Utilization of Electrical Energy: Chapter 2: Electric Drives L-2-4

UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC DRIVES

L-2-4
Until Now
• Electric Drive System, components, advantages & Types

• Methods of Power transmission (Mechanical)
• Fundamental Torque Equation
• Four Quadrant Operation
• Load Torque Components
• Equivalents Systems(Rotatory & Translational)
• Criteria For Steady State Stability
Selection Of Motor Power Rating
 The power rating of motor for a specific application must be carefully chosen
to ensure that the insulation temperature never exceed the prescribed limits and
to achieve economy with reliability.
 The improper motor rating will lead to its immediate thermal breakdown
causing short circuit and damage to the winding or quality resulting into
thermal breakdown in the near future.
 The use of motor having insufficient rating would fail to drive the load at its
normal productive level. And it also lowers the productivity and reliability.
 While the use of motor having over rating causes extra initial cost and results in
uneconomical drive.
Contd....
Hence three aspects must be considered thoroughly while selecting a motor:

A. Its thermal loading
B. Categorization of load variation with time. (Classes of Duty of Motor)
C. Proper methods for calculating motor ratings for various classes of duty.
Contd.....
A. Thermal loading on the machine

• When a motor operates heat is produced due to losses inside the machine
(copper, iron and friction losses) so that its temperature rises. A portion of heat
flows out to the surrounding medium.
• The amount of outflow of heat is a function of temperature rise of motor above
the ambient value. As motor temperature rises, the heat outflow increases. The
motor temperature reaches a steady state value when,
Heat generated inside the machine = heat dissipated into the surrounding medium
Contd.....
Insulation material
It must be considered primarily that the temperature rise in electrical machines do not
exceed the permissible maximum temperature of the insulating materials used.
An insulating material should have
 High resistivity
 High dielectric strength
 Low dielectric loss
 Good heat conductivity
 Sufficient mechanical strength to withstand vibration
 Capability of withstanding a repeated heat cycle without deterioration
 Non-hygroscopic
Contd....
Depending on the temperature limits insulating materials employed in electric

machines are divided into Y, A, E, B, F, H, C.
Classes Temperature Limits(℃)
Y 90
A 105
E 120
B 130
F 155
H 180
C >180
Selection of Motor Power Rating
B. Classes of motor Duty

Various load time variations are categorized into different classes of duty as
follows:
i. Continuous Duty: It denotes the motor operation at a constant load torque for
duration long enough for the motor temperature to reach the steady state value.
This duty is characterized by constant motor loss. Examples: compressors,
conveyers etc.
Contd......
ii. Short Time Duty: In this operation, time of drive operation is considerably less
than the heating time constant and the machine cools off to ambient temperature
before the net drive operation.
Examples: household appliances, crane drives etc.
Contd....
iii. Intermittent Periodic Duty: It consists of periodic duty cycles each consisting of
a period of running at a constant load & a rest period. The duration of running
period is not sufficient to raise the temperature to a steady state value. While the
duration of rest period is not long enough for the machine to cool off to ambient
temperature. Examples: pressing machines, cutting machine etc.
Contd....
iv. Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting

This is the intermittent periodic duty where heat losses starting cannot be ignored.
It consists of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load & a rest
period. The operating and rest periods are too short for attaining steady state
temperatures. Examples: metal cutting tool drives, drilling tool drives etc.
Contd....
v. Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting & Braking

This is the intermittent periodic duty where heat losses during starting and braking
cannot be ignored. It consists of a period of starting, a period of operation with a
constant load, a braking period with electrical braking and a rest period.
Examples: electric sub-urban trains, machine tool drives etc.
Contd.....
vi. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading

It is a periodic duty cycle consisting of a period of running at no load & a period of
running at constant load. The load period and no load period are too short for
attaining steady state temperature. e.g. Pressing machine drive, cutting machine
drive.
vii. Continuous Duty with Starting and Braking
It is periodic duty consisting of a period of starting, a period of running at a
constant load and a period of electrical braking. There is no period of rest. E.g. The
main drive of a blooming mill(A bloom is a rolled steel work-piece with a
square cross section of about 150 mm by 150 mm)
Contd....
viii. Continuous duty with periodic speed changes:

