1,2,3, - Thinking About Exhibitions

Issue # 06/10 : 1,2,3, --- Thinking about exhibitions Freely distributed, non - commercial, digital publication
1,2,3, ---
THINKING ABOUT
EXHIBITIONS
Sturtevant, Warhol Silver Clouds, 1987/2004, Mylar and helium, dimensions vary with installation,
88,5 x 12,2cm (each)
Photo: Courtesy of Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main
CONTENTS 01 Editorial 06 Annette Hans and

Dorothee Richter Florian Waldvogel
Dorothee Richter
02 Rotterdam Dialogues. The Curators, symposium at Witte
de With, Rotterdam 5th – 7th March 2009. 07 Talking Back and Queer
Interview with Nicolaus Schaffhausen and Zoë Gray Reading – An Essay
Dorothee Richter on Performance Theory
and its Possible Impacts
03 Intwerview with Paul O‘Neil. Rotterdam Dialogues. on Dissemination of Art
The Curators, symposium at Witte de With, Sabine Gebhardt Fink
Rotterdam 5th – 7th March 2009
Dorothee Richter 08 A Brief Outline of the
History of Exhibition
04 Is a museum a factory? Making
Hito Steyerl Dorothee Richter
05 Carte Blanche 09 Inprint / Biographies

Martin Ebner and Florian Zeyfang Contributors
Issue # 06/10 : 1,2,3, --- Thinking about exhibitions Freely distributed, non - commercial, digital publication
Sturtevant, Gonzales-Torres Untitled (America), 2004, 15 watt light bulbs, ruber light sockets and
extension cords, dimensions vary with installation, 12 parts, 20m with 7,5m extra cord (each)
Photo: Courtesy of Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main
1,2,3, --- Allgemeine. These recent

insights are complemented
THINKING ABOUT
with essays.
An article by Dorothee
EXHIBITIONS
Richter explores the history
of exhibition displays,
providing an overview from
the French Revolution onwards
until today. The article
aims to reveal perspectives
and the ideology of displays,
as well as providing a list
EDITORIAL of relevant literature on
the topic. In Hito Steyerl’s
Dorothee Richter essay Is a museum a fac-
tory? Steyerl investigates
The issue 1,2,3, --- thinking about exhibitions combines the immense overflow of media
discussions, interviews, and articles concerning recent work in recent exhibitions
discussions in Rotterdam and Hamburg. The symposium in and the impact on viewer
Rotterdam, The Curators, at Witte de With emphasized the role positions. The third article
of the curator-subject. This issue includes two interviews by Sabine Gebhard Fink pro-
which critically review the contributions and results of the vides a theoretical approach
symposium, revealing different aspects and controversial to performative aspects of
facets of their topics. The two featured interviews include mediation, showing that cur-
one with Nikolaus Schaffhausen and Zoe Gray, those re- ating can be seen as a spe-
sponsible for the organization of the symposium, as well cific kind of art mediation
as one interview with Paul O’Neill, a contributor. and therefore as a part of a
broader educational complex.
The second symposium took place in Hamburg. Florian
Waldvogel and Annnette Hans chose a more historical As carte blanche in this
approach to the field of exhibition making. Forms of issue of On-Curating, the
Exhibitions presented influential exhibitions re-worked acryl glass panels of Poor
by curators and art historians. For example, Frederick Man’s Expression by Martin
Kiesler’s work was presented through Monika Pesler, from Ebner and Florian Zeyfang
the Vieanna based Kiesler foundation. Antonia Wunderlich set the stage for a model
spoke about Les Immatrieux, Jan Hoet presented Chambres of an expanded understanding
d'Amis, and Nikolaus Schaffhausen debated his commission of curating.
of the German Pavillion with an journalist from Frankfurter (www.poormansexpression.com)
03 Issue # 06/10 : 1,2,3, --- Thinking about exhibitions
ROTTERDAM
DIALOGUES
The Curators, symposium at Witte de With,
Rotterdam 5th – 7th March 2009
Interview with Nicolaus Schaffhausen and Zoë Gray

Conducted by Dorothee Richter
Speakers, among others, were:

Jamila Adeli, Anke Bangma, Bart de Baere, Carolyn
Christov-Bakargiev, Pablo León De La Barra, Ute Meta
Bauer, Lorenzo Benedetti, Iwona Blazwick, Nicolas
Bourriaud, Sabine Breitwieser, Adam Budak, Ann Demeester,
Barnaby Drabble, Mai Abu Eldahab, Zoran Eric, Bruce
Ferguson, Juan Gaitan, Hou Hanru, Jan Hoet, Jens Hoffmann,
Manray Hsu, Renske Janssen, Stefan Kalmár, Xenia
Kalpaktsoglou, Emmanuel Lambion, Enrico Lunghi, Raimundas
Malasauskas, Gerardo Mosquera, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Sophie
von Olfers, Paul O’Neill, Livia Páldi, Philippe Pirotte,
PiST, Irit Rogoff, Beatrix Ruf, The Salford Restoration
Office, Brigitte van der Sande, Kitty Scott, Seth
Siegelaub, Saskia van Stein, Adam Szymczyk, Andrea
Viliani, Rein Wolfs, and What, how & for whom.
Questions to Zoë and Nicolaus: Rotterdam Dialogues.

Photos: Barnaby Drabble
Dorothee Richter (DR): In your concept for the symposium, you
spoke about curating as a topic which is frequently discussed
in the art world, but is often neglected by the media so that three: Critics, Curators, Artists – came about following
the broader public is largely unaware of it. This comes rather our discussions with colleagues across the art world about
as a surprise because it has been widely discussed; on the a number of curatorial questions that we thought needed
contrary, curators collect so-called cultural capital from raising, or – in some cases – raising again. As Hans
the work of artists and endow them with their own meaning. The Ulrich Obrist stated during the symposium, this was the
first historical well-known example is Harald Szeemann in first time in 18 years that such a range of curators had
1972. He used photographs to present to the press a hierarchy come together to discuss their practice in public. There
of curator and artists resembling that of a king and his are of course international events such as the IKT and
knights, or of god and his angels. Even today curators seem to ICOM conferences that bring together a large number of
be mega stars, their names are the only ones which the broader curators, but those tend to put less emphasis on critical
public can recollect in connection with an exhibition. The dialogue and more on networking, and – crucially – they
symposium in Rotterdam too was a line-up of big names in the are not open to the public. Finally, we were careful to
curatorial business. Could you please briefly explain your present a range of speakers and panellists during the
starting point? symposium. We brought together some of the 'mega stars'
that you mention with a younger generation of people who
Nicolaus Schaffhausen (NS): Within the art world, the are working on curatorial projects, but who further
role of the curator is clearly one that has seen much problematize the title or the label of curator – for
discussion in recent years. However, to the broader public example, the artist duo PiST from Istanbul, the curator/
– those not frequently attending contemporary art exhi- gallerist Pablo Leon De La Barra and the Salford
bitions and not reading specialized art magazines and Restoration Office from Manchester, to name a few.
journals – we believe that the curator is still somewhat
of an unknown element. Whilst the situation is perhaps DR: You organized the symposium as a series of panels,
different in the German-speaking context, in the Nether- except for the philosophical contribution of Irit Rogoff
lands there is less and less space dedicated to art about Curating vs. The Curatorial with the title:
criticism in the media (a topic that we addressed in the the implicated – a model for the Curatorial? Could you
first symposium of this sequence: The Critics). The few please tell us what interests and fascinates you in this
articles and reviews that appear tend either to cover the presentation?
blockbuster shows (Manet, Cezanne…) or occasional features
with museum directors, for example Jan Hoet. When the ZG: The symposium was actually structured around several
media does (rarely) cover contemporary art, the curator different formats of discussion, all of which were chosen
seldom gets a look-in. We would certainly disagree with with the aim of opening up the dialogue to include the
your comment that the only thing an audience remembers people beyond and not simply those sitting at the front of
from a show is the name of its curator. the room holding the microphones. We had several panels,
we had two interviews, there were some moderated dialogues
Zoë Gray (ZG): The impetus behind Rotterdam Dialogues: The and there was one lecture, which served as the opening to
Curators was not simply to explain to an imaginary public the symposium. We decided together with Irit Rogoff that
what a curator is or does. The symposium – which is one of this monologue construction was the best way for her to
share her thoughts, and for

us to create a concentrated
moment at the very begin-
ning of the three days of
discussion. The topic is
a line of thinking that
Professor Rogoff has been
developing for some time,
as part of the PhD program
she has initiated at
Goldsmiths College, London.
It was also an extension of
one of the topics that
emerged from The Critics,
where Simon Sheikh from
Malmö evoked the useful
distinction between
criticism (as the daily
practice of the art critic)
and critique (as something
more philosophical and more
closely linked to the
creation of new ways of
thinking), to summarise
briefly. We were interested
to see if a similar dis-
tinction would be productive
in thinking about curating,
which it certainly turned
out to be. Professor Rogoff’s
contribution was picked
up upon by several of the
subsequent speakers and
served as a touchstone for
many of the discussions.
DR: Did some of the ideas Rotterdam Dialogues.

developed in the panels come Photos: Barnaby Drabble
as a surprise to you? Which
new idea did you like best?
members of a more critical have just now published the 1
Oliver Marchart,
NS: For us it was not a German-speaking academic last of three publications Hegemonie im
question of choosing a group, who are concerned accompanying a research Kunstfeld.
Die documenta
favourite idea from the with curating (and other project on exhibition dis- – Ausstellungen
three days of intense ways to address the public) plays.3 From my point of dX, D11, d12 und
die Politik der
discussion. It was about had made some specific view there seems to be a Biennalisierung,
setting up a platform for contributions to this field. difference between a German- Köln: Verlag der
Buchhandlung
debate and bringing together To name only a few: Oliver speaking context and an Walther König,
people that we thought would Marchart’s new publication English-speaking one, rather 2008.
have something to say to on hegemony in the field than a generational gap to 2

