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Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur Department Computer Science Information Technology

The document discusses the three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture for database systems. It describes the three levels as the external, conceptual, and internal levels. The external level represents each user's view of the data. The conceptual level describes all the data and relationships in a common view independent of storage. The internal level covers how the data is physically stored and organized on devices for performance. The goal of this architecture is to separate the logical view from the physical implementation.

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Ayaz ul Hassan
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46 views

Mirpur University of Science and Technology (Must), Mirpur Department Computer Science Information Technology

The document discusses the three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture for database systems. It describes the three levels as the external, conceptual, and internal levels. The external level represents each user's view of the data. The conceptual level describes all the data and relationships in a common view independent of storage. The internal level covers how the data is physically stored and organized on devices for performance. The goal of this architecture is to separate the logical view from the physical implementation.

Uploaded by

Ayaz ul Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY


DATABASE SYSTEMS
MCS-115

Lecture 08 : The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

Farzana Riaz
(Lecturer)

Date: ___________
Lecture Contents

• Three level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

• Objective of the Architecture

• Key Concepts of each level of this Architectures

MCS-115 Database Systems


Lecture Objectives

• Understand the three level ANSI-SPARC architecture

• Understand the objective of this architecture

• Understand the key concepts of each level of this architectures

MCS-115 Database Systems


The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards Planning and Requirements
Committee (SPARC) recognized the need for a three-level architecture with a system catalog (as
depicted in Fig. 1)

• The levels form a three-level architecture comprising:

o An external level

o Aconceptual level

o An internal level

MCS-115 Database Systems


The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

Fig.1: The three-level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

MCS-115 Database Systems


Objective Of The Three-level Architecture

• The objective of the three-level architecture is to separate each user’s view of the database from the way the
database is physically represented.

• There are several reasons why this separation is desirable:

o Each user should be able to access the same data, but have a different customized view of the data.

o User’s interaction with the database should be independent of storage considerations.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Objective of The Three-level Architecture

o The Database Administrator (DBA) should be able to change the database storage structures without affecting
the users’views.

o The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to the physical aspects of storage, such
as the changeover to a new storage device.

o The DBAshould be able to change the conceptual structure of the database without affecting all users.

MCS-115 Database Systems


External Level

• The External level is the users’view of the database.

• This level describes that part of the database that is relevant to each user.

• The external level consists of a number of different external views of the database.

• Each user has a view of the ‘real world’represented in a form that is familiar for that user.

• The external view includes only those entities, attributes, and relationships in the ‘real world’ that
the user is interested in.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Conceptual Level

• The Conceptual Level is the community view of the database.

• This level describes what data is stored in the database and the relationships among the data.

• This level contains the logical structure of the entire database as seen by the DBA.

• It is a complete view of the data requirements of the organization that is independent of any storage
considerations.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Conceptual Level

• The conceptual level represents:

o All entities, their attributes, and their relationships

o The constraints on the data

o Semantic information about the data

o Security and integrity information

• The conceptual level supports each external view, in that any data available to a user must be contained in, or
derivable from, the conceptual level.

• However, this level must not contain any storage-dependent details.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Internal Level

• The Internal Level is the physical representation of the database on the computer.

• This level describes how the data is stored in the database.

• The internal level covers the physical implementation of the database to achieve optimal runtime
performance and storage space utilization.

• It covers the data structures and file organizations used to store data on storage devices.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Internal Level

• The internal level is concerned with such things as:

o Storage space allocation for data and indexes

o Record descriptions for storage

o record placement

o Data compression

o Data encryption techniques

MCS-115 Database Systems


Physical Data Organization

• Below the internal level there is a physical level that may be managed by the operating system
under the direction of the DBMS.

• The physical level below the DBMS consists of items only the operating system knows, such as:

o Exactly how the sequencing is implemented

o The fields of internal records are stored as contiguous bytes on the disk.

MCS-115 Database Systems


Reference

• Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 4th


Edition, Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Addison Wesley.

• Fundamentals of Database Systems by R. Elmasri and S. Navathe. 6th Edition, Addison-Wesley

MCS-115 Database Systems


THANKS

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