the 8012A) to 20 MO. The Multimeters also have the following special ‘measurement features: © Conductance measurements up to 10,000 MQ of. equivalent resistance. © Resistance ranges that supply enough voltage to tum on a PN junction for testing diodes and transistors. © Automatic polarity indication and overrange indication. ¢ Protection from overloads and transients up to6 kV for 10 microseconds. © Duatslope integration a/d conversion to ensure noise-free measurements, © Long term calibration stability (I year). 1-4, Your Multimeter is warranted for a period of one year upon shipment of the instrument to the original purchaser. Conditions of the warranty are given at the front of this manual. 1-5. OPTIONS and ACCESSORIES 1-6. The use of your Multimeter can be enhanced by the options and accessories available for these instruments. The options and accessories are listed in Table 1-1. The Multimeters can be ordered with the Option 8010-01 or 8012A-01 Rechargeable Battery. Detailed information on options and accessories is contained in Section 6 of this ‘manual 1-7. SPECIFICATIONS 1-8. Specifications for the Multimeters are listed in Table 1-2. Specifications for the Option 8010A-01 or Option 8012A-01 and other accessory specifications are given in Section 6 of this manual. on]INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS Table 1-1. 80108/8012A Options and Accessories MODEL DESCRIPTION MODEL DESCRIPTION cee Ruggedized Carrying Case 80-10 | Current Shunt ya205 Soit Carrying Case 80K-6 | High Voltage Probe Moo-200-611 Offset Mounting Kit 80K-40 | High Voltage Probe Moo-200-612 | Center Mounting Kit | sar — | RF Probe Moo-200-613 | Dual Mounting Kit | snr | AF Probe s0T-H Touch-Hold Probe } ye10 | D/A Current Probe aoT-1500 Temperature Probe, Celsius yei01_—_| AG Current Transtormer 80T-150F Temperature Probe, Fahrenheit e133 | Deluxe Test Lead Set 801-400 ‘AG Current Probe ye140 | Slim-Flex Test Leads 801-600 ‘AG Gurrent Probe | sor0a-o1 | Rechargeable Battery Option for 80108 sor2a-o1_| Rechargeable Battery Option for 8012A Table 1-2. 80108/8012A Specifications ELECTRICAL The electrical specifications given apply for an operating temperature of 18°C to 28°C (64.4°F t082.4°F), relative humiaity Lup to 90%, and a 1-year calibration cycle. Functions .. DC Volts, AC Volts, DC Current, AC Current Resistance and Conductance. DC Volts _ RANGE RESOLUTION KOGURACY for 1 Year 200 m\7 100 nV | 2 imv | #20v iomv 410.1% of eaging + 1 digit) +200 100 mv 1000 wv 10 MO, all ranges. >60 dB at 60 Hz (at 50 Hz with 50 Hz Option), INPUT IMPEDANCE NORMAL MODE REJECTION RATIO COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO .... >90 dB at de, 50 Hz and 60 Hz. (1 KO unbalanced) OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION ....2..-+. 1000V de or peak ac on all ranges. | RESPONSE TIME ....-..-eececseeseesees 1 second, AC Volts (True RMS Responding) SURAT eer BEST Raa one RANGE. RESOLUTION [~ 45 Hz TO kHz 20 kHz eco eT Fea SU re eente eeenet toe cara (Rac) EERE | | saw a cee ee digits) a 12INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS ‘SPECIFICATIONS. Table 1-2. 8010A/8012A Specitications (cont) ‘AC Volts, continued VOLT-Hz PRODUCT = 107 max (200V max @ 50 kH2) EXTENDED FREQUENCY RESPONSE... Typically +3 dB at 200 kHz COMMON MODE NOISE REJECTION RATIO (1 kA unbalance) ..........++++1++ >60 dB at 50 Hz and 60 Hz, CREST FACTOR RANGE . - 1.010 30. INPUT IMPEDANCE ssss++ 10 MQ in parallel with <100 pF. OVERLOAD PROTECTION -+++:+ TS0V rms oF 1000V peak continuous not to exceed the volt-hertz product of 107 (except 10 seconds maximum on 200 mV, 2V ranges). RESPONSE TIME ......sccsescesesserees 2 Seconds maximum within a range. DC Current RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY for 1-Year__| BURDEN VOLTAGE 200 uA Ot uA 2mA, HA Ean 10uA +(0.3% of reading +1 digit) 0.3V max. 200 mA 100 uA 2000 mA ima 0.9V max. OVERLOAD PROTECTION ............