each other. We were not at of fine arts, in which he which you refer to in one Marianne
Eigenheer, Barnaby
all disappointed, in fact discusses the shifts in of the panels. How do you Drabble and
the most pleasant surprise the field along dX, D11, see this now, reviewing Dorothee Richter,
eds., CURATING
was the large number of d12 and thus analyses the the symposium? CRITIQUE:
people attending – over conservative rollback of the ICE - Reader No.
1. Frankfurt,
300 each day – many of last documenta in detail.1 ZG: We asked whether there 2008.
whom had travelled to the Marion von Osten who works was a generation gap in
Netherlands especially for as a curator and writer, curating and it emerged that 3
Jennifer John,
this event. The level of has for instance published in fact there were several. Dorothee Richter
concentration and attention an article dealing with Both Jan Hoet and Gerardo and Sigrid
Schade, eds.,
remained high throughout the the male subjectivity in Mosquera – each representa- Re-Visionen des
three long days and there curating, see our reader tive of a different curato- Displays, Zurich:
JRP Ringier
was excellent interaction Curating Critique;2 others rial generation – mentioned Kunstverlag ,
between the public and the like Nora Sternfeld have the changes that they wit- 2009.
invited guests. pointed out that it is the nessed in the profession, and
institutional framework and some of the younger speakers
DR: As I told you before, setting which are telling, that attended certainly saw
we were a bit sad about the art institution that their own practice in a dif-
not being invited to decontextualises and resig- ferent light from the curators
participate, because we nifies as its underlying who are now in their early
believe that we and other structure, and in Zurich we 40s and running institutions.
Rotterdam Dialogues.
Photos: Barnaby Drabble
Rotterdam Dialogues. Photo: Barnaby Drabble
But to return to your question, there are certainly The collective aspect of the Comité van Roosendaal is
differences between some Germanophone and Anglophone important to get our point across, a group is better heard
practices, largely linked to the differences in university than one voice speaking alone. Additionally, the Comité
education in the two countries – whether this will change van Roosendaal creates a lively platform for exchange that
as the Bologna Accord comes into effect, who can say? We gives life to many artistic collaborative projects in
invited Barnaby Drabble to participate partly because he has which our political concerns are reflected. Even during
a foot in each of these 'camps', as you see them, and due to its pre-formalised phase some projects of a specific
his co-editorship of Curating Critique. We intentionally political and social engagement have sprung forth. To give
chose not to invite the founders of the curatorial training you some examples: The Prize for Young Dutch Art Cricism
programmes (including those from the RCA, Goldsmiths, De was conceived within the group between Ann Demeester and
Appel or Le Magasin) and instead invited people who had myself, and it might be said that the seed of BAK‘s and
either been through these educational programmes, or who the Van Abbemuseum‘s critical and ambitious Former West
had tried to establish alternatives, for example Zoran Eric. project (in collaboration with Kathrin Romberg) was
planted due to these meetings.
DR: And who benefits from curatorial training programmes
according to the panel? Zoë, you as someone who has completed DR: In what ways do you both believe that curatorial
a curatorial training programme, what would you say? practice can change the (art) institution? And when you
speak of institutions do you use the word in the sense
ZG: Well, we would have to admit that this was one of the of Peter Buerger or in the common sense of a specific art
panels where the panellists avoided the question put to institution such as museum, kunstalle, kunstverein?
them! Personally, I would say that I benefited from the
education I received at Goldsmiths, in terms of the range NS: We were using the term 'institution' in a broad sense,
of thinkers and ideas it put me into contact with, and but informed by the discussions about new institutionalism
in terms of the professional network it connected me – that have taken place over the past 5 years or so. Curato-
although not without some effort on my own part. I think rial practice – teamed together with artistic practice –
I can say without being accused of immodesty that such can indeed challenge and change an institution, whether
a training – combined with several years work experience – in small ways such reassessing ticketing policy to fit the
benefits the institution that employs me. And I think that artwork (as we did for Geoffrey Farmer’s 2008 exhibition
it benefits the artists that I work with, in most cases, at Witte de With) or by invited artists to alter the
as it ensures that I have an understanding of a variety of conventions of programming (as Liam Gillick did with his
artistic practices and of various histories of exhibition mid-career retrospective, a consciously 'empty' exhibition
making. One possible downside of curatorial courses is that lasted six months and gave half the space back to
that if they become de rigeur for anyone hoping to enter the institution). Each exhibition, event, symposium that
the profession, the range of curators risks being reduced I programme at Witte de With should have the capacity
and curatorial practice standardized. But this is also to change the current reality and the future of Witte
a problem with MFAs for artists. de With.
DR: How do you (Nicolaus and Zoë) see the possibility of DR: How do you think that the market affects curatorial
influencing politics and society through an input inserted practice in the institution as for example in Witte de With?
by curatorial practice?
NS: The impact of the market is negligible on our
NS: Witte de With has recently been one of the instigators programming at the current time. This may change in the
of the Committee van Roosendaal, a network connecting near future, as state funding is increasingly reduced
contemporary art institutions in the densely populated and and institutions are forced to explore alternative avenues
concentrated economical zone spanning from Amsterdam to of finance.
Luxembourg, Brussels to Cologne, that forms the heartland
of North-Western Europe. The Comité van Roosendaal is a DR: Which idea, insights or concepts developed in the
platform to discuss how artistic and practical policies symposium do you think might be valuable to participants
connect, intersect and how thay can be enhanced. In these of programmes in curating?
discussions, we cannot be negligent of the political and
societal frameworks in which we operate. ZG & NS: All of them!
INTERVIEW:
whereby the curatorial implies a space of potentiality for new
kinds of as yet unknown knowledges to emerge, whilst shifting
focus away from exhibition production whilst including
PAUL O‘NEIL
activist, discursive and self-organisational initiatives as
part of a wider discourse on the 'curatorial'. The notion of
curating emphasized an activity as doing-as-making with the
authorial position functioning as the basic premise of a
contemporary curatorial discourse. From Irit’s perspective we
The Curators, symposium at Witte de With, are all implicated by our understanding of our place in an art
Rotterdam 5th – 7th March 2009 world, its sociality, its economies, and only in recognition
of our own implication within it, can we begin by taking a more
Intwerview by Dorothee Richter transitional space as a move forward, but without predicating
what that might become. There is a co-dependency for all
Dorothee Richter (DR): The announcement of the symposium, The curators within the art world as an operable social sub-
curators in big letters in a green/ blue shining surface was a system whereby to achieve anything within the field forms
bit scary, it seems to so clearly express the hierarchy that of immaterial labour get to be translated into a form of
was installed in the art field from the 1970s, which made it celebrity culture and so on. The curatorial offers a still-
possible to subsume the most different kinds of art under open space that has yet to be saturated, fixed, closed off. On
one heading. To see curating as a multi auctorial cultural some level I would agree that idea, but I also see exhibition-
production, as a platform where images, ideas and visibility making as a potential space of cooperative thinking, whereby
are at stake, would make it less centred on a male white modes of knowledge might emerge that could not been foreseen
subjectivity and more based on an idea of access versus without the initial impetus to make something happen out of
exclusion. Which curatorial perspectives were introduced nothing and without restricting what that might end up being.
in this respect and who brought them forward?
DR: Could you please comment the format of the symposium,
Paul O'Neil (PO): Of course this sets up a staging or framing especially because we are now in the process of preparing
of hierarchies, not only by focusing on curating as a primary a symposium at the Kunsthalle Fridericianum for 2010.
subject, but with the emphasis on 'The…' rather than merely
'Curators', it also implies a further echelon within the PO: Well firstly, it must be acknowledged that it was well
curatorial field itself. Personally, I have always said that organised and programmed, although the configuration of
curating is an adaptive activity, allowing certain critical certain panels occasionally seemed arbitrary and there was
and discursive potentialities to emerge rather than be little room for speculative thinking. Speaking from my own
curtailed by limitations as to what might be constituted by 'implicated' perspective, the panel I moderated attempted to
the term. The Curatorial is about opening up rather than be critical of the separation of critics, curators and artist,
closing down meaningful relationships between things, peoples but I also understood the organisers desire to establish an
and ideas. I see the curatorial as a form of ideological internal dialogue within the curatorial field, but of course
production, such as how exhibitions, in whatever form they there are many curatorial fields. Many of the more interesting
take, as being akin to a cluster of differential positions, curators, for me, often shift between artist, critic, pedagogue
and when brought together there is a multilayered interface and curator. Also artistic practice is often invested in the
of ideologies and statements, which may agree, contest or curatorial, either at the level of the organisational, the
antagonise each other. In many ways such symposiums operate as discursive or taking presentation and display factors into
'an exhibition of discourse', a public display of curatorial account. So I am critical of this separation, although I
positions within a narrow field, where individual articul- understand the organisational desire to frame the discussion
ations attempt to gather a certain symbolic value within a in such a way. Also, some specific clusters of either artists
reputational economy already in operation within the so- or curators already implies a level of order to things, it
called art world – where such events always re-enact these reifies and accepts that this is how things are already,
value systems that we have grown to be accustomed to during without affecting it on any great way. I’m interested in the
'the curator’s moment' of the last twenty years, and rather possibility of the space of the curatorial being a form of
than see such eventful moments as spaces, which are available artistic practice in its own right as an expressed desire to
to us for critique from within the field itself. move beyond the parameters of semi-autonomous practice, but
also in the idea of the curatorial as a space within which
DR: The symposium was organised as a series of panels, except phrased certain organisational principles can be used, adapted
for the philosophical contribution of Irit Rogoff about and applied, and where different and multiple artistic positions
Curating vs. The Curatorial with the title: the implicated – and points of access can be brought together to create some-
a model for the Curatorial? Could you please tell us what thing that couldn’t been foreseen without those principle
interests you in this presentation? categories of organisation being initiated from the outset.
In a sense I also played, or was aware that I was performing
PO: Recent histories of contemporary art curating come with my part in the game I was asked to join up to.
their own inheritance, mythologies and amnesiac tendencies.
Curating is an activity often limited by its association with On the whole, the symposium also marked a type of ending point
self-representation, degrees of taxonomic order, canons, and of the emergence of a new focus on curating over the last twenty
certain value systems linked to western modernist traditions years, in particular the 1990s generation of curators, and
of exhibition-making practices, which might be summarised as more specifically how it functioned alongside the expanding
having a late capitalist tendency for over-production with an and proliferating biennials during this time, and its accomp-
emphasis on individualism. Curating also centralizes the role anying discourse specific to a professional field aligned to
of the curator as an individual author within such an emphasis nomadic or global curation in the context of large-scale
on production, visibility and containment – expanding out exhibitions. It felt like a ‘where to next?’ moment, which was
of a longer history of museums as conveyors of truth and as interesting in itself as a provocative statement, but without
performed spaces of civilizing processes. So the curatorial really trying to offer a productive way forward, although the
might be positioned differently in Irit’s argumentation for a suggestion by Ute Meta Bauer’s panel that the academy and the
more productive critical distance within the art field, curatorial field could benefit from one another from a peda-
gogical perspective was productive. In retrospect, there was

also a strange melancholy underlying the symposium whereby a
linear narrative began to emerge across the three days. It was
clearly developed through by the one to one interviews with
Seth Siegelaub (for the late 60-70s), Jan Hoet (for the 80s)
and Hans Ulrich Obrist (for the 90s). This can be read as a
heroic representative for every decade, and it was a clearly
gendered model, because there could be many other versions of
this trajectory such as Lucy Lippard (70s), Ute Meta Bauer and
Maria Lind who could also be seen as bridging the 80 and 90s.
I was somehow astonished about that.
So many of the framing questions functioned as a kind of tool-

box for the discussions, but in many of the panels participants
did lack some shared background, even a shared language or
knowledge-base from which to commence a dialogue with one
another. The format of small talk shows fitted well into an
already saturated event-based culture, with one quite
complicated philosophical lecture at the beginning, but this
stood as a singled out moment, although it was useful as a
reference point across the three days, but we could have done
with more reference points, and there was no dominant or
alternative theoretical viewpoint that might have brought
another theorized approach to either curating (or the
curatorial). As such, the symposium might be measured as a
kind of success, as it was well attended and highlighted a high
degree of interest in curators, and what they have to say about
curating, as much as it might be deemed a failure because of
the very nature of how we have accommodated and sustained a
certain self-referential curatorial discourse and allowed it
to govern, to perpetuate and to discipline its form, format
and level of critique.
Rotterdam Dialogues. Photo: Barnaby Drabble

