UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 4: Electric Traction
L-4-3
Speed Time Curves for Different Services
I. Urban Service
Distance between the stops is small
Coasting period is small
Acceleration & retardation is required to be high
Free run is absent
Contd....
II. Sub-Urban Service
Distance between stops is little longer than the urban service but smaller than the
main line service
Coasting period is long as compared to urban service
Free run is still absent
Contd....
III. Main Line Service
Distance between stops is large
Free run & coasting periods are longer
Acceleration & Braking periods are comparatively small.
Source: JB Gupta
Comparison
S.N. Type of Accelr Retardat Maximu Distance Remarks
Service ation ion in m speed between
in kmphps in kmph stations
kmphp in km
s
1 Urban 1.5-4 3-4 120 1 No free run, coasting period
small
2 Suburban 1.5-4 3-4 120 2-5km No free run, coasting period
longer
3 Main line 0.6-0.8 1.5 160 >10 km Free run & coasting period
long, acceleration & braking
period small
Some Terms
Crest Speed: The maximum speed attained by the vehicle during the run.
Average Speed: The distance covered between two stops divided by the actual
time of run is known as average speed.
Scheduled Speed: The ratio of distance covered between two stops & total time of
run(including time of stops) is known as scheduled speed.
Scheduled speed is always smaller than the average speed.
Simplified speed time curve
They are used to determine the relationship acceleration, retardation, average speed
& distance. These can have either trapezoidal or quadrilateral shape.
I. Calculations by Trapezoidal Speed Time Curve
• The trapezoidal curve represents more closely the actual conditions of the
speed time curve for main line service.
• For this reason a speed time curve for long distance runs is usually replaced
by a trapezoidal curve.
• the area under a speed-time curve represents
the distance covered.
Contd.....
Let α and ß be the acceleration and retardation respectively in kmphps, Vm be the
crest speed in kmph and T be the total time of run in seconds.
• Acceleration period, t1 = Vm/ α
• Retardation period, t3 = Vm/β
Free running period,
t2 = T – (t1 + t3) = [T-(Vm/α+Vm/β) ]
Contd....
Total distance of run in km,
∗ ∗
S = *Vm* + +
∗
= + [T-( + )] +
∗
= - -
∗
Or, ( + )- +S = 0
Or, Vm2( + ) - 𝑉𝑚 ∗ 𝑇 + 3600*S = 0
Or, kVm2-VmT +3600S = 0 ; k = +
On Solving,
± ∗
Vm = = ± −
The positive value can’t be adopted as value of Vm obtained in that case will be much higher than that is
possible in practice.
Hence,
Vm = − −
Contd.....
II. Calculation by Quadrilateral Speed Time Curve
Let, α = acceleration in kmphps
βc = coasting retardation in kmphps
β= braking retardation in kmphps
V1 = maximum speed at the end of acceleration in kmph
V2 = speed at the end of coasting in kmph
T = Total time of run in seconds
Contd...
Acceleration period, t1 = V1/α.........[1]
Retardation period, t3 = V2/ß..........[2]
Coasting period, t2 = (V1 - V2)/ßc.........[3]
∗ ( )∗ ∗ ∗
S = S1+S2+S3 = ∗
+[ ∗
+ ]+ ∗
On solving & expressing t2 in terms of T i.e. T = t1+t2+t3
We can arrive to (students need to solve the above equation)
( ) ( ) ∗ ∗
S= + = (V1+V2)- -
Replace t1 & t3 from [1] & [3]
7200S = T(V1+V2)-V1V2( + )..................................[4]
Contd......
Also,
V2 = V1 – βct2 ......from [2]
= V1 – βc(T-t1-t3)
= V1 – βc(T - - )
From which,
βcT βcV1
V2 = ..............................[5]
βc
β
Solving [4] & [5] values of s, v1 & v2 can be calculated.
For Numerical
α,ß,ßc normally given in kmphps
Vm, V1 or V2 normally given in kmph
Time in seconds
Trapezoidal curve’s equation
kVm2-VmT+3600s = 0 ; T=actual time of run(Ta), s is in km
k= +
Va = average speed = (s/Ta*3600) kmph; here Ta is in seconds
Vs = scheduled speed = (s/Tsch*3600) kmph; here Tsch is in seconds & is Ta+Ts ,
Ts = stop time
For quadrilateral eqn or graph can be used.(Graph preferred)
Numerical
1. A train service consists of following uniform acceleration of 5 kmphps for 30
secs followed by free running for 10 minutes then uniform braking at 5 kmphps to
stop followed by a stop of 5 minutes.
Draw the speed time curve & calculate
i. Distance between stations
ii. Average speed
iii. Scheduled speed
Solution
Trapezoidal Curve
α = 5 kmphps
t1 = 30 secs
Hence,
Vm = α*t1 = 5*30 = 150 kmph
time for retardation = Vm/ß = 150/5 = 30 s
total distance travelled = s = s1+s2+s3
= 26.25 km
∗
Average speed = Va = = 143.18 kmph
∗
Scheduled speed = = 98.437 kmph
Numerical
2. A train is required to run between two stations 1.6 km apart at an average speed
of 40 kmph. The run is to be made to a simplified quadrilateral speed time curve. If
the maximum speed is to be limited to 64 kmph, acceleration to 2 kmphps &
coasting and braking retardation to 0.16 kmphps & 3.2 kmphps respectively
determine the duration of acceleration, coasting & braking periods.
Solution
s = 1.6 km
Va = 40 kmph
Quadrilateral curve
V1 = 64 kmph
α = 2 kmphps
ßc = 0.16 kmphps
ß=3.2 kmphps
t1,t2,t3 = ?
Solution
s = 1.6 km & Va = 40 kmph
Ta = actual time of run = 1.6/40 hr = 1.6/40*3600 s = 144 s
V1 = 64 kmph & α = 2 kmphps
α = (V1-0)/t1
hence t1 = V1/α = 64/2 = 32 s
ßc = (V1-V2)/t2 & ß = V2/t3
t2 = & t3 =
. .
Ta = t1+t2+t3..............[1]
Substituting above values in [1]
V2 = 48.5 kmph
t2 = 96.875 s
t3 = 15.15 s
*Tutorial*
1. A train has schedule speed of 60 km per hour between the stops which are 6 km
apart. Determine the crest speed over the run assuming trapezoidal speed-curve. The
train accelerates at 2km p.h.p.s. and retards at 3 km p.h.p.s. Duration of stops is 60
seconds.
2. The schedule speed with a 200 tone train on an electric railway with stations
777metres apart is 27.2 km per hour and the maximum speed is 20 percent higher than
the average running speed. The braking rate is 3.22 km p.h.p.s. and the duration of stop
is 20 seconds. Find the acceleration required. Assume a simplified speed-time curve
with free running at the maximum speed.
3. A suburban electric train has a maximum speed of 65 km p.h. The schedule speed
including a station stop of 30 seconds is 43.5 km p.h. If the acceleration is 1.3km p.h.
p.s., find the value of retardation when the average distance between stops is 3 km.
Q2
Solution Or , Ta = 82.84 s
Vs = 27.2 kmph Va = s/Ta = 0.777/82.84*3600 = 33.77
S= 777 m = 0.777 km kmph
Vm = 1.2*Va Vm = 1.2*Va = 40.524 kmph
ß= 3.22 kmphps kVm2-Vm*T+3600s = 0;(T = Ta)
Ts = 20 s Get k as 0.34
α=? Or, + = 0.34
Vs = s/(Ta + Ts)
Or, α = 2.705 kmphps
Or, 27.2 = 0.777/(Ta + 20)*3600
End of Chapter 4