- 2A/250V fuse in series with SA/600V fuse (for high energy sources). | AC Curent (True RMS Responding AC Coupled) TRECURAGY fom BW o rape Wer nance | resouumion aon ae] RON sori | torowne | co20Ke ona | OA ama] ty i : ie +(1% of reading +2 digits) +12% of reading | 9.3V rms max. 20 mA, 10 nA ; +2 digits) 200A | 1004 ; zaioma | ima fat ote jvm man poate OVERLOAD PROTECTION nv 2A/S0V ue In sres wih DALEEOV fuse (or Noh enery sours (CREST FACTOR RANGE High Current 80104 Only 1.0 to 30 RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY: for 1-Year__ | BURDEN VOLTAGE 10A de 10 mA #(0.5% of reading + 1 digit) 0.5V max, TOR FeRr IO DTRAT Tims ac oe 21% of reading + 2 digits) OY rms max OVERLOAD 12A maximum untused, 13INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS. Table 1-2. 8010A/8012A Specifications (cont) Resistance FULLSCALE | MAXIMUM TEST rm for 1-Year RANGE RESOLUTION | ACCURACY: for 1 YoLeaee ee 200 8 018 <025v 13mA 22 oe 19 £10.2% of eating > 10 13mA 20K 108 +1 digit) <0.25v 10uA 200K pr 1008 >10v 35 uA 200K TKD 20.5% of resaing <0.26V :10uA 20M2 bt 10K2 +1 digit) >18V 035A OVERLOAD PROTECTION OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE RESPONSE TIME . + 300V de/ac rms on all ranges. Less than 3.5V on all ranges. 1 second all ranges except 4 seconds on the 2000 kA and 20 MQ. ranges. DIODE TEST .... ‘These three ranges have enough voltage to turn on silicon a junctions to check for proper forward-to-back resistance. The 2 0 range is preferred andis marked with alarger diode symbol on the front panel of theinstrument. The threenon-diodetest ranges will not turn on silicon junctions so in-circuit resistance measurements can be made with these three ranges. Low Resistance 80124 Only FULLSCALE MAXIMUM RANGE RESOLUTION | ACCURACY: for Year| "Yortace | test CURRENT 22 =(1%6 of reading *2 timo oy {LO Ohms! digits) o.02v 10.5 ma 200 (0.5% of reading (LO Ohms) pene +2 digits) on 10.5 ma OVERLOAD PROTECTION ....... 300V de/ac rms on all ranges. RESPONSE TIME . = 1 second maximum, OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE .. 16V maximum on both ranges. Conductance OPEN MAXIMUM RANGE RESOLUTION | ACCURACY: for 1-Year| CIRCUIT TEST VOLTAGE CURRENT 2mS 148) 210.2% of reading range). 2-36, INITIAL CHECKOUT PROCEDURE 237. The following procedure allows you to verify that the Multimeter is operating correctly for most functions. ‘The only test equipment required isa set of test leads and access to a standard wall socket. This procedure checks for general operation only and is not intended to verify instrument accuracy. Performance tests and calibration adjustments are contained in Section 4 of this manual for, the purpose of festing and correcting instrument accuracy. 238. Use the following procedure to verify that most of the functions of your Multimeter are operating correctly: 1, Select the AC V function on the Multimeter. 2, Set the Multimeter to the 750V range. WARNING. THE LOCAL LINE VOLTAGE IS BEING MEASURED IN THE FOLLOWING STEP. DO NOT TOUCH THE PROBE TIPS OR ALLOW THE PROBE TIPS TO COME IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER WHILE PREFORMING THE FOLLOWING STEP. 3. Insert the probe tips into a standard wall socket. Note the preceding warning. The display should read the local line voltage. 4. Momentarily set the instrument to the 20V range, The overrange indicator should be displayed. 5. Remove the test leads from the wall socket. 27OPERATION APPLICATIONS CONDUCTANCE (8 = 1/0) 1. DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED 2, SELECT RANGE 3. SELECT FUNCTION 4, CONNECT TEST LEADS HIGH (+) Low (~) cinouit Figure 2-8. Condu 6. Select the resistance function. The overrange indicator should appear in the display. 7. Set the instrument to the 20001 range and short the test leads. The display should read “00.0”. 8. Select the S=1/M (conductance) function, 2 mS range, The display should read ".000" + 5 counts, 9. Short the test leads. The overrange indicator should appear in the display. 10. This concludes the Initial Checkout procedure for your Multimeter. If the performance of the instrument is in question refer to the Performance tests in Section 4 of this manual, 2-39. APPLICATIONS 2-40. The following paragraphs contain additional information and measurement techniques for the five primary functions of your Multimeter. WARNING. TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT CON- ince Operation NECT THE COMMON INPUT TERMINAL TO ANY SOURCE OF MORE THAN 500 VOLTS DC OR PEAK AC ABOVE EARTH GROUND. 