Ark Elvin Academy

Year 9 Science Study Pack

Autumn assessment 2017

Name __________________

What I am going to be assessed on?

You will be assessed on everything that you have
been taught since September.

How many exams will I have?

3 x 30 minutes papers
1 Biology exam
1 Chemistry exam
1 Physics exam
Biology
Cell Biology: structure and transport

Part 1: Glossary
1. active the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated
transport solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from
respiration
2. algae simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by
photosynthesis
3. alveoli tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
4. bacteria single-celled prokaryotic organisms
5. cell membrane the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in
and out of the cell
6. cell wall the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and
strengthens the cell
7. cellulose the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives
them strength
8. chlorophyll the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts
9. chloroplasts the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place
10. cytoplasm the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended
and most of the chemical reactions of life take place
11. diffusion the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles
in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration
gradient
12. eukaryotic cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic
cells material enclosed in a nucleus
13. hypertonic a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents
(osmosis)
14. hypotonic a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents
(osmosis)
15. isotonic a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents
(osmosis)
16. mitochondria the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell
17. nucleus organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information
surrounded by the nuclear membrane
18. osmosis the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a
dilute solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated
solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration
gradient
19. partially a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through
permeable
membrane
20. permanent space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap
vacuole
21. phloem the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars)
around the plant
 22. plasmolysis the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis
that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away
from the cell wall
23. prokaryotic from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell
cells membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic
material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a
nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called
plasmids
24. resolving a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are
power very close together
25. ribosomes the site of protein synthesis in a cell
26. sperm the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male
parent
27. stomata openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened
and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf
28. turgor the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the
cell wall
29. ventilated movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for
example lungs or gills
30. xylem the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots
to the leaves and shoots

Part 2: Key knowledge

1. Animal and plant cells

Key information:
Most animal cells have the following parts:
a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria to carry out aerobic respiration which
releases energy for the cell, ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis by joining many amino
acids.
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have:

• chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

• a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap to provide support to the cell

Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.

Figure 1: structure of an animal cell Figure 2: structure of plant cell

2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Key information:
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have:

• genetic material enclosed in a nucleus to control the activity of the cell

• a cell membrane to control what enters and exits the cell
• cytoplasm to allow reactions to take place

Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison. The genetic material is not
enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of
DNA called plasmids. They also have cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall to provide
strength and support to the cell.

Figure 3: structure of a prokaryote cell

3. Cell differentiation and specialised cells

Key information:

Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function:

• sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals
• root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.

As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.

• Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
• Many types of plant cells can differentiate throughout life.
•
In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement. As a cell
differentiates it gets different sub-cellular structures so it can carry out a certain function. It
has become a specialised cell.
Figure 4: summary of the structure
and function of specialised cells
4. Microscopes

Key information:
• A light microscope shines a beam of light across a thin, dead, stained specimen.
• The resolution (ability to distinguish between two points) and magnification of a light
microscope is high enough the view the nucleus and cell membrane.
• Most organelles are too small to be viewed with a light microscope.

Figure 6: equation triangle to calculate magnification

Figure 5: image of a microscope
1. Magnification = image size / size of real object
2. Image size = magnification x size of real object
3. Size of real object = image size / magnification

5. Diffusion

Key information:
Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a
gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.

Figure 7: explanation of diffusion in

terms of particles
6. Osmosis and investigating osmosis

Key information:
1. Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis.
2. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution
through a partially permeable membrane.

Plant tissue can be used to measure the rate of uptake of water in different solutions.
During these experiments, only the water moves. Salt and sugar molecules are too large to
pass across the partially permeable membranes.
The higher the concentration of salt or sugar, the lower the concentration of water.

Figure 8: a model of osmosis in

hypertonic and hypotonic solutions

Figure 9: osmosis in plant cells

7. Active transport

Key information:
Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated
solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration.
Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute
solutions in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth. It also allows sugar molecules to
be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar
concentration. Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.

Figure 10: the uptake of mineral

ions in roots via active transport
Part 3: Key questions
1. Animal and plant cells
a. Label the cells:

b. Fill in the table with the functions of each organelle.

Organelle Function
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall

c. Identify three organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells.
2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
a. What type of cells are eukaryotic cells
b. What type of cells are prokaryotic cells?
c. Outline 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

3. Cell differentiation and specialised cells

a. Describe how the structure of a sperm cell relates to its function.
b. Describe how the structure of a root hair cell relates to its function.
c. what is meant by the term ‘differentiation’.
d. Describe why cell division is important for animals.
e. Explain how the xylem is specialised to carry out its function.
f. State the name of the tissue in plants which allows plant cells to differentiate throughout life.