IS A MUSEUM
reality, political films are Grupo Cine Libera-
ción (Fernando E.
very often screened in the Solanas, Octavio
exact same place as they Getino),
A FACTORY ?
Argentina, 1968.
always were: in former The work is one
factories, which are today, of the most
important films of
more often than not, Third Cinema.
museums. A gallery, an art
2
space, a white cube with A quote from
By Hito Steyerl abysmal sound isolation. Frantz Fanon’s
The Wretched
Which will certainly show of the Earth.
The film La hora de los hornos (The Hour of the Furnaces, political films. But which The film was of
course banned and
1968), a Third Cinema manifesto against neocolonialism, also has become a hotbed of had to be shown
has a brilliant installation specification.1 A banner was contemporary production. Of clandestinely.
to be hung at every screening with text reading: "Every images, jargon, lifestyles, 3
and values. Of exhibition Or videos or
spectator is either a coward or a traitor."2 It was intended
video/film
to break down the distinctions between filmmaker and value, speculation value, installations. To
properly make the
audience, author and producer, and thus create a sphere and cult value. Of enter-
distinctions
of political action. And where was this film shown? tainment plus gravitas. Or (which exist and
are important)
In factories, of course. of aura minus distance. A would require
flagship store of Cultural another text.
Now, political films are no longer shown in factories.3 Industries, staffed by eager 4
They are shown in the museum, or the gallery – the art interns who work for free. I am aware of the
problem of
space. That is, in any sort of white cube.4 treating all these
A factory, so to speak, spaces as similar.
How did this happen? First of all, the traditional Fordist but a different one. It is 5
factory is, for the most part, gone.5 It’s been emptied out, still a space for pro- At least in
Western countries.
machines packedup and shipped off to China. Former workers duction, still a space of
have been retrained for further retraining, or become exploitation and even of 6
The context of
software programmers and started working from home. Secondly, political screenings. It is Godard’s comment
the cinema has been transformed almost as dramatically as a space of physical meeting is a conversation
— a monologue,
the factory. It’s been multiplexed, digitized, and sequel- and sometimes even common apparently — with
ized, as well as rapidly commercialized as neoliberalism discussion. At the same young installation
artists, whom he
became hegemonic in its reach and influence. Before cinema’s time, it has changed almost reprimands for
their use of what
recent demise, political films sought refuge elsewhere. beyond recognition. So what
he calls technolo-
Their return to cinematic space is rather recent, and the sort of factory is this? gical dispositifs
in exhibitions.
cinema was never the space for formally more experimental See "Debrief de
works. Now, political and experimental films alike are Productive Turn conversations avec
Jean-Luc Godard,"
shown in black boxes set within white cubes – in fortresses, the Sans casser
bunkers, docks, and former churches. The sound is almost The typical setup of the des briques blog,
March 10, 2009,
always awful. museum-as-factory looks like <http://bbjt.
this. Before: an industrial wordpress.
com/2009/03/10/
But terrible projections and dismal installation notwith- workplace. Now: people debrief-de-
standing, these works catalyze surprising desire. Crowds spending their leisure time conversations-
avec-jean-luc-
of people can be seen bending and crouching in order to in front of TV monitors. godard/>.
catch glimpses of political cinema and video art. Is this Before: people working in
7
audience sick of media monopolies? Are they trying to find these factories. Now: people See Brian Holmes,
answers to the obvious crisis of everything? And why working at home in front of "Warhol in the
Rising Sun: Art,
should they be looking for these answers in art spaces? computer monitors. Subcultures and
Semiotic
Production," 16
Afraid of the Real? Andy Warhol’s Factory served Beaver ARTicles,
as model for the new museum August 8, 2004,
<http://
The conservative response to the exodus of political films in its productive turn www.16beavergroup.
org/mtarchive/
(or video installations) to the museum is to assume that towards being a 'social
archives/001177.
they are thus losing relevance. It deplores their intern- factory.'7 By now, descript- php>.
ment in the bourgeois ivory tower of high culture. The ions of the social factory 8
works are thought to be isolated inside this elitist abound.8 It exceeds its Sabeth Buchmann
quotes Hardt and
cordon sanitaire – sanitized, sequestered, cut off from traditional boundaries and Negri: "The
'reality.' Indeed, Jean-Luc Godard reportedly said that spills over into almost 'social factory'is
a form of
video installation artists shouldn’t be "afraid of everything else. It pervades production which
reality," assuming of course that they in fact were.6 bedrooms and dreams alike, touches on and
penetrates every
as well as perception, af- sphere and aspect
Where is reality then? Out there, beyond the white cube fection, and attention. It of public and
private life, of
and its display technologies? How about inverting this transforms everything it knowledge
claim, somewhat polemically, to assert that the white cube touches into culture, if production and
communication," in
is in fact the Real with a capital R: the blank horror and not art. It is an a-factory, "From Systems-
emptiness of the bourgeois interior. which produces affect as Oriented Art to
Biopolitical Art
effect. It integrates in- Practice," NODE.
On the other hand – and in a much more optimistic vein – timacy, eccentricity, and London, <http://
publication.nodel.
there is no need to have recourse to Lacan in order to other formally unofficial org/node/74/>.
contest Godard’s accusation. This is because the forms of creation. Private
displacement from factory to museum never took place. In and public spheres get
OMA model for the Riga Contemporary Art Museum, to be built in a converted power plant, 2006. (top left)
Workers Leaving The Lumière Factory, Luis Lumière, 1895. (top middle)
Andy Warhol's Silver Factory. (top right)
Visitors entering the museum, Edo-Tokyo Museum, 2003. courtesy istaro. (bottom)
9 the Lumière
entangled in a blurred zone of hyper-production. attention. How do its Jonathan L. museum, the
Beller, "Kino-I, opening of the
spectators look inside this Kino-World," in former gate is now
In the museum-as-factory, something continues to be new factory? The Visual Culture blocked by a
Reader, ed. transparent glass
produced. Installation, planning, carpentry, viewing, Nicholas Mirzoeff pane to indicate
discussing, maintenance, betting on rising values, and Cinema and Factory (London and New the framing of the
York: Routledge, early film. Leaving
networking alternate in cycles. An art space is a factory, 2002), 61. spectators have to
which is simultaneously a supermarket – a casino and a At this point, a decisive go around this
10 obstacle, and
place of worship whose reproductive work is performed by difference emerges between Ibid., 67. leave through the
cleaning ladies and cellphone-video bloggers alike. classical cinema and the former location of
11 the gate itself,
museum. While the classical For a great essay which no longer
In this economy, even spectators are transformed into space of cinema resembles about this work exists. Thus, the
see Harun Farocki, current situation
workers. As Jonathan Beller argues, cinema and its the space of the industrial "Workers Leaving is like a negative
derivatives (television, Internet, and so on) are factory, the museum cor- the Factory," in of the former one:
Nachdruck/Imprint: people are blocked
factories, in which spectators work. Now, "to look is to responds to the dispersed Texte/Writings, by the former
trans. Laurent opening, which has
labor."9 Cinema, which integrated the logic of Taylorist space of the social factory.
Faasch-Ibrahim now turned into a
production and the conveyor belt, now spreads the factory Both cinema and Fordist (Berlin: Verlag glass screen; they
Vorwerk, New York: have to exit
wherever it travels. But this type of production is much factory are organized as
Lukas & Sternberg, through the former
more intensive than the industrial one. The senses are locations of confinement, 2001), reprinted walls of the
on the Senses of factory, which
drafted into production, the media capitalize upon the arrest, and temporal Cinema Web site, have now partly
aesthetic faculties and imaginary practices of viewers.10 control. Imagine: Workers <http://archive. vanished. See
sensesofcinema. photographs at
In that sense, any space that integrates cinema and its leaving the factory. com/ ibid.
successors has now become a factory, and this obviously Spectators leaving the contents/02/21/
farocki_workers. 16
includes the museum. While in the history of political cinema – a similar mass, html>. For a more sober
filmmaking the factory became a cinema, cinema now turns disciplined and controlled description of the
12 generally quite
museum spaces back into factories. in time, assembled and My description idealized
released at regular inter- refers to the condition of
Generali multitude, see
Workers Leaving the Factory vals. As the traditional Foundation Paolo Virno A
factory arrests its workers, show‚"Kino wie Grammar of the
noch nie" (2005). Multitude, trans.
It is quite curious that the first films ever made by the cinema arrests the See <http:// Isabella
Louis Lumière show workers leaving the factory. At the spectator. Both are dis- foundation. Bertoletti, James
generali.at/index. Cascaito, and
beginning of cinema, workers leave the industrial work- ciplinary spaces and spaces php?id=429>. Andrea Casson (New
place. The invention of cinema thus symbolically marks the of confinement.15 York and Los
13 Angeles:
start of the exodus of workers from industrial modes of "Aujourd’hui le Semiotexte, 2004).
décor du premier
production. But even if they leave the factory building, But now imagine: Workers
film est sauvé et 17
it doesn’t mean that they have left labor behind. Rather, leaving the factory. abrite une As do multiple
<http:// single screen
they take it along with them and disperse it into every Spectators trickling out of institut-lumiere. arrangements.
sector of life. the museum (or even queuing org/francais/
cinema/ssalle.
to get in). An entirely html> salle de
A brilliant installation by Harun Farocki makes clear different constellation of cinéma <http://
institut-lumiere.
where the workers leaving the factory are headed. Farocki time and space. This second org/francais/
collected and installed different cinematic versions of crowd is not a mass, but a cinema/sallecine.
html> de 270
Workers Leaving the Factory, from the original silent multitude.16 The museum fauteuils. Là où
version(s) by Louis Lumière to contemporary surveillance doesn’t organize a coherent sortirent les
ouvriers et les
footage.11 Workers are streaming out of factories on several crowd of people. People are ouvrières de
monitors simultaneously: from different eras and in different dispersed in time and space l’usine, les
spectateurs vont
cinematic styles.12 But where are these workers streaming – a silent crowd, immersed au cinéma, sur le
to? Into the art space, where the work is installed. and atomized, struggling lieu de son
invention,"
between passivity and Institut Lumière,
Not only is Farocki’s Workers Leaving the Factory, on the overstimulation. <http://
institut-lumiere.
level of content, a wonderful archaeology of the (non) org/%20/francais/
hangar/
representation of labor; on the level of form it points This spatial transformation
hangaraccueil.
to the spilling over of the factory into the art space. is reflected by the format html>.
Workers who left the factory have ended up inside another of many newer cinematic
14
one: the museum. works. Whereas traditional "La partie Hangar,
spacieux hall de
cinematic works are réception chargé
It might even be the same factory. Because the former singlechannel, focusing d’histoire et
d’émotion pour
Lumière factory, whose gates are portrayed in the original the gaze and organizing tous vos
Workers Leaving The Lumière Factory is today just that: a time, many of the newer déjeuners,
cocktail, dîners…
museum of cinema.13 In 1995, the ruin of the former factory works explode into space. [Formule assise
was declared a historical monument and developed into a While the traditional 250 personnes ou
formule debout
site of culture. The Lumière factory, which used to cinema setup works from a jusqu’à 300
produce photographic film, is today a cinema with a single central perspective, personnes],”
Institut Lumière,
reception space to be rented by companies: "a location multi-screen projections <http://www.
loaded with history and emotion for your brunches, create a multifocal space. institut-lumiere.
org/francais/
cocktails and dinners."14 The workers who left the factory While cinema is a mass location/location.
in 1895 have today been recaptured on the screen of the medium, multi-screen in- html>.
cinema within the same space. They only left the factory stallations address a 15
to reemerge as a spectacle inside it. multitude spread out in There is however
one interesting
space, connected only by difference between
cinema and
As workers exit the factory, the space they enter is one distraction, separation,
factory: in the
of cinema and cultural industry, producing emotion and and difference.17 rebuilt scenery of
Harun Farocki, Workers Leaving the Factory in Eleven Decades, 2006, video still. Courtesy of the Leonard & Bina Ellen Art Gallery. (top left)
Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart. (top right)
OMA diagram for the Riga Contemporary Art Museum, 2006. (bottom)
18
The difference between mass and multitude arises on the to the artist who – in Godard on Tout
va bien (1972),
line between confinement and dispersion, between homo- a state of exception – <http://www.
geneity and multiplicity, between cinema space and museum violently establishes his youtube.com/
watch?v=
installation space. This is a very important distinction, own law by 'arresting' a hnx7mxjm1k0>.
because it will also affect the question of the museum space in the form of an
19
as public space. installation. The artist “Photography and
then assumes a role as video filming are
not normally
Public Space sovereign founder of the allowed at Tate”
exhibition’s public sphere. (<http://www.tate.
org.uk/about/
It is obvious that the space of the factory is traditionally media/copy-
more or less invisible in public. Its visibility is policed, At first glance, this right/>). However,
filming there is
and surveillance produces a one-way gaze. Paradoxically, repeats the old myth of welcomed on a
a museum is not so different. In a lucid 1972 interview artist as crazy genius, or commercial basis,
with location fees
Godard pointed out that, because filming is prohibited more precisely, as petty- starting at £200
in factories, museums, and airports, effectively 80% of bourgeois dictator. But the an hour (<http://
www.tate.org.uk/
productive activity in France is rendered invisible: "The point is: if this works well about/media/
filming/>). Policy
exploiter doesn’t show the exploitation to the exploited."18 as an artistic mode of pro-
at the Centre
This still applies today, if for different reasons. Museums duction, it becomes standard Pompidou is more
confusing: "You
prohibit filming or charge exorbitant shooting fees.19 Just practice in any social may film or
as the work performed in the factory cannot be shown outside factory. So then, how about photograph works
from permanent
it, most of the works on display in a museum cannot be shown the idea that inside the collections (which
outside its walls. A paradoxical situation arises: a museum museum, almost everybody you will find on
levels 4 and 5
predicated on producing and marketing visibility can itself tries to behave like a sov- and in the
not be shown – the labor performed there is just as publicly ereign (or petty-bourgeois Atelier Brancusi)
for your own
invisible as that of any sausage factory. dictator)? After all, the personal use. You
multitude inside museums is may not, however,
photograph or film
This extreme control over visibility sits rather uncom- composed of competing sover- works that have a
fortably alongside the perception of the museum as a public eigns: curators, spectators, red dot, and you
may not use a flash
space. What does this invisibility then say about the artists, critics. or stand."
contemporary museum as a public space? And how does the (<http://www.
centrepompidou.fr/
inclusion of cinematic works complicate this picture? Let’s have a closer look at Pompidou/
the spectator-as-sovereign. Communication.
nsf/0/3590D3A7D1
The current discussion of cinema and the museum as public In judging an exhibition, BDB820C125707C004
512D4?OpenDocument
sphere is an animated one. Thomas Elsaesser, for example, many attempt to assume the
&L=2>).
asks whether cinema in the museum might constitute the compromised sovereignty of
20
last remaining bourgeois public sphere.20 Jürgen Habermas the traditional bourgeois "The Cinema in the
outlined the conditions in this arena in which people speak subject, who aims to (re)- Museum: Our Last
Bourgeois Public
in turn and others respond, all participating together in master the show, to tame the Sphere?" (paper
the same rational, equal, and transparent discourse sur- unruly multiplicity of its presented at
the International
rounding public matters.21 In actuality, the contemporary meanings, to pronounce a Film Studies
museum is more like a cacophony – installations blare verdict, and to assign Conference,
“Perspectives on
simultaneously while nobody listens. To make matters value. But, unfortunately, the Public Sphere:
worse, the timebased mode of many cinematic installation cinematic duration makes Cinematic
Configurations of
works precludes a truly shared discourse around them; if this subject position un- 'I' and 'We,'"
works are too long, spectators will simply desert them. available. It reduces all Berlin, Germany,
April 23–25,
What would be seen as an act of betrayal in a cinema – parties involved to the role 2009.
leaving the projection while it lasts – becomes standard of workers – unable to gain
21
behavior in any spatial installation situation. In the an overview of the whole Jürgen Habermas,
installation space of the museum, spectators indeed become process of production. Many The Structural
Transformation of
traitors – traitors of cinematic duration itself. In – primarily critics – are the Public Sphere:
An Inquiry into a
circulating through the space, spectators are actively thus frustrated by archival
Category of
montaging, zapping, combining fragments – effectively shows and their abundance of Bourgeois Society,
trans. Thomas
co-curating the show. Rationally conversing about shared cinematic time. Remember the
Burger with the
impressions then becomes next to impossible. A bourgeois vitriolic attacks on the assistance of
Frederick Lawrence
public sphere? Instead of its ideal manifestation, the length of films and video (Cambridge, MA:
contemporary museum rather represents its unfulfilled in Documenta 11? To multiply The MIT Press,
[1962] 1991).
reality. cinematic duration means to
blow apart the vantage point 22
Elsaesser,
Sovereign Subjects of sovereign judgment. It "The Cinema in
also makes it impossible to the Museum."
In his choice of words, Elsaesser also addresses a less reconfigure yourself as its 23
democratic dimension of this space. By, as he dramatically subject. Cinema in the museum Boris Groys,
"Politics of
phrases it, arresting cinema – suspending it, suspending renders overview, review, Installation,"
its license, or even holding it under a suspended sentence and survey impossible. Par- e-flux journal, no.
2 (January 2009),
– cinema is preserved at its own expense when it is taken tial impressions dominate <http://www.e-flux.
into 'protective custody.'22 Protective custody is no simple the picture. The true labor com/journal/
view/31>.
arrest. It refers to a state of exception or (at least) a of spectatorship can no
temporal suspension of legality that allows the suspension longer be ignored by cast-
of the law itself. This state of exception is also addressed ing oneself as master of
in Boris Groys’ essay Politics of Installation.23 Harking judgment. Under these cir-
back to Carl Schmitt, Groys assigns the role of sovereign cumstances, a transparent,
014 Issue # 06/10
05/10 : 1,2,3, --- Thinking about exhibitions
informed, inclusive discourse becomes difficult, if individual sovereign master, 24

