Paper 69

MATHEMATICAL TRIPOS Part III
Monday, 1 June, 2009 9:00 am to 12:00 pm
PAPER 69
APPROXIMATION THEORY
Attempt no more than FOUR questions.

There are SIX questions in total.
The questions carry equal weight.
STATIONERY REQUIREMENTS SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

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Script paper
You may not start to read the questions

printed on the subsequent pages until
instructed to do so by the Invigilator.
2
1
Let σn be the Fejer operator, i.e., for a 2π-periodic function f ∈ C(T),
Z Z
π
1 1 sin2 nt
2
π
σn (f, x) = f (x − t)Fn (t) dt, Fn (t) := , Fn (t)dt = 1.
−π π 2n sin2 2t −π
Prove the estimate

ln n
kσn (f ) − f k∞ 6 c ω(f, δn ), δn = n ,
where ω(f, δ) is the modulus of continuity of f . Hence derive that, for any continuous
function f , the Fejer sums σn (f ) converge uniformly to f .
2
For f ∈ C[0, 1], write down the definition of the Bernstein polynomial Bn (f ), and
(r)
derive expression for the first and, consequently, for the r-th derivative Bn (f, x).
(r)
Show that Bn (f, x) = Bn−r (gr , x) with a certain relation between gr and f . Hence
derive that
Bn(r) (f ) → f (r) ,
(r)
i.e., that Bn (f ) converge uniformly to f (r) .
Hint. You may use without the proof that, for f ∈ C r [0, 1], uniformly in x,
lim h−r ∆rh f (x) = f (r) (x) ,

h→0
where ∆1h f (x) = f (x + h) − f (x) and ∆rh f (x) = ∆1h (∆hr−1 f (x)).
Part III, Paper 69

3
3
1) Let Sk (∆) be the space of splines of degree k−1 spanned by the B-splines (Nj )nj=1
n+k
on a knot sequence ∆ = (tj )j=1 such that tj < tj+k . Let x = (xi )ni=1 be interpolation
points obeying the conditions
Ni (xi ) > 0 ,
and let Px : C[a, b] → Sk (∆) be the map which associates with any f ∈ C[a, b] the spline
Px (f ) from Sk which interpolates f at (xi ). Prove that
kPx kL∞ 6 kA−1

x kℓ∞
where Ax is the matrix (Nj (xi ))ni,j=1 .
2) Consider the case of quadratic interpolating splines on the uniform knot-sequence

(t1 , t2 , . . . , tn+3 ) = (1, 2, . . . , n + 3) with the interpolating points
1
xi = (ti + ti+3 ) = i + 3/2, i = 1, . . . , n .
2
a) Using the recurrence relation between linear and quadratic B-splines, or other-
wise, determine the values of Nj at the points (xi ).
b) Write down the matrix Ax = (Nj (xi )), and evaluate the norm kA−1 kℓ∞ . (You
may use any appropriate theorem on the inverse of certain matrices if correctly stated).
c) Hence show that kPx kL∞ 6 2.
4
a) State the Kolmogorov criterion for the element of best approximation to a real-
valued function f ∈ C[0, 1] from a linear subspace U of C[0, 1].
b) From this criterion, derive the Chebyshev alternation theorem for the element of
best approximation to a function f ∈ C[0, 1] from Pn , the space of all algebraic polynomials
of degree n.
Part III, Paper 69 [TURN OVER

4
n+k
5 Given a knot sequence ∆ = (ti )i=1 , let ωi and ℓi (·, t) be polynomials in Pk−1
defined by
1) ωi (x) := (x−ti+1 ) · · · (x−ti+k−1 ),
k−1
2) ℓi (·, t) interpolates (· − t)+ on x = ti , ..., ti+k−1 .
Further, let
k−1
Ni := (ti+k − ti )[ti , . . . , ti+k ](· − t)+
be the B-spline of order k with the knots ti , . . . , ti+k .
a) Prove Lee’s formula
ωi (x)Ni (t) = ℓi+1 (x, t) − ℓi (x, t), ∀x, t ∈ R,
and derive from it the Marsden identity:

n
X
k−1
(x − t) = ωi (x)Ni (t), tk < t < tn+1 , ∀x ∈ R.
i=1
(m)
b) From the Marsden identity, find the coefficients ai in the B-spline representa-
tion of monomials tm :
n
X (m)
tm = ai Ni (t), tk < t < tn+1 , for m = 0, . . . , k − 1.
i=1
Part III, Paper 69

5
6 Let En (f ) be the value of the best approximation of a 2π-periodic f by trigonometric

polynomials of degree n, and let ω(f, δ) be the modulus of continuity of f .
a) State the inverse theorem for trigonometric approximation and show that

−α 1 O(n−α ), 0 < α < 1,
En (f ) = O(n ) implies ω(f, n ) =
O( lnnn ), α = 1 .
b) Find the order of ω(g, δ) for the Weierstrass functions

∞
X 1
g(x) := cos 5k x, 1 < a 6 5,
ak
k=0
using the fact that, for 5m 6 n < m+1

P5m 1, the polynomial of best approximation of degree n
to g is the partial sum tn (x) = k=0 ak cos 5k x.
c) For the case a = 5, show that
c ln n π
|g(x + n1 ) − g(x)| > , x= ,
n 2
hence derive that
c ln n
ω(g, n1 ) > .
n
Explain briefly why the class of functions with En (f ) = O( n1 ) cannot be characterized in
terms of ω(f, n1 ).
END OF PAPER
Part III, Paper 69

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MATHEMATICAL TRIPOS Part III

Monday, 1 June, 2009 9:00 am to 12:00 pm

Attempt no more than FOUR questions.

STATIONERY REQUIREMENTS SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

You may not start to read the questions

Prove the estimate

lim h−r ∆rh f (x) = f (r) (x) ,

Part III, Paper 69

kPx kL∞ 6 kA−1

where Ax is the matrix (Nj (xi ))ni,j=1 .

2) Consider the case of quadratic interpolating splines on the uniform knot-sequence

Part III, Paper 69 [TURN OVER

ωi (x)Ni (t) = ℓi+1 (x, t) − ℓi (x, t), ∀x, t ∈ R,

and derive from it the Marsden identity:

Part III, Paper 69

6 Let En (f ) be the value of the best approximation of a 2π-periodic f by trigonometric

b) Find the order of ω(g, δ) for the Weierstrass functions

using the fact that, for 5m 6 n < m+1

c) For the case a = 5, show that

Part III, Paper 69

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