4. Microscopes

a. The image shows human cheek cells. In the space below,

draw a biological drawing of this image. Label the organelles which
are visible.
b. Describe how the slide of cheek cells would have been
prepared.
c. State what is meant by the term resolution.
 d. Give the equation that links magnification, image size and actual size.

5. Diffusion
a. Define the term ‘diffusion’.
b. Give two examples of molecules which diffuse in and out of cells. Name the process these
molecules are involved in.
c. State three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
d. Describe the relationship between surface area: volume ratio and the rate of diffusion.
e. Complete the table to show how the following are adapted for exchanging materials.

Organ How it is adapted for exchange

Lungs

Small
intestine
Gills

Leaves

Roots

6. Osmosis and investigating osmosis

a. Define the term osmosis

b. Why is salt water an example of a hypertonic solution?
c. In what type of solution would water movement be equal?
d. Outline the similarities and differences between osmosis and diffusion

e. Describe why the water moves from the left to the

right side.
f. Explain why the sugar molecules do not move.

7. Active transport
a. Outline the main differences between diffusion and active transport.
b. Explain, using examples, the importance of active transport for plant growth.
c. Explain why active transport cannot occur in the absence of oxygen.
d. Describe when active transport is used by the cells lining the small intestine.
Chemistry

Atomic structure

Part 1: Glossary
1. aqueous solution a. the mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water
2. atom b. the smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as
that element
3. atomic number c. the number of protons (which equals the number of electrons) in
an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number
4. balanced symbol d. a symbol equation in which there are equal numbers of each
equation type of atom on either side of the equation
5. chromatography e. the process whereby small amounts of dissolved substances are
separated by running a solvent along a material such as
absorbent paper
6. compound f. a substance made when two or more elements are
chemically bonded together
7. electron g. a tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the
nucleus of atoms or ions in shells
8. electronic h. a set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in
structure their shells (or energy levels)
9. element i. a substance made up of only one type of atom. An element
cannot be broken down chemically into any simpler
substance
10. group j. all the elements in the columns (labelled 1 to 7 and 0) in
the periodic table
11. ion k. a charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons
12. isotope l. atoms that have the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons, i.e., they have the same atomic
number but different mass numbers
13. law of m. the total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal
conservation to the total mass of the reactants
14. of mass
15. mass number n. the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
16. neutron o. a dense particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is
electrically neutral, carrying no charge
17. noble gases p. the very unreactive gases found in Group 0 of the periodic
table. Their atoms have very stable electronic structures
18.nucleus (of an q. the very small and dense central part of an atom that
atom) contains protons and neutrons
19. periodic table r. an arrangement of elements in the order of their atomic
numbers, forming groups and periods
20. product s. a substance made as a result of a chemical reaction
 21. proton t. a tiny positive particle found inside the nucleus of an atom
22. reactant u. a substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes
place
23. shell v. an area in an atom, around its nucleus, where electrons are
found
24. state symbol w. the abbreviations used in balanced symbol equations to
show if reactants and products are solid (s), liquid (l), gas
(g) or dissolved in water (aq)
25. symbol x. an equation that helps you see how much of each
equation substance is involved in a chemical reaction by showing
the chemical symbols and formulae of all the reactants and
products involved
y. 26. word equation z. a way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction
by showing the names of all reactants and the products
they form

Part 2: Key knowledge

1. Elements, compounds and chemical formulae

• All substances are made up of atoms.

• Atoms can be joined together by chemical bonds. If atoms of the same type are joined together, the
substance is called an element.
• The periodic table lists all the chemical elements, with eight main groups each containing elements
with similar chemical properties.
• If different types are joined together, the substance is called a compound. The names of the
elements can be found on the periodic table. Compounds are not found on the periodic table.
• The chemical formulae of a molecular substance tells you which atoms, and how many of them, are
present.

2. Chemical equations

• Chemical equations show the reactants (the substances your start with) and the products (the
substances made) in a reaction.
• Word and symbol equations can be used to represent chemical reactions.
• Symbol equations help you see ow much of each substance is involved in a reaction.
• The law of conservation of mass states: no new atoms are ever created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction (the total mass of reactants = the total mass of products)
• State symbols can be included in chemical equations to tell you more information:
(s) solids
(l) liquids
(aq) aqueous solutions
(g) gases
3. Separating mixtures

• A mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
• Mixtures can be separated by physical techniques: filtration, crystallisation and
simple distillation.

a. Filtration
This technique is used to separate substances that are insoluble in a particular
solvent from those that are soluble in the solvent. E.g. sand and water
b. Crystallisation
This technique is used to crystallise a salt which is soluble in a solution (the
filtrate)
c. Distillation
This technique is used to collect a liquid from a mixture through evaporation and
condensation.