A good example
not impossible. nor, more precisely, of the would be
selfdeluded sovereign (even "Democracies" by
Artur mijewski, an
The question of cinema makes clear that the museum is not if "just for one day," as un-synchronized
a public sphere, but rather places its consistent lack on David Bowie sang). It isn’t multi-screen
installation with
display – it makes this lack public, so to speak. Instead even a product of common trillions of
of filling this space, it conserves its absence. But it labor, but focuses its point possibilities of
screen-content
also simultaneously displays its potential and the desire of rupture on the paradigm combinations.
for something to be realized in its place. of productivity. The museum-
as-factory and its cinematic
As a multitude, the public operates under the condition politics interpellate this
of partial invisibility, incomplete access, fragmented missing, multiple subject.
realities – of commodification within clandestinity. But by displaying its
Transparency, overview, and the sovereign gaze cloud over absence and its lack, they
to become opaque. Cinema itself explodes into multiplicity simultaneously activate a
– into spatially dispersed multi-screen arrangements that desire for this subject.
cannot be contained by a single point of view. The full
picture, so to speak, remains unavailable. There is always Cinematic Politics
something missing – people miss parts of the screening,
the sound doesn’t work, the screen itself or any vantage But does this now mean that
point from which it could be seen are missing. all cinematic works have
become political? Or, rather,
Rupture is there still any differ-
ence between different forms
Without notice, the question of political cinema has been of cinematic politics? The
inverted. What began as a discussion of political cinema answer is simple. Any con-
in the museum has turned into a question of cinematic ventional cinematic work
politics in a factory. Traditionally, political cinema was will try to reproduce the
meant to educate – it was an instrumental effort at 'repre- existing setup: a projection
sentation' in order to achieve its effects in 'reality.' of a public, which is not
It was measured in terms of efficiency, of revolutionary public after all, and in
revelation, of gains in consciousness, or as potential which participation and
triggers of action. exploitation become indisting-
uishable. But a political
Today, cinematic politics are postrepresentational. They cinematic articulation might
do not educate the crowd, but produce it. They articulate try to come up with something
the crowd in space and in time. They submerge it in partial completely different.
invisibility and then orchestrate their dispersion,
movement, and reconfiguration. They organize the crowd What else is desperately
without preaching to it. They replace the gaze of the missing from the museum-as-
bourgeois sovereign spectator of the white cube with the factory? An exit. If the
incomplete, obscured, fractured, and over-whelmed vision factory is everywhere, then
of the spectator-as-laborer. there is no longer a gate by
which to leave it – there is
But there is one aspect that goes well beyond this. What no way to escape relentless
else is missing from these cinematic installations?24 Let’s productivity. Political
return to the liminal case of Documenta 11, which was said cinema could then become the
to contain more cinematic material than could be seen by a screen through which people
single person in the 100 days that the exhibition was open could leave the museum-as-
to the public. No single spectator could even claim to social-factory. But on which
have even seen everything, much less to have exhausted the screen could this exit take
meanings in this volume of work. It is obvious what is place? On the one that is
missing from this arrangement: since no single spectator currently missing, of course.
can possibly make sense of such a volume of work, it calls
for a multiplicity of spectators. In fact, the exhibition This article was first
could only be seen by a multiplicity of gazes and points published by e-flux journal,
of view, which then supplements the impressions of others. no 7 (June 2009)
Only if the night guards and various spectators worked <http://www.e-flux.com/
together in shifts could the cinematic material of D11 be journal/view/71>
viewed. But in order to understand what (and how) they are
watching, they must meet to make sense of it. This shared
activity is completely different from that of spectators
narcissistically gazing at themselves and each other inside
exhibitions – it does not simply ignore the artwork (or
treat it as mere pretext), but takes it to another level.
Cinema inside the museum thus calls for a multiple gaze,

which is no longer collective, but common, which is
incomplete, but in process, which is distracted and
singular, but can be edited into various sequences and
combinations. This gaze is no longer the gaze of the
CARTE
As a point of departure we have assumed that there was
once a close relationship between forms that now exist
rather separately, namely the realms of visual art,
BLANCHE
experimental film, literature, poetry, music – and very
much the development of technology, too. What is it
supposed to mean that 16mm projectors now occupy their
luxurious final performance sites at art societies and
Martin Ebner and Florian Zeyfang galleries, while iphone youtube (without open source
codecs, to be sure) is the current way to watch a hollis
On-Curating invites for the first time an artist frampton interview.
contribution for a carte blanche. Martin Ebner and Florian
Zeyfang designed five pages on the basis of Poor Man’s The other way around, isn’t the gentle entry of the genre
Expression, using the model for their eponymous exhibtion of 'experimental film' into the realm of 'media art' of
project in 2006 in Berlin, which will be represented in the 1980s and 1990s itself a transformation analog to
an upcoming publication with Sternberg Press. Poor Man’s general social and medial development brought about by
Expression examined the relationship between film, video, the development of individualization and consumer society?
technology, and art, with a particular focus on the rein poor man's expression we have sought, through an ad-
ciprocal influences between conceptual art and experimental vanced setting (neon light surfaces, and the exhibition's
film. The publication will respond to the questions that bipartite spatial principle) to address the surrounding
arise as to the semantics of critical and experimental 'corporate public' architecture of the sony center as well
conceptual art, medial representation, and the expansion as the film archive deep underground and the dark cinema
of a concept of technology towards social functions and space of the 'avant-garde film.'
psychology; it explores problems of medial control, intel-
lectual property, and a changing concept of the public. (www.poormansexpression.com)
ANNETTE HANS
AND FLORIAN
WALDVOGEL
Interview by Dorothee Richter
Dorothee Ritcher (DR): The symposium Forms of Exhibitions in

July 2009 at Kunstverein Hamburg did look for the historical
positions in exhibition making that are still relevant for
artists and curators. For example Frederick Kiesler’s work
is a strong reference point for many artists and curators,
lately Markus Schinwald and Liam Gillick made this obvious.
What do you think were the most interesting aspects of
Kieslers work?
A. Hans and F. Waldvogel (AH + FW): Kiesler had a two-fold

outset when developing his exhibition designs. The one was
working with the art work, the other with the viewer and both
were aimed at creating a continuous environment. He worked
with the exhibition space in a way that is closer related to
theatre than exhibtion making. To look back at his practice
can be very fruitful after the extensive rise of the white cube
and thus the idea to present art as uninfluenced as possible by
an outer situation to bring its potential fully afore.
Kiesler follows a very different understanding in that sense
when even developing viewing machines for certain artworks,
like for example works by Paul Klee or Marcel Duchamp. Such
machines, his seating designs, his making use of the whole
space and placing works at certain angles, the implementation
of sound, all these are methods that directed the viewer in a Ann Demester, Jan Hoet.
certain way. But first and foremost they allowed the artwork Photo: Courtesy Kunstverein Hamburg.
and the viewer to share a space – a quite specific and maybe
almost fictional space that engaged the viewer. To work with
the space and both, artworks and viewers, the way Kiesler did relation to situations and issues outside the respective
may encourage us to approach these aspects with a mandate to institution, the people involved, the art world so
dare – if one can say so. to say, to be able to develop adequate formats and
activate potential.
DR: In the discussions where I made some inputs as a
commentator it became clear, that some aspects were not DR: Martin Beck developed a historical change of meaning
visible in the presentations, for example the economic of the term 'display' in the 50ies, which suggested a
situation was a point of departure for Chambres d'Amis or strong pedagogical viewpoint, oriented on the idea of
the title Westkunst was a position against the western convincing the viewer. The idea of spectacle and a general
concept of a universal 'Weltkunst' but also a problematic emphasize on the numbers of viewer is a later development.
politically relevant term. Could you specify on that In what way do you think the expectations are differentiated
topic? And in what way is this interesting for your and changed today?
situation today?
AH + FW: Given that Lissitzky, Kiesler and others had
AH + FW: In the course of history writing, representation developed displays that were focussed on engaging and
and remembrance certain aspects tend to become somewhat emancipating the viewer and expanding the single artwork
hidden in a bigger picture. The knowledge of the cir- into a spatial surrounding, there have been more
cumstances under which Chambres d'Amis evolved – and many differentiated aspects to the term then as well. The
other exhbitions and experimental formats as well – is convincing moment of the display is one that is – and
maybe not essential in judging the exhbition as such and then was – rather inherent to commercial strategies such
questioning its potential and problematics, but it certainly as the presentation at fairs. One will find a lot of
is a reason to engage productively with problematic literature for example concerning the exhibition displays
issues. In very common means, as when it comes to money of fair booths. And this concerns most likely other fairs,
problems, and also in the sense of taking political and not art fairs where the white cube is preserved in its
societal situations into account. little, half shrunken brother most of the time.
Everything we do is placed in a current context and every As Martin Beck pointed out in his lecture, it is very
exhibition making ideally reflects this situation and difficult to define the term display as it is used in many
accepts this challenge – needless to stress the 'ideally' contexts and there is a whole field of possible research
in the sentence. Nonetheless this is something to strive around this topic. Therefore it is rather difficult to jot
for and thus to continually question ones practice in down changes and differences in a few lines. We are still
Audience and participants (left).

Monica Pessler, Kiesler Foundation (right).
Photo: Courtesy Kunstverein Hamburg.
today, or maybe even more so, confronted with a con- product/commodity in the 60ies alongside Gerry Schums Video
notation of display as convincing strategy instead of Gallery. In what way do you think it is possible to address
pointing strategy (stating this knowingly that both are these crucial issues in contemporary exhibition making again?
intertwined). In the exhibition context displays are most
of the time used in more remote ways (than Lissitzky AH + FW: Concerning the question of authorship in
and Kiesler did for example) to not interfere with the exhibition making, we would go with an understanding
artworks. Nevertheless, display is booming. closer related to Jan Hoet’s exhibition making practice.
He opts for the curator as agent of the artist trying to
Todays resurrection of the display can be seen closer realize an artwork or a project as ideal as possible and
related to the art practice maybe than the exhibition in accordance to the artist’s needs. Exhibition making is
practice in itself. The context, the spatial surrounding of course being in a dialogue and developing projects
and the presentation of single pieces, the extension of together but in the end one is assisting in making an idea
the singular work into the installation are important become reality instead of participating in a sense of a
aspects in that sense and gave way to the growing tendency collective authorship. The case with Gerry Schums Gallery
to have an exhibition design or ask an artist to develop was a slightly different one as he, as camera man, was
overall displays. By means of contextualizing, creating a directing the shots in the end and also did the cutting.
certain setting and atmosphere, art is being reimplented But, every exhibition making introduces a perspective and
into the experiential surrounding of the viewer. contextualizes which is not to be seen equal to authoring
a piece. Maybe today, these issues of authorship, work/
DR: Beatrice von Bismarck developed the change in posi- production and product/commodity have become less crucial
tions of authorship, of work/production and of art as a than they once were?
TALKING BACK AND

repetition of actions as 1
Judith Butler,
a whole that regenerates "Performative Acts
agency on each occasion as and Gender
QUEER READING –
Constitution,"
social construction.2 On the first published in:
other hand, however, it is Theatre Journal
40/4, 1988,
exactly this ornamented pp. 519-513,
AN ESSAY ON
repetition of actions that reprinted in:
Auslander, London
creates a subversive 2003, Vol. 4,
possibility, and thereby pp. 97-110.
PERFORMANCE
enables the politics of 2
divergence in the consti- Butler, 2003,
p. 97/98.
tution of gender. The limits
THEORY AND ITS

of this deviation are marked 3
I am grateful to
in societies by operations Dorothee Richter
of what Althusser called the and Carmen Mörsch
for this hint to
POSSIBLE IMPACTS
apparatus. In later texts, Althusser during
our discussion
Butler also accepted that the
in Kassel.
performative act in social
ON DISSEMINATION
4
life is not free to produce Sabine Gebhardt
unsanctioned deviations like Fink, "Situierter
Körper und
a critical practice would Sexualisierter
OF ART
do, nor indeed to transgress Raum," in: Martina
Oster, Geschlecht
the patterns of bodily in Musik, Kunst
actions without negative und Neuen Medien,
Hamburg 2008.
consequences.3
Sabine Gebhardt Fink To develop my own theories