2-41, Circuit Loading Error (Voltage) 2-42. Circuit loading errors occur when voltage ‘measurements are taken on high impedance circuits. This is because the Multimeter loads he source, thus changing the operating voltage of the source. As long asthe circuit impedance (source impedance) is low compared to the input impedance of the Multimeter this error may be insignificant. For example, when measuringa circuit with a source impedance of 10 kMor ess, the error will be <0.1 Go. Mf the circuit loading error is significant, use the appropriate formula contained in Figure 2-10 to calculate the percentage of error. WARNING OPERATOR INJURY AND INSTRUMENT DAMAGE MAY RESULT IF THE BACKUP FUSE (F2) BLOWS WHEN CURRENT IS BEING MEASURED FROM A VOLTAGE OF GREATER THAN 600 VOLTS.OPERATION APPLICATIONS. DIODE TEST (kn, +) DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED ‘SELECT Range (2-+- range preferred) SELECT FUNCTION ‘CONNECT TEST LEADS HIGH (+) Low (-) _ FORWARD BIAS: REVERSE BIAS: Figure 2-9, Diode Test Operation 2-43. Burden Voltage Error (Current) 2-44. When a multimeter is placed in series with a circuit to measure current, the voltage drop of the multimeter inducesan error, This voltage is called the burden voltage. The maximum full-scale burden voltages for your Multimeter are 0.3V for the four lowest ranges and 0.9V for the highest range 2-45. ‘These voltage drops can affect the accuracy of the ‘current measurement if the current source is unregulated and the resistance of the shunt and fuses of the multimeter exceeds 1/1000 of the source resistance. Ifthe multimeter burden voltage is significant, the formula in Figure 2-11 ccan be used to calculate the burden voltage error. 2-46. Test Lead Compensation (Resistance) 2.47. When measuring low resistances, the effects of test lead resistance may add a significant error. This error is compensated for by measuring the lead resistance and subtracting it from the resistance measured in the circuit. The test lead resistance of the 8010A must be subtracted ‘manually, by the operator, to compensate for this error. The 8012A provides a ZERO function, for Low Ohms resistance measurements, that “zeros out” the value of the test lead resistance. Figure 2-7 and the paragraphs on Low Ohms Resistance describe how to use the ZERO function of the 8012A. 2-48. Use the following procedure to manually compensate for test lead resistance: 1. Setup the Multimeter as shown in Figure 2-6. 2. Short the test leads together (press the test leads together firmly). 29OPERATION APPLICATIONS 3. Record the Multimeter reading obi Step 2 4, Proceed with the resistance measurement and subtract the value of Step 3 from the Multimeter reading. 1. DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS Loading Error in % = 100 x Rs (Rs +10") Where: Rs = Source resistance in ohms of circuit being measured, 2, AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS First, determine input impedance, as follows:* 107 Zin= —— Vir QaF > Rin - Gin)? Where: Zin = effective input impedance Rin = 10° ohms Gin = 100 x 107"? Farads F = frequeney in Hz ‘Then, determine source loading error as follows:* Loading Eror in %= 100% 3-85, Where: Zs = source impedance Zin = input impedance (calculated) “Vector algebra required Figure 2-10, Circult Loading Error 2-49. High Resistance Measurements (Conductance) 2-50, The conductance function of your Multimeter can be used to measure high resistive (low leakage) components (diodes and capacitors) while minimizing noise problems. The three conductance ranges (2 mS, 20 uS, and 200 nS) can be used for making resistance ‘measurements from 500M to I MQ, 50kMto 100MQ, and 5 M2 to 10,000 MO. Refer to Figure 2-12 for a list of conductance to resistance conversions. 2-51. Leakage Resistance Measurements (Conductance) 2-52. Use the conductance function for leakage test (on purely resistive components (e.g., cables and pcb's). NOTE Under high humidity conditions, fingerprints and other residual surface contaminants can create their own leakage paths. Clean all surfaces and use clean test leads to minimize the effect of leakage paths. 