4. Fractional distillation

• A technique to separate miscible liquids based on the boiling points of liquids in the mixture
• This technique is used to separate ethanol from a fermented mixture in the alcoholic spirits
industry.
• Ethanol and water can be separated by this technique as they have different boiling points
(ethanol 78 °C)

5. Paper chromatography

• A technique to separate mixtures dissolved in a solvent e.g. ink

• Separation occurs in this process due to the difference in solubilities of the different
substances within the solvent.
 6. History of the atom

• The ideas about atoms have changed overtime

• New evidence has been gathered from experiments of scientists who have used their model
of the atom to explain their observations and calculations
• Key individuals who propsed ideas about the atoms were Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford and
Bohr.

History of the Atom Summary

Dalton’s model Atoms are tiny spheres that cannot be broken down.
Plum pudding model The atom is a ball of spread out positive charge with negative
(Thompson) electrons studded into it
Nuclear model (Rutherford) An atom has a nucleus with a positive charge. Electrons orbit the
nucleus. Between the nucleus and the electrons is empty space.
Electron shell model (Bohr) Electrons orbit the nucleus at a fixed energy level
Protons and neutrons The nucleus consists of protons which have a positive charge and
neutrons which have no charge

7. Structure of the atom

• Atoms are made of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
• Protons have a relative charge of +1 and electrons have a relative charge of -1. Neutrons have
no electric charge, they are neutral.
• Relative masses of a proton and neutron are both 1.

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

Proton 1 +1

Neutron 1 0

Electron 0 -1

On the periodic table, each element has two numbers:

Atomic number: the small number
This tells you the total number of protons in an atom
It also tells you the number of electrons. This is because an atom must have the same number of
positive charges and negative charges so it does not have an overall charge – the protons and electrons
cancel each other out.
Mass number: the big number
This tells you the total number of protons +neutrons in an atom
To work out number of neutrons: mass number – atomic number
 8. Ions, atoms and isotopes

Ions
• An ion is a charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons
• Atoms that gain electrons form negative ions
• Atoms that lost electrons form positive ions.

Isotopes
• Atoms which have different atomic numbers are atoms of different elements.
• Atoms with the same atomic number but a different mass number are isotopes of the same
element.
• Isotopes have identical chemical properties, but their physical properties, such as density, can
differ.

Chlorine on the periodic table has a mass number of 35.5. With a mass number of 35.5 and its atomic
number is 17. How many neutrons does it have?
Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
Number of neutrons = 35.5 -17 = 18.5
This cannot be correct as you cannot have half a neutron. Instead, it represents the average mass of
all the atoms of chlorine in the universe.

Scientists have discovered that 75% of the atoms of chlorine in the universe have a mass of 35 (so 18
neutrons)
25% have a mass of 37 (so 20 neutrons)
The percentage is called the abundance
When we work out the mean mass we call it the relative atomic mass

(𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 1 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 1) + (𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 2 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 2)

100
So for chlorine:
(75 ×35)+(25 ×37)
Relative atomic mass = = 35.5
100

Worked example – copper:

Copper has two isotopes. 69% is Cu-63 and 31% is Cu-65. What is the relative atomic mass?
We know that the equation for relative atomic mass is:

(𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 1 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 1) + (𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 2 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑒 2)

100

Here, isotope 1 has an abundance of 69 and a mass of 63. Isotope 2 has an abundance of 31 and a
mass of 65.
(69 × 63) + (31 × 65)
= 63.62
100
9. Electronic structure
• The number of electrons is the same as the atomic number of an atom
• Electrons orbit atoms in fixed energy levels (often called shells).
• Two electrons can fit on the first shell.
• 8 electrons can fit on the next shells.
• The first shell needs to be filled before the second and the second before the third.
• The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element’s atoms determine the way in which
that element reacts.

Part 3: Key questions

Elements, compounds and chemical formulae

a. What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

b. Define the term compound and give an example.
c. Complete the table below:

Name Formulae Element or Number of Number of

compound? atoms? elements?
Oxygen
CaCl2

Sodium
sulfate

Chemical equations

a. Define the term conservation of mass

b. What do state symbols tell you
c. Balance the equations below:

H2 + O2  H2 O
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Na + Cl2  NaCl
Fe + O2  Fe2O3
Al + Br2  AlBr3
 CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2

Separating mixtures

a. When mixtures are separated is this a physical or chemical process?

b. Complete the table below:
Substances to Name of separating Description of how the technique works.
be separated technique
Sand and water

Salt and water

Water and ethanol

Mixture of food
colourings
c. What is wrong with the setup of the equipment below to separate the solid yeast from the
solution?

d. Which property of substances in a mixture allows

distillation to work?
e. How many colours make up brown? How do you know?
Which colour is the most soluble?