on performative acts, I have
The following reflections on performance theory and the re-interpreted Butler’s
dissemination of art are based on a paper that I gave at statements in the context
the symposium on Performing Art in Kassel on 20th July of contemporary performance
2009, co-organised by the Institute for Art Education at art. This has led me to the
Zurich University of the Arts (ZHDK) and the Kunsthalle recognition of a twofold
Fridericianum. My lecture there was conceived as a dia- performative act. Following
logue between Nora Landkammer, Anna Schürch, and myself. Butler, the first performa-
The aim was to enable a talking back and, in doing so, to tive act that defines agency
create a method for performative lecturing. Nora and Anna in everyday experiences
both responded to and intervened in my thoughts on per- is the performative act.
formance theory from their point of view as art educators. Secondly, this act is re-
While their voices are not explicitly present here, I enacted and re-presented in
nevertheless wish to let their statements reverberate in the field of performance
my thoughts on the impacts of performance theory in the art. I will call this act
dissemination of art. It is clear that I am speaking as a the twofold performative
performance theorist, which means that I am trying to talk act.4 This concept of
back a second time. performativity, which is
based on Butler’s concept
My thoughts here start from Judith Butler’s theses in her of 'performative acts,'
essay Performative Acts and Gender Constitution (1988). explicitly contradicts all
From my point of view, her thoughts are still relevant the essentialist notions of
today. In particular, Butler’s political goal to establish performance art, and of
a critical theoretical practice to define new modes of performativity and the given
performative acts is worth re-reading. In order to talk body, embodiments that were
back to Butler’s ideas, I will address the following propagated by the so-called
issues in what follows: presence and embodiment, strategies new phenomenologists. My
of self-enactment in collective social practices, and concept of the twofold
constructions of place and mediality. I will analyse these performative act also
themes within various performative art projects, from contradicts the idea that
Alexandra Bachzetsis and San Keller to William Hunt and agency could be established
Katerina Šedá. through the presence of a
body per se. Thirdly, it
criticises the notion of
Performative Acts and the Apparatus space as an 'empty container'
waiting to be filled, for
It is worth recalling that Judith Butler defined a example with meaning, which
'performative act' as something that should be repeated is then assumed to be
and must be legitimated socially through the repetitions exposed by objects and
of bodily styles.1 A paradigmatic act of this kind is – 'auratised' by bodies and
still following Butler – the constitution of gender. Even their presentness.
Butler neglected the idea of a fixed place, that is, a
locus for agency, from which actions in the social realm Interestingly, a wide variety
should and could start. It is this very stylisation of the of current performative
Top 2 images
Katerina Šedá, OVER AND OVER, 2008,
Installation view of the 5th berlin biennial for contemporary
art at Skulpturenpark Berlin-Zentrum, Installation, mixed media,
Diameter 9,55 m
Photo: Courtesy Katerina Šedá, Franco Sofiantino Arte Contemporaneo,
Torino. © berlin biennial for contemporary art, Uwe Walter, 2008
Bottom image
Katerina Šedá, OVER AND OVER, 2008
Installation view of the 5th berlin biennial for contemporary art
at KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Drawings, models, mixed
media, Dimensions variable
Photo: Courtesy Katerina Šedá; Franco Soffiantino Arte Contemporanea,
Torino, © berlin biennial for contemporary art, Uwe Walter, 2008
5
projects address this issue by focusing on the recipient The reasons for the emergence Pierre Bourdieu,
Practical Reason:
of an action. They thus provide a range of models of of new forms of reception On the Theory of
agency in performative artistic acts situated between in the 1990s, like Šedá’s Action. Stanford
1998, p. 3.
artist and addressee. The dissemination and teaching of above work, can be found in
art could then envisage a reflection of this twofold act the structure of urban space 6
Sigrid Schade,
in general. itself, specifically within "Das unabgegoltene
the sites of so-called 'so- der Vergangenheit,"
in: Jahrbuch 3
cial computing' and public HGKZ, NOW! /
Presence and Embodiment – San Keller // Read it from my 'screenings,' or 'mobile Gegenwart in den
Künsten, eds.
lips, Zurich 2009 phone networks' and the Sigrid Adorf /
increasing aggressiveness Sabine Gebhardt
Fink / Sigrid
During his May 2009 performance of Read it from My Lips in which the public sphere Schade / Steffen
at the Gessnerallee Theatre in Zurich, San Keller asked is reoccupied as a private Schmidt, 2007.
those present to comment on the performances during the terrain of commodity and 7
intervals between the acts. Audience comments were private property. Former The original
German reads:
recorded on camera in a separate room, with the sound public zones tend to be "potentiell
Gesehenes im
muted. Afterwards, the clips were projected via closed reserved for specific
aktuell Gesehenen
circuit into the exhibition space opened for the next communities and new private auf bestimmt-
unbestimmte Weise
performance. Those members of the audience who had stayed owners, thereby domestic- vorgezeichnet."
in the auditorium were confronted with the faces of the ating the public space into Bernhard
Waldenfels,
interviewees in close-up and in silenced speech, seeking spheres of private control Phänomenologie der
to decode the 'silent' words from their lips and looking and governmentality. It is Aufmerksamkeit,
Frankfurt M.,
around the auditorium to identify the speakers as thus clear that a critical 1998, p. 208
neighbours when watching the last performances. artistic practice of that
8
time addressed these ten- Waldenfels,
In which way is the aesthetic structure to be read and the dencies and intervened into Ibid.: "...und
gleichzeitig
social coding to be revealed as a signifying mechanism these newly built spaces. wird...im
that leads to the construction and to the representation Šedá’s political spatial Gesehenen
Nichtgesehenes,
of an action during read it from my lips?5 And what is the practice attracts dominant bis zu einem
signifying operation of that performance? In read it..., concepts of space, which gewissen Grade...
nachgezeichnet."
presence is shown as mediated and produced; that is, the Henry Lefebvre has described p. 211. "... at
acts of producing and perceiving the performance are in the following words: "The the same time ...
the seen becomes
separated.6 Presence is shown as something to be con- more carefully one examines to a certain
extent traced in
structed during a performative act and finished somewhere space, considering it not
the non-seen"
else, or indeed 'later.'7 Only by accepting this state of only with the eyes, not only (translation Mark
Kyburz).
constructedness could the 'non-seen' be judged as "the with the intellect, but also
potentially seen, delineated in the currently seen in a with all senses, with the 9
Henry Lefebvre,
determinate/indeterminate manner,"8 as Bernhard Waldenfels total body, the more clearly The Production of
observes. Instead of assuming a 'here and now' and an one becomes aware of the Space, translated
by Donald
omnipresent presence in performance art, this work makes conflicts at work within it, Nicholson-Smith,
explicit that the idea of a 'here and now' is something conflicts which foster the 2007, 25th ed.
(1st English
to be constructed through speech acts and through bodily explosion of abstract space edition 1991; the
styles during those acts. The aesthetic of acting enfolds and the production of a original French
version appeared
or signifies a 'folding' between 'participation' and space that is other."9 For in 1974), p. 391.
'partaking' in the encounters between author, curator, Kluge and Negt, this abstract
10
educator, spectator, theorist, and performer. Conse- space represents a system of "The missing
quently, the insights of Keller’s work should be taken governance that follows eco- space is precisely
the singularly
as proposals for the 'seen' as a starting point for nomic rules. Against those plural. It is
further possible performative acts, as Alice Creischer rules, Šedá’s project pits thus, too, that of
being – and thus
once assumed for her own socio- aesthetic practice. a 'being-with,' as Jean-Luc also that which is
What Kellers work proposes in the context of education Nancy once formulated the decidedly not the
substratum of that
and dissemination is this possibility of reflection being-in-common.10 which exists in
toto, but rather
through re-reading and analysing the present as the
brings existing
'uncompensated past.' To be clear: this site of beings onto the
same path, to be
'being-in-common' does not with all others
already exist. Instead, it [...]. The With,
its irreducible
Strategies of self-enactment in collective social acts of is a place to be produced, structure of
reception – Katerina Šedá // Over and Over, Berlin 2008 and it is as such the missing proximity and
distance, its
space. Nancy postulates for irreducible
In her performative art project Over and Over, Katerina this kind of place a new form tension, which it
produces between
Šedá asked the inhabitants of her hometown Líšen in the of presence: it is something one and the other,
Czech Republic to open up the fences surrounding their to be constructed. Although is now before us
and must be
private grounds after the 'opening' of their country in Nancy is convinced that it considered: for
1999. The idea was to revitalise civic life that had died is not possible to define only the With
makes sense." Jean
out during the new capitalistic era. What was exhibited of this kind of place through Luc Nancy, Être
this project during the Berlin Bienniale was a model of art or artistic processes, singulier pluriel
(Paris: Galilée,
the fences and the constructions built by the inhabitants I am not sure whether he is 1996) (translation
to cross or open them up. This mise-en-scène of a 'latent' right.11 Šedá’s project, for Mark Kyburz).
form of interaction can be seen as an artistic strategy example, articulates in the 11

Jean-Luc Nancy,
for criticising and deconstructing atmospheres of presence of a number of
2004, p. 20.
commodity and possession. speakers a 'being-in common'
12 18
between the generalising 'We all' and the individualistic and of pole dance. Bachzetsis Jean-Luc Nancy, Anna McCarthy,
2004, p. 35. Ambient Tele-
'me I'. This also implies that the action is located in a thus attempts to create in vision. Visual
specific place. Being is neither a state nor an essence, one single place the dis- 13 Culture and Public
Jean-Luc Nancy, Space, Durham Duke
but rather that kind of action/passion in whose aftermath orientation of the fixed La communauté University Press
what Kant termed the 'mere position of an object' occurs.12 patterns involved in the désoeuvrée 2001, p. 10. See
(Paris: Christian also Arnold von
production of sex and gender. Bourgois, 1983) Gennep, Les rites
If once accepted as a being-in-common, it is no longer (translation de passage. 1909.
Mark Kyburz);
possible to conceive the public as whole. However, it Contrary to postmodern and see also Die 19
would be equally mistaken to believe in a neo-utopian site-specific works, which herausgeforderte Nancy Fraser,
Gemeinschaft, "Die Trans-
concept of community. What is really addressed in artworks adjusted bodily movements to trans. Esther von nationalisierung
like Šedá’s is the idea of an opening up of the unique time-space environments and den Osten, Berlin der Öffentlich-
2007, p. 14. keit," p. 24, in:
community. In 1996, Jean-Luc Nancy analysed this kind of disciplined them without Publicum. Theorien
community as follows: "… when the community begins to being noticed by their 14 der Öffent-
Jean–Luc Nancy, lichkeit, eds.
stammer a strange uniqueness […], then the community users, because "abstract Ibid. Gerald Raunig and
understands that it is itself that gapes open – gapingly space asphyxiates whatever (see also Die Ulf Wuggenig,
herausgeforderte Vienna 2005,
opened to its absent unity and essence. It understands is conceived in it," as Gemeinschaft, pp. 18-30.
Zürich/Berlin
that it is confronted within itself with this rupture. Lefebvre remarks,17 site-
2007, p. 30). 20
Community stands against community, strangers versus reflecting practices in Hal Foster,
15 The Return of
strangers, those acquainted versus those acquainted; it contemporary art, such as Jean-Luc Nancy, the Real:
tears itself apart by tearing apart others, who have no Bachzetsis’s handwork, Zürich/Berlin The Avantgarde at
2007, p. 29. Nancy the End of the
possibility of community and communion."13 seek a concept of place that thus prefers the Century, Cambridge
overruns those fixed mean- neutral term Mass. 1996,
'with,' which I pp. 125-168,
On the level of the performative act, the 'being-in-common' ings and includes experiences also use here, to p. 156.
of an urban society in Nancy’s sense,14 which Šedá only that are 'other.' This place 'community.' "(It
was clear) that
indicates on a metaphorical level through the opened fences, is also defined by power the accentuation
is constructed through participant interaction. It is a relations and influenced by of a necessary,
yet forever
being-in-common that remains unhomogeneous during the entire the operations of the ap- insufficiently
project because of the participants' different aims and paratus, which regulates clarified concept
(of a community)
interests. This kind of being-in-common, moreover, only individual agency and the went hand in hand
exists for a short period of time although the processes agencies of groups and at the time with a
revival of
documented can remain in the cultural memories of those collectives. It was space, communitarian and
involved. This being-in-common is very close to Nancy’s namely, the domestic place, sometimes even
fascist driving
concept of community: "Being-with is the community, which property, money, and forces," see p. 31
(translation Mark
[…] does not allow itself to be made manifest […]. Conse- consumerism that offered
Kyburz). Compare
quently, it cannot be communicated even if it is itself participation in the Nancy’s Being
Singular Plural:
that which is shared and probably because this is what it bourgeois world of Fordism.18
"it is a question
is."15 He continues thus: "Instead, the With is dry and Place, moreover, offers the of the alterity or
alteration of the
neutral: it is neither communion nor atomisation, merely same in poststructuralism world. In other
the sharing of a place, at best contact: a being-together and post-Fordism. I agree words it is not
the question of an
without a joining-together."16 with Nancy Fraser when she aliud, or an alius
assumes that in our 'post- or an alienus, or
another in general
With and against Nancy, Over and Over provides an national' times, new forms as the essential
instrument for constructing a community as a being-in- and structures of sovereign- stranger, who is
opposed to what is
common. Documenting the acts of Over and Over during a ity can be recognised and proper, but of an
short period of time and in a concrete situation allows the change from space to alter, that is,
'one of the two.'"
for divergent participation. This implies for the dissem- place is only one index of Translated by
ination of art that it should provide different patterns this change.19 In this social Robert E.
Richardson & Anne
of meaning and reading, and open up opportunities for context, the meaning of E. Byrne, Stanford
'being-in-common.' artistic practice can be af- University Press
2000, p. 11.
firmative or contradictory.
Constructions of place – Alexandra Bachzetsis // handwork, And Hal Foster warns us 16
Nancy, Zürich/
Basel 2008 that even critical art can Berlin 2007, p.
31. Similar
reaffirm existing exclusions
thoughts are
Producing this kind of being-in-common in an collective and abjections: for Kristeva, expressed by Nancy
in Etre singulier
act of reception makes necessary the development of a the operation of abjection pluriel: "(...)
sensorium of community and historicity in the context of is fundamental to the main- the mode of Being
which is that of
ephemeral constructions of place. Realising this requires tainance of subject and disposition/
performative acts. Alexandra Bachzetsis’s performance society alike, while the co-appearance and
which, strictly
handwork helps us explain what is meant by the construc- condition of being abject speaking, is
tion of a site as process. Here, the performance space is corrodes both formations.20 neither negative
nor positive, but
a combination between a ballet training studio (mirrors on With regard to Bachzetsis’s instead the mode
the walls and light) and bar (pole dance and highheeled performance, we need to of being-together
or being-with."
shoes). Besides Bachzetsis, the setting also involves consider whether it produces in: Being Singular
fellow artists Ayelene Parolin and Saga Sigurardottir. exactly that kind of critique Plural, p. 13.
When the sexualised body, as Butler says, needs training that reaffirms existing role- 17
and disciplining as a naturalised construct in ritualised models and gender-images, or Henry Lefebvre,
The Production of
actions, then the actions of Bachzetsis and her colleagues, not. The dissemination of art Space, Malden,
which border on stereotyped sexualised acts, intend to should offer different types Oxford, Victoria
1991, p. 370.
make evident those slight differences, and to produce of gender-constructions, and
critique and desorientedness. This particular setting open up fixed stereotypes
aimed to deconstruct both the movement patterns of ballet of sexuality.
21
Mediality and Performativity – William Hunt // The Peggy Phelan,
Unmarked:
impotence of radicalism in face of all these extreme The Politics of
positions 2005 Performance,
London 1993.
I would like to close with an example from William Hunt’s 22

Judith Butler,
The impotence of radicalism in face of all these extreme London 2003,
positions (2005). In this performance, Hunt declares the reprinted in
Auslander,
mediality of the work to be the theme of the artistic pp. 98/99.
process. Hunt’s guitar-playing pose cites the gestures of
a rockstar. But he turns both these and himself upside
down: in a self-constructed instrument, he performs
amusing and bizarre actions to remain balanced while his
head inclines over the floor and his feet swivel in the
air during his playing. In this constant production of an
inverse pose, the performer gives no chance to either
fantasies of completeness or to "representation without
reproduction," as Peggy Phelan once hoped to find in the
ontology of Performance Art.21 Instead, Hunt shows us that
the medality of performance is a "subversive repetition of
[...](a bodily) style," as Butler has observed.
Furthermore, he also draws attention to the other three
aspects of the 'structures of embodiment' indicated by
Butler, namely, 'to do,' "to dramatize," and 'to
reproduce.'22
For the dissemination of art, this also means to do, to

dramatise, and to reproduce!
Katerina Šedá, OVER AND OVER, 2008, Installation view of the 5th berlin biennial for contemporary art
at KW Institute for Contemporary Art, drawings, models, mixed media, dimensions variable.
Photo: Courtesy Katerina Šedá; Franco Soffiantino Arte Contemporanea, Torino, © berlin biennial for
contemporary art, Uwe Walter, 2008
1 David Teniers the Younger, Painting Gallery of Archduke Leopold