2.58. Diode Leakage Tests (Conductance) 2-54. Diode leakage (In) tests require that the diode junction be reverse biased while being measured. Connect the anode ofthe diode to the COMMON input connector to reverse bias a diode junction. A good silicon diode will produce an in-scale display reading on the 200 nS range ‘when reverse biased. AMMETER SHUNT Es = Source voltage Load resistance + Source resistance Measured current (display reading in amps) Burden voltage (calculated) meas. current [{200/current range in mA) +35] Eror in % = 100 x Eb/tEs- Eb) Error in A= (Eb x Im)/(Es - Eb) 5 EXAMPLE Es 15v Al = 100 xa) Imm = 148,51 uA (14851 mA) E> = 148.81 x 10-* x ((200/.2) + 95) 51 x 10°* x 1000.35 = 148,56 mv Max. error in 5 = 100 x {148.58 mV/(1SV -.14856V)] = 1 0003% {Add this to the range spec. accuracy Max. error in S% = 1.000386 (2% + 2 digits) Max. error in A = (148,56 mV x 148.51 wA)/(15000 mV - 148.58 mv = 1486 uA [Add 1.486 uA to the reading for correct current Figure 2-11. Calculating Burden Voltage ErrorOPERATION APPLICATIONS: Interpolation Table (V/no.) oor] of: [2 [sts fs{o6{7felo 1 [1 [909 ].033 {769 [714 [eer [625 |'s08 [556 | 526 2 |.800].476 |.455 | 435 |.417_ |.400 |.985 |.370 |.375 | 345, 3 |.333|.923 |.313 | 303 | 294 | 286 |.278 |.270 |.268 | 256 4 |.250].244 |.238 | 293 | 227 |.222 |.217 |.213 |.208 |.204 5 |.200].196 |.192. } 187 | 185. | 182 |.179 |.175 |.172 |.169. 6 | 167 | 164 |.161 }.159 |.156 ].154 |.152 |.149 ].147 } 145, 7 |.raa].ta1].199° | 137 |.195. |.193 |.132 |.130 |.128 | 127 a |.125]123 f.122 fran [rng [cre [are |.115 |-rta | rr2 g_|.111]-110 |-109_ | .108 | 106 _|.105 |.104 |.103 |.102 }.101 “ms to ka “Sto Ma *nS to MO 2 mS RANGE 20 pS RANGE 200 nS RANGE (ims = ka) (14s = Ma) (to00/ns = Mia) ms 2 ws Ma 0s mo 20 20 05 300 5 10 10 4 100 + 10 os 5 2 50 20 02 2 5 20 50 on 1 10 + 100 005 s 2 s = 20 02 2s 2 SF 500 oo 1 0 aol 0.005 + 05 20 2000 0.002 02 -E 50 5000 0.001 o1 © 100 0000 CONVERSION SCALES. international Unit of Conductance Formerly Known as the mho. Use the following procedure to convert a conductance reading (displayed in siemens) to equivalent resistance (in ohms): 1. On the Interpolation Table locate the most significant digit of the conductance display under the DIGIT column heading. 2, Onthe Interpolation Table locate the second most significant digit of the conductance display across from the DIGIT 3, On the Interpolation Table locate the value (of resistance) atthe intersection of the two digits in Steps 1 and2, then use the appropriate Conversion Scale to determine the position of the decimal point. For Example: ‘A reading of 52.0 nS is displayed on the Multimeter. The Interpolation Table shows a value of 192. Using the Conwersion ‘Scale, under the 200 nS Range heading, 52.0 nS corresponds to approximately 20 MQ. Therefore, the actual equivalent sistance is 19.2 MA Figure 2-12, Conductance to Resistance Conversion anOPERATION APPLICATIONS 2-55. Transistor Tester 2-56. The transistor tester described in the following paragraphs provides approximate test information, Beta is tested using a Vceof2V and an Icof about 200 wA. This, transistor tester is useful for checking the proper operation of transistors and approximate beta values for comparative measurements, 2-57. The transistor tester fixture is described in Figure 2213, When assembled and connected to the V/k11/S and the COMMON input connector, the Multimeter can be used to determine the following information about transistors: © Transistor type (NPN or PNP) ‘© Defective transistors (shorted or open) © Collector-to-emitter leakage (Ices) © Beta from 10 to 1000 in a single range. 2-58. Transistor type is determined by setting the switch ‘on the test fixture to BETA, setting the Multimeterto the 2 mS range, and observing the display reading. If a low reading (< 0.010) is displayed, reverse the test fixture at the input connectors. If the collector of the transistor is now connected to the COMMON input connector the transistor is a PNP type. An NPN type will have its collector connected to the V/kM/S input connector. 