Consists of periodic duty cycle, each having
– a period of running at one load and speed
– another period of running at different speed and load;
– both operating periods are too short for attaining respective steady-state
temperatures.
– no period of rest.
Selection of Motor Power Rating
C. Proper Methods for calculating motor ratings for various classes of duty
I. Motor Rating for Continuous Duty
The maximum continuous power demand of the load is ascertained. Then a motor
with next higher power rating from commercially available rating is selected. The
motor speed should also match load’s speed requirements.
Contd....
II. Motor Rating For Fluctuating & Intermittent Load

1. Equivalent Current Method
It is based on approximation that the actual variable motor current can be replaced
by an equivalent Ieq which produces same losses in the motor as actual current. The
motor loss P consists of two components constant loss Pc and load dependent
copper loss Pcu.
Let a motor draws fluctuating current as shown in the fig.
i.e.For a fluctuating load consisting of n values of
motor currents I1, I2, …. In for durations t1, t2, …. tn
Contd....
Contd....
If the current varies smoothly over a period T, then
After Ieq is determined a motor with next higher current rating (=Irated) from
commercially available ratings is selected.
Contd...
For DC Motor
• DC motor can carry larger current than the rated current for a short duration,
known as short time overload capacity of the motor.
• Let Imax = short time overload current capacity of motor

Irated = rated current of motor
λ= ratio of Imax to Irated
• A normally designed dc machine is allowed to carry up to 2 times the rated

current (thus λ=2). Then,
&
Contd....
Induction & Synchronous Motors
• The maximum load torque is calculated from Ieq.
• For stable operation
maximum load torque ≤ breakdown torque of the motor
• If this constraint violates then the next higher motor rating that satisfy breakdown torque
constraint is selected.
• the ratio of breakdown to rated torque varies from

1.65 to 3 for induction motors,
2 to 2.25 for synchronous motors,
• If λ’ = the ratio of breakdown to rated torque then the motor torque rating is chosen based on
Contd.....
When the load has high torque pulses, selection of motor rating based on this
will be too large. Then flywheel for Load equalization is considered.
Contd.....
2. Based on Equivalent Torque Method
• This method is based upon the assumption that
– the torque is directly proportional to current and
– heating is proportional to the square of current
(i.e. heating is proportional to the square of torque)
Then,
A motor having torque nearly equal to Teq is selected.

This method cannot be employed for applications where equivalent current method
cannot be applied or in cases in which flux does not remain constant.
(i.e. dc series motor)
Contd....
3. Equivalent Power Method

• At constant speed operation or where the variations in speed are small, the
equivalent power is given by
• A motor having power rating Peq is selected.

• This method cannot be used for motors whose speed varies considerably
under load.
LOAD EQUALIZATION
 Certain loads fluctuate very widely within short intervals of time. When the
motor is subjected to heavy loads, it will draw large current from the supply.
These sudden peak demands of current in addition to causing heavy losses give
rise appreciable voltage drop in the line & mechanical forces between the
conductors carrying current.
 Therefore it is necessary to smoothen out the load fluctuation & this process is
known as load equalization.
Contd....
 Load equalization is often achieved by means of a flywheel which is mounted on
the motor shaft if the speed of the motor is not to be reversed.
In case of reversing rolling mills the flywheel is mounted on the motor-generator set
feeding the driving motor.
In order that the flywheel operates effectively the driving motor should have a drooping
speed characteristics.
 During intervals of heavy load, speed of the motor decreases. This enables the
flywheel to release a portion of the stored kinetic energy which together with the
energy drawn from supply will meet the demand of load.
 During off peak loads, the motor draws more energy than required by the load. The
surplus energy taken is again stored as kinetic energy in the flywheel whose speed
then increase at that moment.
End of L-2-4

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Utilization of Electrical Energy: Chapter 2: Electric Drives L-2-4

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UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CHAPTER 2: ELECTRIC DRIVES

• Electric Drive System, components, advantages & Types

Hence three aspects must be considered thoroughly while selecting a motor:

A. Thermal loading on the machine

Depending on the temperature limits insulating materials employed in electric

B. Classes of motor Duty

iv. Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting

v. Intermittent Periodic Duty with Starting & Braking

vi. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading

viii. Continuous duty with periodic speed changes:

II. Motor Rating For Fluctuating & Intermittent Load

If the current varies smoothly over a period T, then

• Let Imax = short time overload current capacity of motor

• A normally designed dc machine is allowed to carry up to 2 times the rated

• the ratio of breakdown to rated torque varies from

A motor having torque nearly equal to Teq is selected.

3. Equivalent Power Method

• A motor having power rating Peq is selected.

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