William of Austria, 106 x 129, 1653
A BRIEF OUTLINE
exhibited in different 1
See Ekkehard MAI,
places, or they were copies, "Ausgestellt
or indeed they were in the – Funktionen von
OF THE HISTORY
Museen und
possession of the respective Ausstellungen im
ruler only at a certain Vergleich." in:
Kunst des
point in time. The guiding Ausstellens,
OF EXHIBITION
principles of the collection Beiträge,
Statements,
were size, the number of Diskussionen, ed.
figures, and theme. "It was Hubert Locher,
MAKING
Stuttgart:
not until the eighteenth Schulte, 2002.
century,” Mai observes,
2
“that nation, state, and See also Hubert
history became equally valid LOCHER, "Die Kunst
des Ausstellens,
points of reference, not Anmerkungen zu
Dorothee Richter only for contemporary art einem
unübersichtlichen
but also for that of the Diskurs," in:
Kunst des
Using various illustrations, this paper delineates the past and so the representa-
Ausstellens,
history of exhibition display and establishes connections tive discourse changed into Beiträge,
Statements,
within that history. It also provides a list of suggested a public discourse."2 Diskussionen, ed.
further reading. The outline begins at a point in history Hubert Locher,
Stuttgart:
when art emancipated itself from being a cult object and Cartesian perspective is Schulte, 2002.
became an exhibition object. Interpreting various depictions mostly associated with the
of exhibitions, I raise questions about representation, abstract and detached
specifically who or what is represented, and about the subject of central
human subjects involved, specifically how these are ad- perspective, who observes
dressed as recipients or as depicted figures. How did such matters from a safe
address and depiction affect the formation of identities? distance. The gaze from
Which kinds of being-in-the-world, arrangements of power, within Teniers’s painting
and gaze regimes are conveyed by these illustrations? Which gallery falls directly and
status do art objects have within the context of an entire authoritatively upon the
staging, and how does its arrangement predetermine meaning? viewer. The geometry of the
mathematical certainty
1 David Teniers the Younger, Painting Gallery of Archduke afforded by central
Leopold William of Austria perspective seems to be
The painting by Daniel Teniers does not depict a particular equated with the certainty
exhibition, but instead a fictitious and programmatic of an order established by
exhibition, or what Ekkehard Mai has called a "personal God. Inscribed in the
pantheon of painting."1 Depictions of galleries from 'show'-room, moreover, are
Francken to Teniers, Pannini and Robert exhibit an art the concepts and effects of
collection whose displaying was meant to demonstrate the gender differences, which
connection between power and spirit, in order to substan- since the Renaissance had
tiate the claims of one’s own dynasty against the claims been constructed upon
to power asserted by an array of courts, states, churches, distancing effects and upon
and countries. The paintings need not necessarily reflect the male subject as the
actual collections, and those on display were probably subject of central
2 Pierre Subleyras, The Studio of the Painter, 125 x 99, after 1740
3 Gabriel Jacques de St. Aubin: The 1767 Salon, Aquarelle and Gouache, 1767
4 Johann Zoffany: Charles Towneley’s Library in Park Street, 127 x 99, 1783
perspective. 'Woman' became an object – of the male gaze – public to the exhibition 3
Anja ZIMMERMANN,
and she thus became readily available and her image event."6 The profane and Skandalöse Bilder.
commodified. The gaze is as a rule associated with the direct trading with art Skandalöse Körper.
Abject Art vom
male (subject) and the viewed or displayed with the female became increasingly Surrealismus bis
(object). In structural terms, 'woman' bears within invisible; competition among zu den Culture
Wars. Berlin 2001,
herself the place viewed and taken aim at. Anja artists, and the discourse p. 119.
Zimmermann, for instance, identifies this structure when on their works, now moved
4
she summarises the insights that many contemporary into the foreground."7 For a detailed
cultural studies scholars have arrived at: "Both the Moreover, "this shift discussion and
extensive
position 'within' the image and the position of whoever is occurred in the second half bibliography, see
gazing at the image are gender-specific positions. Not so of the eighteenth century, Sigrid SCHADE and
Silke WENK,
much by way of attribution to concrete subjects, but in especially in France and "Inszenierung des
relation to the significance of this gaze regime for the England. The exhibition Sehens, Kunst,
Geschichte und
definition of gender difference itself."3 The eroticising artist now became the new Geschlechter-
differenz," in:
of the gaze, that is, the pleasure derived from looking, leading type of artist,
BUSSMANN, HOF:
remains the unalterable prerequisite for addressing taking the place of the Genus, zur
Geschlechter-
viewers: the sexually charged nature of the exhibited employed court artist; the differenz in den
results from this particular structure.4 second leading type who rose Kulturwissen-
schaften,
to the fore was the artist- Stuttgart 1995,
2 Pierre Subleyras, The Studio of the Painter as-entrepreneur who accepted pp. 340-407.
Subleyras’s representation of the painter’s studio leaves commissions for different 5

a striking impression of exhibiting what were still pre- clients or worked for the Malcolm BAKER,
(Deputy Head of
modern values at the time. The atmosphere seems calm and market," as Oskar Bätsch- Research at the
inward, focused on the painter’s craft. mann’s extensive historical Victoria & Albert
Museum in London),
research has revealed.8 in: Dumont,
Malcolm Baker has outlined how the places where art objects Geschichte der
Kunst, (The Oxford
were traded were transformed over time: "The artist’s studio 4 Johann Zoffany, History of Western
or workshop, as apparent in Subleyras’s painting [...] Charles Towneley’s libary Art), London 2000,
Cologne 2003,
were a place where art was presented and where business in Park Street pp. 288/289
transactions between artists and clients could be conduc- In the eighteenth century,
6
ted. But the commodification of art, which the growing art art was increasingly BAKER, Ibid.,
market indicated on the one hand, and the way in which art depicted as a place of pp. 288/289.
took on a life of its own as a separate aesthetic category tasteful pleasure and 7
LOCHER
on the other, both led to the establishment of new spaces critical judgement. Being
pp. 22/23.
serving the viewing of images and sculptures by an increas- able to speak appropriately
8
ing wider public."5 The fine arts emancipated themselves about art was regarded as an Oskar
progressively from their status as an artisanal, manual expression of educated BÄTSCHMANN,
Ausstellungs-
craft, while their commodity character became nebulous. behaviour. The ability to künstler, Kult und
pass individual judgement Karriere im
modernen
3 Gabriel Jacques de St. Aubin, The 1767 Salon and to behave accordingly Kunstsystem,
One such newly established space was the Salon de Paris imputes a self-responsible Cologne 1997,
p. 9.
(or simply the Salon), as shown in Aubin’s acquarelle. The subject, an ideological
Salon was first held following a royal sanction. Various construction that assumed
genres were exhibited alongside each other, including increasing significance. For
history paintings, portraits, landscapes, portrait busts, Immanuel Kant, one of the
and stucco models for large sculptures. Exhibits were most important Enlightenment
displayed hierarchically, depending on size. Malcolm Baker philosophers, aesthetics
has observed that "the exhibitions at the Salon were assumed a prominent place:
discussed extensively in contemporary periodicals and art for instance, the current
literature, thereby attracting the attention of a wider Suhrkamp edition of his
5 George Baxter, Gems of the World Fair, (Belgian section), wood engraving, coloured,
12,1 x 24,1, 1854
Critique of Judgement, in which the first and second was the Republic, that is to 9
Terry EAGLETON, Ästhetik.
versions of the text are reprinted, runs to 456 pages. say the nation, and no longer Die Geschichte ihrer
Terry Eagleton has shown that Kant discusses aesthetics as an individual ruler, around Ideologie, Stuttgart,
Weimar 1994.
an ideological function through which aesthetic judgement whose gesture of display art
produces individuality.9 Jointly savoured judgement renders objects had previously been 10
BAKER, pp. 288/289.
aesthetics a utopian place, the only place where a sense grouped. The context of
of community can arise. Such thinking differs markedly exhibitions therefore had to 11
LOCHER, p. 20.
from the Middle Ages, where human beings occupied a fixed, be organised around another
unalterable position in a certain social strata, for in- (imaginary) place of
stance a guild, family, or system of belief, and regarded representation.
themselves as part of a group, from whose determined
positions behaviour and moral stance largely resulted. 5 George Baxter,
The ideology of the autonomous subject coincided with the Gems of the World Fair,
development of a mercantile class. (Belgian section)
During the nineteenth
Dating from 1883, Zoffany’s painting shows the British century, national gallery
officer and collector Charles Towneley (1737-1805) exhibitions and world fairs
surrounded by sculptures or their casts amid a group of were held across Europe and
men engaged in discussion. The men are positioned at in the United States. World
eye-level between the Greek sculptures. The casts of fairs were still exhibitions
ancient sculptures refer to the democratic ideal of that jointly displayed com-
ancient Greece, as the pictorially represented historical mercial products, technology,
legitimation of democratic values claims.10 and art as expansive,
large-scale international
The first public exhibition for the 'common people' was exhibitions: 1851 in London
held at the Louvre in 1792, as a 'Museum of the French (Crystal Palace), 1855 Paris,
Republic.' Images, furniture, and art objects taken from 1853 New York, 1854 Munich,
the defeated aristocracy were placed on public display. 1867, 1878, 1889 Paris, 1876
Written into this spectacle were both the appropriation Philadelphia, 1879 Sydney,
and affirmation of prevailing circumstances. Hubert Locher 1880 Melbourne, 1885 Amster-
describes how exhibitions were increasingly regarded as dam, and 1888 Brussels. From
narratives or stagings, in which the meanings of single, about 1850, museum associa-
autonomous works of art were placed within a overall tions began establishing
context: "Shortly after 1800, Friedrich Schlegel, the bourgeois museums.
German philosopher and theorist of art and literature
used the term 'exhibition' in the context of a museum Sculptures on display at
presentation. While in Paris, he visited the Louvre to see world fairs included items
displayed the works that Napoleon had looted, especially assembled from what we would
in Italy. Schlegel described his experience for German today consider unusual
readers interested in art in a journal that he edited. combinations of materials,
In the light of a series of the most important canonical for instance volcanised rub-
paintings, he observed that each arrangement of a series ber or papier-mâché, since
of paintings in an exhibition presented the viewer with at the same time they rep-
a new 'body,' and that such presentation entailed a new resented new technologies.
concept."11 The rightful owner of the Louvre art collection The participating countries
6 Adolph von Menzel, The Studio Wall, 111 x 79,3, 1872

7 The New Salle des États, Paris. Louvre, Illustration, 1886
8 Jules Alexandre Grün, Friday at the Salon des Artistes Francais, 3,60 x 6,16, 1909
and their products competed against each other, in an titles." While the audience 12
See Philipp
attempt to draw attention to themselves. Statues, had now expanded to the WARD-JACKSON, in:
industrial products and other arti-facts were exhibited affluent citizenry, large Dumont, Geschichte
der Kunst, (The
side by side.12 Writing about the spectacle that such large parts of the population Oxford History of
exhibitions involved, Walter Benjamin wrote: “The world nevertheless remained ex- Western Art),
London 2000,
fairs glorify the exchange value of goods. They create a cluded from the outset, or Cologne 2003, p.
framework in which their use value recedes. They open up as Duncan mentions, "the 348.
phantasmagoria, into which the human being enters for the Hermitage Museum in St. 13
purpose of distraction.”13 The inter-relation of mass Petersburg, for instance, See Walter
BENJAMIN, Das
audience, industrial products and art can be seen as a still required visitors to Passagen-Werk,
precursor of the 'culture industry,' that is, the blending wear glamorous gala dress Collected Works,
vol. 1, eds.
of commerce, spectacle and culture that became subject to until 1866."16 TIEDEMANN,
Adorno’s critique and that of other representa-tives of SCHWEPPENHÄUSER,
Frankfurt a.M.
the Frankfurt School in the mid-twentieth century. An expanded circle of 1974
visitors was subject to
14
6 Adolph von Menzel, The Studio Wall disciplinary measures, as See WARD-JACKSON,
p. 348
Access to studios was still reserved for an exclusive Tony Bennett has discussed
audience, and art was disseminated to bourgeois society at length.17 Bennett con- 15
Carol DUNCAN,
through illustrated journals. Phillipp Ward writes that ceives the museum not only in: Dumont,
"in the early nineteenth century it became a fashionable as a place of instruction, Geschichte der
Kunst, (The Oxford
obligation for highbred foreign visitors to Rome to tour but also as a place that History of Western
the workshops," and that "engravings depicting artists’s ostentatively altered be- Art), London 2000,
Cologne 2003,
studios appeared in popular illustrated journals and havioural norms and inscribed p. 405.
sculptors explained works in progress to select visitors."14 them in the body. From the
16
Adolph von Menzel’s picture shows a later atelier situation, mid-nineenth century, a DUNCAN, p .405.
and the serial hanging of casts and death masks conveys series of measures was
17
a notion of serial, industrial work. There is an uncanny developed to educate broad See Tony
and dramatic air about the death masks, and bodies are social strata to appreciate BENNETT, The Birth
of the Museum:
shown in dismembered form. Viewers are emotionally art. Brochures, guided History, Theory,
involved in the picture. A threatening feeling looms, tours, and instructions Politics, London
1995
evoked, among others, by the fact that we can see but served to inculcate a
a small excerpt of the whole space. Viewers are kept in specific chastened habitus. 18
See Oliver
the dark about the remaining space, and no autonomous The paternalist instruction MARCHART, "Die
Institution
subject position exists. This is no longer a simple work of manual labourers at the
spricht,
and sales space; instead, the 'studio' is here charged world fair in Glasgow Kunstvermittlung
als Herrschafts-
in variable and mysterious ways. included a ban on spitting, und als
raising one’s voice, or Emanzipations-
technologie," in:
7 The New Salle des États, Paris. Louvre excessive movement.18 This Wer spricht?
The doors of the new Salle des États are flanked setting of instruction Autorität und
Autorschaft in
protectively by neo-Baroque figures, personifications of effectuated choreography Ausstellungen,
France. The discourse attendant upon exhibitions and the with implicit actors, eds. JASCHKE,
MARTINEZ-TUREK,
founding of museums at the end of the nineteenth century behavioural drills, and STERNFELD, Vienna,
was oriented toward the national. Collections, moreover, distance-maintaining 2005, pp. 36/37
were organised along historical and stylistic lines.15 regulations.