2-59 DEFECTIVE TRANSISTORS 2.60, If the transistor is defective, the following indications will appear, regardless of transistor type or test position: I. An open transistor will produce a display reading of 0.001 or less. 2. A shorted transistor will produce an overrange indication on the display. CONSTRUCTION _—S1 TOGGLE SWITCH SCHEMATIC TRANSISTOR UNOER TEST TEST FIXTURE ¢ pL ______. Pt 1 | PLUG INTO | COMMON AND ' ' a TERMINALS V/KA/S INPUT J} TRANSISTOR SOCKET DETAIL, ‘SPOT L -—— 17/8 0.75" BETA © g @: z & 5 z z| e 3/16" HOLE WIRE TO BASE CONTACT OF ‘TRANSISTOR SOCKET RI 780k. 25% 1/4W | P1 BANANA PLUG CONNECTOR 0.75" SPACING GENERAL RADIO TYPE 274 MB WIRE TO SWITCH ARM Figure 2-13. Transistor Beta Test Fixture 212OPERATION APPLICATIONS 2-61. TRANSISTOR LEAKAGE TEST 2-62. Use the following procedure to test transistors for leakage (Ices): 1. Install the transistor, and connect the test fixture to the Multimeter (see preceding paragraphs). 2. Set the switch on the test fixture to ICES 3, Select the conductance function, 2 mS range on the Multimeter. 4. Areading of more than 0.0020 (6 wA) indicates 4 faulty transistor (silicon). 2-63, TRANSISTOR BETA TEST 2-64. Use the following procedure to test the beta of a transistor: 1. Install the transistor and connect the test fixture to the Multimeter (see preceding paragraphs). 2. Set the switch in the test fixture to BETA. 43. Select the conductance function, 2 mS range on the Multimeter. 4, Note the display reading on the Multimeter, then shift the decimal point three places to the right. This will be the beta of the transistor. NOTE Beta is a temperature-sensitive measurement. Allow: sufficient time for each tested transistor to stabilize. Avoid touching the transistor case with your fingers while making beta ‘measuremenis. 2-65. True-RMS Measurements 2.66. One of the most useful features of the Multimeters is the direct measurement of true-rms ac voltages and ac current, Mathematically, rms is defined asthe square root, Of the mean of the squares of the instantancous voltages. In physical terms, rms is equivalent to the de value that dissipates the same amount of heat in a resistor as the original waveform, True-rms is the effective value of any ‘waveform and represents the energy level of the signal. It is used directly in the relationships of Ohm’s Law and provides a reliable basis for comparisons of dissimilar waveforms, 2.67. Most multimeters in use today have average- responding ac converters rather than true-rms converters like the 8010A and 8012A. Usually the gain in average~ responding meters is adjusted so that the reading gives the rms value, provided the input signal is a harmonic-free sinusoid. However, if the signal is not sinusoidal, the average-responding meter does not give a correct rms reading 2.68. Your Multimeter’s ac converter calculates therms value through analog computation. This results in accurate rms values for mixed frequencies, modulated signals, square waves, sawtooths, 10%-duty-cycle pulses, etc, when these signals are measured with your Multimeter. 2-69. Waveform Comp: Meters) 2.10, Figure 2-14 shows the relationship between common waveforms and their displayed value, as they appear on the 8010A or 8012A, compared to average- responding meters, Figure 2-14 also illustrates the relationship between ac and de measurements for ac- coupled meters, For example the first waveform (in Figure 2-1d) isa sine wave with a peak voltage of 1 14V. Both Fluke Multimeters (8010A and 8012A) and the average responding meters display the correct rms reading of 1,000V (the de component equals 0). The 1414V' (peak) rectified square wave also produces a correct de reading (0.707V) on all the multimeter, but only the Fluke Multimeters correctly measure the ac component (0.707V). ‘The average responding meter ‘measures the ac component ofthe rectified square waves O.785V, which is an error of 5.6%. ison (RMS vs Averaging 2-71. Waveform Crest Factors 2-72, The crest factor of a waveform is the ratio of the peak to rms voltage. In waveforms where the positiveand negative half-cycles have different peak voltages, the higher voltage is used in computing the crest factor. Crest factors start at 1.0 for a square wave (peak voltage equals rms voltage). 