Carol Duncan stresses the ideological benefit of public
art museums in a world increasingly determined by the 8 Jules Alexandre Grün,
bourgeoisie. Existing princely and royal art exhibitions Friday at the Salon des
were often rededicated as public exhibitions. She observes Artistes Francais
that "in 1815, almost every Western capital, whether a Sculptures were exhibited at
monarchy or a republic, had such a museum. Some of the large fora, like the Salon de
so-called 'national galleries' were obviously nothing Paris and the Royal Academy
other than established princely collections bearing new in London. These fora partly
9 Galerie 43 at the Landesmuseum Hannover

10 Dome Gallery, Landesmuseum 1917
11 Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich: The Velvet and Silk Café, Ladies Fashion Exhibition, Berlin 1927
represented the performance of a bourgeois public sphere, early exhibitions of the 19

LOCHER, p. 23.
comparable to cafés, parliaments and newspapers, thereby Russian Constructivists
rendering obvious that access to the 'public sphere' and were important stations 20
Walter
thus to the discursive power was reserved for a small for abandoning the picture GRASSKAMP,
section of the population. How images were assessed was frame; exhibits were, "Die weisse
Ausstellungswand,"
now related to a 'public' discourse.19 however, not hung in linear in: Wolfgang
fashion. As Grasskamp ULLRICH, Juliane
VOGEL, Weiss,
9 Galerie 43 at the Landesmuseum Hannover observes, it was the Große Fischer 2003,
Walter Grasskamp’s exhaustive chronology shows that the deutsche Kunst-ausstellung pp. 29 -63.
practice of hanging images in a single row on a white wall [Great German Art Exhibi-
was largely established in German museums.20 While eighteenth tion] of all things, held in
and nineteenth-century museums commonly adopted the former the newly built Haus der
courtly practice of presenting art objects on coloured wall deutschen Kunst [House of
spans and vivid wallpaper, a gradual shift occurred toward German Art] in Berlin in
upper-class interiors featuring quasi-residential collection 1937, that bears witness
arrangements. The Impressionists assumed a pioneering role to the triumph of the white
when they mounted sales exhibitions in their workshops-cum- exhibition wall.
studios around 1870. In 1888, Paul Signet demanded exhibits
to be hung in a single row, and already in 1888 gray fabric 11 Mies van der Rohe and
was used preferably to cover exhibition walls. We can never- Lilly Reich: The Velvet and
theless imagine late nineteenth-century exhibition spaces Silk Café, Ladies Fashion
as distinctly colourful and splendid. Between 1870 and Bxhibition, Berlin 1927
1900, single-row handing became the preferred convention; Nevertheless, numerous
human eye-level became the basic measure, and exhibitions experimental exhibition and
spaces were planned accordingly with lower ceilings. spatial designs existed,
especially in the twenties
10 Dome Gallery, Landesmuseum 1917 and thirties, to which
The white wall, however, derives from architecture and the contemporary artists often
interior furnishing of modernity, and can be traced to the refer these days. One such
brighter design factories and workspaces. In 1906, white example is Mies van der Rohe
walls were used to design one part of the Jahrhundert- and Lilly Reich’s Velvet and
ausstellung deutscher Kunst [Centennial Exhibition of German Silk Café (1927). Visitors’
Art] at the National Gallery in Berlin. The director of bodies were conceived here
the National Gallery thereafter retained this exhibition not as disembodied pairs of
technique on the upper floor. Almost concurrently, this eyes, but also as subjects
form of presentation was also introduced in the Rhineland. enjoying themselves and
Initially, walls were mostly covered with white or pale- exchanging ideas. The softly
gray fabric, and a white or light-coloured wall design flowing fabrics create niches
also began to assert itself in the academies. Especially and blinds, providing spaces
in the Vienna Secession exhibition arrangements became for smaller groups.
increasingly colder from 1903 onward. In 1910, a solo
exhibition of the works of Gustav Klimt presented the 12 Herbert Bayer, Walter
modern exhibition practice to an international audience. Gropius and Laszlo Moholy-
The Venice Biennale, founded in 1895, played a decisive Nagy. Trade Union Building,
role in spreading this practice. In the second decade of Berlin 1936
the twentieth century, studio aesthetics increasingly Another example is the
became a convention of museum exhibition practice. The education of workers in a
12 Herbert Bayer, Walter Gropius and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy. Trade Union Building, Berlin 1935
13 A Glance at the Exhibition on Cubism and Abstract Art, The Museum of Modern Art, New York 1936
14 Exposition internationale du Surrealisme, Man Ray, Max Ernst, Miro, Dali, Tanguy, Ceiling
installation: Duchamp, Paris 1938
15 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, Atrium 1959
very modern-seeming exhibition set-up, which provided a developed with the differ- 21
BÄTSCHMANN,
predetermined itinerary on different levels. The viewer entiation of the art system, pp. 189/190.
became the subject of instruction. Visitors were offered in which spectacular museum
22
the possibility of a change of perspective, together with buildings played an impor- See Serge
different lines of view and vistas. At the same time, they tant role in the competition GUILBAUT, Wie New
York die Idee der
could draw close to the artifacts on display. Auratising for public favour. The para- Modernen Kunst
the objects was dispensed with; instead, they served as digm of such buildings is gestohlen hat,
Dresden, Basel,
print media conveying knowledge and as means of directly Frank Lloyd Wright’s sensa- 1997.
addressing visitors as a political group. tional Solomon R. Guggenheim
23
Museum, designed in 1943 to See Brandon
13 A Glance at the Exhibition on Cubism and Abstract Art. house the collection of ab- TAYLOR,
"Kunstmuseen," in:
The Museum of Modern Art, New York 1936 stract art, and built between Geschichte der
The exhibition convention now widely known as the White 1956 and 1959 on a corner Kunst, (The Oxford
History of Western
Cube asserted itself on an international scale in the plot on Fifth Avenue.23 Such Art), London 2000,
thirties and forties, among others at the Museum of Modern spec-tacular buildings de- Cologne 2003,
p. 514.
Art in New York where the opening exhibition was mounted viate from the linear design
in 1936 in what was now acclaimed as an 'international of former museum buildings,
style.' From 1945, this type of exhibition was considered enabling vista and relations
the generally accepted norm. almost capable of producing
hallucinatory effects. Archi-
14 Exposition internationale du Surrealisme, Man Ray, tecture often competes with
Max Ernst, Miro, Dali, Tanquy, Duchamp, Paris 1938 and stands in a conflicting
Artists also began to question the single-row, auratic relationship with the art on
hanging of exhibits and its implications, among others display. In the exhibition
at the 1938 exhibition of Surrealist work in Paris. Of hall, visitors are positioned
special interest here is Duchamp’s installation using bags less as individuals, than as
of coal suspended from the ceiling. The only source of a mass divided into small
light was the stove at the centre, said to be coal-fired. sections. Central perspective
In effect, the bags were empty, stuffed with paper, and is no longer the exclusive
the stove was lit with electricity. Duchamp thus established architectural paradigm; vistas
a relationship between the gallery space and its implicit and open spaces no longer
presuppositions. An abundance of artifacts, things and deploy the subject as a ruler
fabrics, odour (a coffee roaster), the laughter of asylum of perspective but instead
inmates via a loudspeaker were supposed to evoke a syn- subject it to events occur-
aesthetic and confusing experience, and to arouse desires.21 ring in the exhibition space.
15 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, Atrium 1959 16 Yves Klein, Anthro-
A new wave of museum building began in 1945. Due to the pométrie et Symphonie
migration movements and the altered international balance monotone, Paris, 1960
of power brought about by the Second World War, American The new art forms, like
collectors now had huge collections of Impressionist and video and performance, also
Post-Impressionist works and, morever, they collected provided women with access
modern and abstract works.22 New economies of attention to art, since these fields
16 Yves Klein, Anthropométrie et Symphonie monotone, Paris,1960

17 Andy Warhol, Silver Pillows, New York Castelli Gallery 1966
18 Palermo: Wall painting, 1971
19 8.10.72, Last day of Documenta 5, Harald Szeemann among artists
were less occupied by men than traditional genres like like freelance artists. This 24
Abigail
painting and sculpture. The new media of art were never- brought the various actors SOLOMON-GODEAU,
theless pervaded by patriarchal patterns, even though in the field of art into "Die Beine der
Gräfin," in:
these had meanwhile been modified. The ideal of the idle, competing positions, whose Weiblichkeit als
culturally refined aristocratic male had shifted into the structure was clearly hier- Maskerade, ed.
Liliane WEISSBERG,
ideal of the energetic, enterprising male. This relat- archical.26 Daniel Buren has Frankfurt a.M.,
ionship also emerged in the new art directions, and the commented on the curator’s 1994 p. 121.
topos of the genius was once again revived. As Abigail unifying meta-function: 25
Solomon-Godeau writes: "This development is largely the "More and more, the subject TAYLOR, p. 515.
consequence of the redefinition of masculinity under the of an exhibition tends not 26

auspices of a bourgeois culture. The aristocratic, courtly to be the display of Beatrice von
BISMARCK,
ideal of male comeliness and elegance was irreconcilable artworks, but the exhibition "Curating," in: Du
with a new gender ideology, according to which the concept of the exhibition as a work Monts
Begrifflexikon zur
of beauty and grace was increasingly and exclusively of art. [...] The organizer zeitgenössischen
associated with feminity."24 assumes the contradictions; Kunst, ed. BUTIN,
Cologne 2002,
it is who safeguards them."27 pp. 56-59
17 Andy Warhol, Silver Pillows, New York Castelli While this critique became
27
Gallery 1966 visible as a contribution to Daniel BUREN,
"Exposition d’une
The exhibition space also became a subject for discussion the catalogue for Documenta expostion," in:
increasingly among conceptual artists. Andy Warhol’s work 5, it was also integrated Documenta5,
Ausstellungs-
follows on iconographically from Duchamp’s ceiling instal- into the exhibition as a katalog; quoted in
lation. Nevertheless, this work does not negate the white whole. Robert Smithson BÄTSCHMANN, p. 222
The original
space, but instead renders it visible. cancelled his participation. English version is
reprinted at:
http://www.e-flux.
18 Palermo, Wall painting, 1971 Positionings in the field com/projects/
In the 1960s, a radical paradigm shift occurred in the now had to be negotiated be- next_doc/d_buren_
printable.html
fine arts: Pop Art, Fluxus, Concept Art all focused at- tween curators, artists, and
tention on 'the institution of art' and the relationship institutions. Power – and
between art and the financial market. Artists integrated social, cultural and economic
references to philosophical discourses into the works. On capital – is subject to nego-
a theoretical level, moreover, the fine arts were subject tiation. Professionalisation
to review, as Brandon Taylor, among others, has observed: points to the emergence of
"A sociology based on statistical empiricism, as developed courses in curating. Post-
for instance by Pierre Boudieu in The Rules of Art (1969), graduate courses, like the
related a dedication to art institutions with factors like Postgraduate Program in
education and class membership. Since the 1960s, conceptual Curating at Zurich Uni-
artists have repeatedly and directly addressed the relation- versity of the Arts (ZHdK),
ship between art museums and the power to define culture; aim to provide theoretically
for instance, Michael Asher and Hans Haacke, and most well-grounded training, lead-
recently Louise Lawler and Andrea Fraser, have debated ing to collaborative working
institutional structures and the meaning of gaze conditions methods and projects.
in the work."25
20 Daniel Buren, Une Peinture
19 8.10.72, last day of Documenta 5, Harald Szeemann en 5 sur deux murs, 1973/76
among artists Brian O’Doherty’s collection
Harald Szeemann was the prototype of the free curator. His of essays The White Cube,
exhibitions became 'works,' and the impressario staging published in 1974, attempted
them an author. This development occurred, since curators to describe the framing power
no longer worked only as salaried staff for museums or of the white exhibition space
other institutions, that is to say, as a 'function' of the as an institution within art,
museum, but as independent guest or migrant workers, especially its elevating,
requiring them to make themselves known and recognisable, charismatic, and ideological
20 Daniel Buren. Une Peinture en 5 sur deux murs, 1973/76

21 Entrance Hall, Architecture and Design Collection, MoMA, New York, 1984
22 Materials – A Temporary Archive of Feminist Art Practices in Contemporary Art, Künstlerhaus Bremen, 1999
effects. O’Doherty’s polemical and combative tone revealed performative presentation as 28

Brian O’DOHERTY,
that aesthetic debates also involved social groups a hegemonic demonstration: In der weißen
formulating and rejecting claims. Thus, he writes: "During "[…], the hard facts are Zelle. Inside the
White Cube. Part
the classical period of the polarisation of artist and that Bell helicopters are 3: Kontext als
audience, the gallery space preserved its status quo by manufactured by the Fort Text. Eds. KEMP
and BRÜDERLIN,
implementing its contradictions in the described socio- Worth corporation Textron, Berlin, 1996,
aesthetic imperatives. For many of us, the gallery space a major U.S. defense pp. 84/ 85
has negative associations to this day. Aesthetics becomes contractor, which supplies 29
an elitist affair: the gallery space is exclusive. Neatly the Bell and Huey model See Film by
Stefan RÖMER:
isolated from each other, the objects on display somewhat helicopters used against the Conceptual
resemble precious items, jewelry or silver – aesthetics civilian populations of El Paradies, 2006
becomes a commodity: the gallery space is expensive. What Salvador, Honduras, Nicar- 30
it contains is almost incomprehensible without specialist agua, and Guatemala. But Crimp Douglas:
"The Art of
guidance: art in the gallery space is difficult. An exclusive because the contemporary art Exhibition" in On
audience, valuable objects, difficult to understand – these of exhibition has thought us the Museum’s
Ruins, London
ingredients make for social, financial and intellectual to distinguish between the 1993, p. 275
snobbery, which our system of limited production, our political and the aesthetic,
31
values, and our social behaviour wholly reproduce (and in a New York Times editorial The eponymous
publication
the worst case parody). No other space corresponds better entitled 'Marvelous MOMA' emerged from the
to the prejudices and values of the upper middle classes was able to say of MOMA’s exhibition in
Graz; see Peter
and boosts its self-image more effectively. proud new object: 'A heli- WEIBEL, Kontext
copter, suspended from the Kunst, Cologne,
1996.
The classical gallery of modernity hangs in limbo between ceiling, hovers over an
studio and lounge. Here, the conventions of both zones escalator in the Museum of
move around on neutral ground. Here, moreover, the respect Modern Art…. The chopper is
for the artist’s achievement utterly reshapes the bourgeois bright green, bug-eyed and
striving for private property. It does so because ultimately, beautiful. We know that it
the gallery is a sales facility, quite unobjectionally so. is beautiful because MOMA
The mysterious social customs clustering around this fact, showed us the way to look
the stuff of which our social comedy is made, deflect at the 20th century.'"30
attention from business, which is about attributing a
material value to an object that effectively has none.”28 22 Materials – A Temporary
In these essays, O’Doherty referred to illustrations of Archive of Feminist Art
concept art, which used visual means to formulate strategic Practices in Contemporary
counterdiscourses, and which reflected their fetish Art, Künstlerhaus Bremen
character of art and the conditions of its production, Works of the eighties and
distribution, and reception. Prompted by philosophy, nineties were subsumed under
linguistics and structuralism, art, its installations and the term context art and
objects were subject to a radical reinterpretation. These displayed in an eponymous
visual rereadings remained not only on a formal level but exhibition; the works focused
also revealed political connections.29 explicitly on institutional,
political, and social con-
21 Entrance Hall, Architecture and Design Collection, texts, that is, the context
MomA, New York, 1984 of discourses. Subsuming
Art and exhibition institutions now became a subject very different artistic
increasingly discussed in art journals and academic practices under a single
publications. The dehistoricising effect of the neutral term is, however, in itself
presentation of artifacts, as occasioned by an idealising, reductive, a programmatic
ennobling exhibition practice was criticised, among monopolising of discourse
others, by Douglas Crimp in On the Museum’s Ruins. Writing that some artists therefore
about the exhibition of a combat helicopter at MoMA, which rejected.31 Institutional
celebrated it as a beautiful object, Crimp classifed this critique affiliated itself
Sturtevant, Warhol Flowers, 1965, View of exhibition space, Museum für Moderne Kunst,
Frankfurt am Main, 25 September 2004 – 30 January 2005
with political concerns and sought new formats of self- arranged therein became 32
Marion von
organisation. Once more, the power structures within the questionable; certainties OSTEN, "Producing
institution of art were subject to negotiation. Under the dissolved. Appropriation Art Publics - Making
Worlds! Zum
artistic direction of Helmut Draxler, Andrea Fraser still deployed the subject Verhältnis von
examined the Kunstverein München in 1993 as a Gesellschaft as the subject of central Kunstöf-
fentlichkeit und
des Geschmacks (A Society of Taste). Free floating groups perspective; this subject Gegenöffent-
of cultural producers committed to politics and feminism must exhibit restrained, lichkeit," in:
Publicum, RAUNIG,
protested the possibility of using art institutions as controlled behaviour and WUGGENIG, Vienna,
sites for the articulation of agonistic interests. Besides become a pair of 'wandering 2006.
the occasionally booming market for paintings, a 'counter- eyes.' Nevertheless, the 33
public' based on cooperative working methods has emerged status of the art object, Detailed, but
problamatic in the
in the niches of culture. (In the German-speaking world, space, spectator and artist tendency of
this includes, among others, Büro Bert und Botschaft e.V. changes, for where am I if validation: KUBE
VENTURA, Holger:
in Berlin, Shedhalle in Zürich, Künstlerhaus in Stuttgart, art is no longer art but Politische Kunst
Depot in Vienna, Künstlerhaus Bremen). Reflecting on this imitation? Begriffe, in den
1990 Jahren im
development, Marion von Osten remarks: "Beyond the deutschsprachigen
Raum, Wien, 2001
familiar artistic strategies, there also existed, from a Seldom disclosing her first
historical perspective since the rise of the transmission name and only signing her
complex of bourgeois art, a tactical usage of institu- works with her surname,
tionalised spaces by groups of artists, left-wing, anti- Sturtevant thus also in-
racist, and feminist collectives and of course consumers directly broaches the
themselves. These tactics, including the use of the art subject of gender and the
gallery for debates, meetings, workshops, film programmes, attributions of masculinity
community projects, and so forth, became active in the and femininity bound up
shadow of the official art market, its power of dis- therewith. What do we see –
tribution and a bourgeois public sphere; in Michel de original or copy? Sturtevant
Certeau’s terms, they can be considered an attempt to eventually claimed in the
appropriate and reinterpret hegemonic structures – in the catalogue that one collector
knowledge that they will not simply‚vanish."32 Other forms passes off one of her works
of knowledge production, oriented not towards display but as a genuine Warhol, since
process, also mattered in these bureaus, clubs, action he is no longer able to match
groups, artists’ houses and media initiatives. Integrating artists and works. Subtly,
these groups and their working methods into the spaces of this failure also calls into
representation ran the risk of keeling over into a question the art market.
stylised, symbolic gesture.33
We have now arrived in the
23 Sturtevant, Warhol Flowers, 1965, View of exhibition present, where the advent of
space, Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 2004/05 digital media often renders
In Sturtevant’s work, the White Cube functioned as a impossible the distinction
self-quote; the status of space, art and the bodies between copy and original;
in reality, pixeled printouts of a so-called 'original' 34

Martin JAY,
are indistinct therefrom. Manipulated images are also no "Scopic Regimes of
longer distinguishable from 'reproductions.' The truth Modernity," in:
Hal Forster (ed.):
claim of art and re-production is thus dissolved. The gaze Vision and
regime of modernity is shifting towards a hallucinatory Visuality,
Routledge 1988.
visual, which Martin Jay has presented in detail as one of
three overlapping scopic regimes of (post)modernity.34 35
Beatrice von
Notwithstanding the manifold artistic and theory-based BISMARCK, Making
critique of exhibition situations, of the ensemble of "Exhibitions,
Processing
rule-governed procedures for the circulation, production Relations," in:
and reception of art, of the disciplining of subjects, of PAKESCH, BUDAK:
Protections, Das
the practices deployed to contain discourses, the White ist keine
Cube remains the preferred mode of presentation in Ausstellung, This
is not an
contemporary museums and galleries. Often, reference is Exhibition, Graz
made to the sensuous, self-explanatory presence of the 2006, pp. 41-57.
work, and the object is situated within the tradition of 36

Anna SCHOBER,
idealistic aesthetics as an inexplicable, incircumventable
Montierte
thing-in-itself. Objects and subjects are arranged in a Geschichten,
programmatisch
relatively rigid hierarchical relationship. All types of inszenierte
exhibition – whether art exhibitions or indeed video, historische
Ausstellungen,
design, history, or knowledge exhibitions – are meanwhile Vienna 1994.
often subject to politics with regard to their commercial-
isation, their connection with the tourist industry, and
their representation function (that is, to represent the
city, nation, professional group, industry sector), and
less with regard to an expand educational remit. The key
measure of things is the number of visitors.35 Exhibition
formats consequently become aligned – the staged media
spectacle enters classical art and knowledge exhibition
formats, and the ennobling gesture of the museum moves
into product fairs.36 Media-based modes of display do not
alter the passive strolling through an exhibition as such,
but they can also create an infantilisation of visitors
towards the senses. Instead of this apparent compensation
of the passivity of visitors in the mass-media-staged
exhibition, a new diversification of exhibition formats
would need to be claimed. One measure of quality is a
fundamental involvement of the public in terms of
participation, discussion, and self-empowerment. Available
as a banner and sticker, Antoni Muntadas’s statement
(which can also be read vice versa) points in this
direction: "Warning: Perception requires Involvement."
ONCURATING.org
Media Art at University of Arts Berlin and has recently
participated in Documenta 12, Shanghai Biennial, and Rot-
terdam Film Festival. She is now a professor at UDK Berlin.
Florian Waldvogel is director of the Kunstverein in

On-Curating.org is an independent international Hamburg. From 2001 to 2003 he worked as artistic director
web-journal focusing on questions around curatorial of the Kokerei Zollverein, Contemporary Art and Criticism
practise and theory. in Essen. From 2006 to 2008 he was curator at Witte de
With in Rotterdam. Florian Waldvogel writes regularly on
Publisher: contemporary art.
Dorothee Richter
Sabine Gebhardt Fink holds a post-doc position at the
Web and Graphic Design Concept: Institute for Cultural Studies in the Arts, ICS, since 2004;
Michel Fernández since August 2008 "associate professor" and 2008-2010 locum
tenens assistant to the Head of Department in Cultural
Graphic Design Sixth Issue: Studies in the Arts in the Department of Cultural Analysis
Megan Hall and Art Education at the Zürich University of the Arts
(ZHdK), Switzerland; guest lecturer in art history at the
Sixth Issue: Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. Curator of Performance
1,2,3,---Thinking about exhibitions and Contemporary Art.
Editor: Florian Zeyfang is an artist and lives in Berlin. He works

Dorothee Richter with multiple media, including photography, video, and
installation. His interest in experimental film resulted in
Translation: exhibitions like Slow Narration Moving Still (Umeå 2009),
Mark Kyburz, Talking Back and Queer Reading – An Essay 1,2,3 ... Avant-Gardes (Warsaw / Stuttgart / Bilbao 2007/8)
on Performance Theory and its Possible Impacts on and Poor Man’s Expression (Vienna 2004, Berlin 2006). He has
Dissemination of Art / A Brief History of Exhibition Making been active in collaborations and curatorial initiatives
since his activeties in the group Botschaft (Berlin 1990-95),
Proof Reading: recent projects related to Cuban film and architecture (4D –
Siri Peyer 4Dimensions, 4Decades, Havana 2003). He is Professor for
Moving Image at the Academy of Fine Arts in Umeå, Sweden.
Supported by: Publications: 1,2,3… Avant-Gardes (eds. Ronduda / Zeyfang,
Postgraduate Program in Curating, Institute for Warsaw/Berlin 2007); Pabellón Cuba (eds. Schmidt-Colinet /
Cultural Studies in the Arts (ICS), Zurich University Schmoeger / Valdes Figueroa / Zeyfang, Berlin 2008), and
of the Arts (ZHdK) upcoming: Poor Man's Expression (eds. Ebner / Zeyfang,
Berlin 2010), Slow Narration Moving Still (Berlin, 2011).
Martin Ebner is an artist living in Berlin. He is the

publisher of Starship Magazine together with Hans-Christian
BIOGRAPHIES
Dany and Ariane Müller.
Zoë Gray is an assistant curator at Witte de With, Centre for

Contemporary Art in Rotterdam.
Annette Hans is curator the Kunstverein in Hamburg.
Paul O'Neil is a curator, artist and writer based in

Bristol. He is a Great Western Research Alliance (GWR)
Research Fellow in Commissioning Contemporary Art with
Situations at the University of the West of England
in Bristol.
Dorothee Richter: She is director of the Postgraduate

Program in Curating at the University of the Arts Zurich.
Before she was teaching at Bermen University, Lueneburg
Universtiy, Ecole des Beaux Art, Geneva, Merz Akademie
Stuttgart and was artistic director at Künstlerhaus
Bremen. Co-Founder of Curating Degree Zero Archive.
Nicolaus Schaffhausen: since 2006 is the director of

Rotterdam's Witte de With Centre for Contemporary Art. In
June 2005 he was appointed founding director of the European
Kunsthalle in Cologne for a period of two years. He has
been commissioned to curate the German pavilion for the
52nd and 53d Biennial in Venice in 2007 and 2009.
Hito Steyerl is a filmmaker and writer. She teaches New

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1,2,3, - Thinking About Exhibitions

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What were the main topics discussed at the Rotterdam and Hamburg symposiums?

What were the main topics discussed at the Rotterdam and Hamburg symposiums?

What are some of the influential exhibitions discussed in the document?

What are some of the influential exhibitions discussed in the document?

Issue # 06/10 : 1,2,3, --- Thinking about exhibitions Freely distributed, non - commercial, digital publication

CONTENTS 01 Editorial 06 Annette Hans and

05 Carte Blanche 09 Inprint / Biographies

1,2,3, --- Allgemeine. These recent

Interview with Nicolaus Schaffhausen and Zoë Gray

Speakers, among others, were:

Questions to Zoë and Nicolaus: Rotterdam Dialogues.

share her thoughts, and for

DR: Did some of the ideas Rotterdam Dialogues.

have something to say to on hegemony in the field than a generational gap to 2

Rotterdam Dialogues. Photo: Barnaby Drabble

gogical perspective was productive. In retrospect, there was

So many of the framing questions functioned as a kind of tool-

Rotterdam Dialogues. Photo: Barnaby Drabble

informed, inclusive discourse becomes difficult, if individual sovereign master, 24

Cinema inside the museum thus calls for a multiple gaze,

Dorothee Ritcher (DR): The symposium Forms of Exhibitions in

A. Hans and F. Waldvogel (AH + FW): Kiesler had a two-fold

Audience and participants (left).

TALKING BACK AND

THEORY AND ITS

Sabine Gebhardt Fink To develop my own theories

form of interaction can be seen as an artistic strategy example, articulates in the 11

I would like to close with an example from William Hunt’s 22

For the dissemination of art, this also means to do, to

1 David Teniers the Younger, Painting Gallery of Archduke Leopold

Subleyras’s representation of the painter’s studio leaves commissions for different 5

6 Adolph von Menzel, The Studio Wall, 111 x 79,3, 1872

were organised along historical and stylistic lines.15 regulations.

9 Galerie 43 at the Landesmuseum Hannover

represented the performance of a bourgeois public sphere, early exhibitions of the 19

16 Yves Klein, Anthropométrie et Symphonie monotone, Paris,1960

consequence of the redefinition of masculinity under the of an exhibition tends not 26

20 Daniel Buren. Une Peinture en 5 sur deux murs, 1973/76

effects. O’Doherty’s polemical and combative tone revealed performative presentation as 28

in reality, pixeled printouts of a so-called 'original' 34

work, and the object is situated within the tradition of 36

Florian Waldvogel is director of the Kunstverein in

Editor: Florian Zeyfang is an artist and lives in Berlin. He works

Martin Ebner is an artist living in Berlin. He is the

Zoë Gray is an assistant curator at Witte de With, Centre for

Annette Hans is curator the Kunstverein in Hamburg.

Paul O'Neil is a curator, artist and writer based in

Dorothee Richter: She is director of the Postgraduate

Nicolaus Schaffhausen: since 2006 is the director of

Hito Steyerl is a filmmaker and writer. She teaches New

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