2-73, Your Multimeter can measure signals with a crest factor of 3.0 or less, at full scale. Figure 2-15 illustrates some typical signals and their crest factors. The waveforms in Figure 2-15 show that a signal with a crest factor of greater than 3.0 is not common. 2-74, To ensure that a signal measured with your Multimeter has a erest factor below 3.0, measure the peak value with an ac coupled oscilloscope. If the peak value is not more than three times the true-rms reading of your Multimeter, then the crest factor ofthe signal is3.0 or less. ‘Another method of verifying the error caused by the crest factor of a signal is to compare the reading of your Multimeter with a reading on the next higher range of your Multimeter. The crest factor capability of your Multimeter increases (from 3.0) for readings less than full-scale. The crest factor capability of your Multimeter is shown by the following equation: [sn s) Input ‘The error caused by exceeding the crest factor of 3.0at full scale, will be reduced significantly on the next higher ‘measurement range of your Multimeter. The crest factor capability at 1/10 scale approaches 10. Crest Factor Capability 213OPERATION [APPLICATIONS AC-COUPLED INPUT WAVEFORM PEAK VOLTAGES DISPLAY READINGS PEAK to PEAK| PEAK "AG COMPONENT ONLY. oc DC AND AC TOTAL RMS RMS CAL* 80508 COMPONENT ‘ONLY TRUE-AMS= Vac? + de? SINE me VF 2.828 141 1,000 0.000 RECTIFIED SINE (FULL WAVE) PK + (CY Vere a 1414 1414 0.421 0.436 0.900 1.000 RECTIFIED SINE (HALF WAVE) mx at LUGE 2.000 2.000 0.773 077 0.636 1,000 SQUARE Pk, Lh ol | eden at 2.000 1.000 aan 1.000 0.000 1.000 RECTIFIED SQUARE ox _ PKK AUT 1414 1414 0.785 0.707 0.707 1.000 RECTANGULAR PULSE PK + o bl See | aly F D=xiy yoo 2.000 2.000 4.442K" 2K 20 2v0_ TRIANGLE SAWTOOTH PK. oy é PKPK iy 3.464 1.732 0.962 I 1,000 0.000 1.000 * AMS CAL IS THE DISPLAYED VALUE FOR AVERAGE RESPONDING METERS. THAT ARE CALIBRATED TO DISPLAY RMS FOR SINE WAVES. aad Figure 2-14. Waveform ComparisonsOPERATION APPLICATIONS 2-75. Combined AC and DC Signal Measurements 2-76. It is sometimes necessary to measure an ac signal riding on a de level. An example of this type of signal is, shown in Figure 2-16, To obtain an accurate ‘measurement of the total rms value for these signals, perform the following steps: 1, Measure the ac component of the signal using. the AC V function, 2. Measure the de component of the signal using the DC V function, 3. Use the following formula, with the values ‘obtained in Steps | and 2,to determine the total rms value of the signal: 2-77. Affects of Offset in AC Measurements 2-78, Your Multimeter is a true-rms-responding multimeter, and the display may indicatea reading of | to 2 digits (because of amplifier noise) when the input is shorted in the ACV or ACmA functions. The accuracy of your Multimeter is not affected by this internal offset even when measured inputs are at the specified floor of the multimeter (5% of the range selected). When the rms value of the two signals (internal offset and 5% of range input) is calculated, as in the following equation, the insignificant effect of the offset is shown: Total rms digits = \/22 + 1002 = 100.02 gi ‘The display of your Multimeter will read 100 di 2-79. Bandwidth Limitations in AC Voltage Measurements 2-80. Signals with rectangular waveforms contain ‘component frequencies that are much higher than the fundamental frequency used to describe them. The component frequencies, for rise times less than 1 microsecond, exceed the 200 kHz bandwidth of your ‘Multimeter (and will produce a low reading display). For example, a 10-kHz square wave with a rise time of less than | microsecond will produce a display reading that is, approximately 1% low. This error will be proportionally higher for higher frequency square waves. WAVEFORM CREST FACTOR sovsnewave FT] y to sINe WAVE VY vata TRiaNsLe SAWTOOTH \ 1.732 wer MW\p FREQUENCIES 14141020 sc oureur . sro, DQ 1414 103.0 ACCOUPLED =pye2 poise TRAIN TC__JL| 30ve—a-7 = spike a Figure 2-15, Crest Factor AG COMPONENT oc Level ov. Figure 2-16. Total RMS Value 215/216