The development of the Model of the Atom

a. Which model describes the atom as s a ball of positive charge with negative electrons
embedded in it?
b. Name the experiment which led scientists to believe the mass of an atom was mostly in the
centre.
c. What evidence led them to believe there was a positive nucleus?
d. What was the name of the model resulting from the experiment above?
e. How did Niels Bohr improve the nuclear model?
f. Which scientist provided evidence to show the nucleus contained neutrons as well as protons?
 Structure of the atom

a. Complete the table to show the names of the 3 sub-atomic particles and their relative
charges and masses.
Sub-Atomic Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
1
electron
+1

b. In terms of sub-atomic particles, define the following terms:

atomic number
mass number
c. Where is the majority of mass found in an atom?
d. What is the approximate radius, in standard form, of:
an atom?
the nucleus of an atom?

Ions, atoms and isotopes

a. Define the term ion
b. Do metals form positive or negative ions? Why?
c. Do non-metals form positive or negative ions? Why?
d. Complete the table to show the ion formed from each atom?

Number of electrons in
Atom Ion
outer shell
Lithium
1 Li+

Cl-
Aluminium

Hydrogen

Bromine

Calcium

Oxygen

Barium

e. Define the term isotope and give an example.

f. Define the term relative atomic mass.
g. Explain why the relative atomic mass of chlorine is not a whole number.
h. Explain the difference between the two isotopes of carbon below in terms of their sub
atomic particles.
i. Calculate the relative atomic mass of the following elements

Element Isotopes Percentage Relative atomic mass

Abudance
Lithium 6 7.6%

3
Li
7 92.4%
Li
3
Magnesium 24 79%
Mg
12
25 10%
Mg
12
26 11%
Mg
12
Copper 63 70%
Cu
29
65 30%
Cu
29

Electronic structure

a. How many electrons can occupy the first energy level?

b. How many electrons can occupy the second energy level?
c. Name the element that has its electron configuration shown below.

d. On the diagram above, label the lowest and highest energy levels (shells). Which shell is
filled first?
e. How many electrons does an element in group 2 have in its highest occupied shell?
Chemistry

Quantitative chemistry

Part 1: Glossary
1. relative atomic mass Ar the average mass of the atoms of an element
compared with carbon-12 (which is given a mass of
exactly 12). The average mass must take into
account the proportions of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element
2. relative formula mass Mr the total of the relative atomic masses, added up in
the ratio shown in the chemical formula, of a
substance

Part 2: Key knowledge

1. Chemical equations

• Chemical equations show the reactants (the substances your start with) and the products (the
substances made) in a reaction.
• Word and symbol equations can be used to represent chemical reactions.
• Symbol equations help you see ow much of each substance is involved in a reaction.
• The law of conservation of mass states: no new atoms are ever created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction (the total mass of reactants = the total mass of products)
• State symbols can be included in chemical equations to tell you more information:
(s) solids
(l) liquids
(aq) aqueous solutions
(g) gases

2. Change in masses

• In a chemical reaction the amount of products might appear to increase or decrease when gases are
involved.
• Mass of products appears to increase compared to the mass of reactants when a reactant is a gas
• Mass of products appears to decrease compared to the mass of reactants when a product is a gas as
gas from the reaction mixture of products might escape to the surrounding.
 3. Calculating Mr
• The Mr is the total of the relative atomic masses, added up in the ratio shown in the chemical
formula, of a substance.
• This can be calculated using a 4-step method:
Write out the elements
Write the number of atoms of each element
Calculate the Ar of the atoms of each element
Add up the total mass of the elements (this is your Mr!)

Part 3: Key questions

1. In a reaction, why does the mass of reactants always equal the mass of products?

2. In the equation: 2Li + F2  2LiF

a) What does the 2 in front of LiF mean?
b) What does the 2 mean in F2?

3. Explain why the following equation needs to be balanced:

2H2 + O2  2H2O

4. Calculate the relative formula mass of the following compounds:

a) H2
b) H2O
c) CaCl2
d) CO2
e) CaCO3
f) Ca(OH)2

5. In a reaction, the mass of the products must always equal the mass of the reactant. However, if a gas is
involved in can often look like the mass has gone up or down.

a) Give an example of a reaction where it appears the mass of the product is greater than the
reactant.
b) Give an example of a reaction where it appears the mass of the reactant is greater than the
product.
c) A student heated 5g of calcium in an unsealed test tube so that it reacted with oxygen. At the
end of the reaction, the mass of the product inside the test tube was 7g. Explain this observation.
Physics

Motion

Part 1: Glossary

1. acceleration change of velocity per second (in metres per second per second,
m/s2)
2. deceleration change of velocity per second when an object slows down
3. displacement distance in a given direction
4. gradient (of a change of the quantity plotted on the y-axis divided by the
straight line graph) change of the quantity plotted on the x-axis
5. scalar a physical quantity which has magnititude only
6. tangent a straight line drawn to touch a point on a curve so it has the
same gradient as the curve at that point
7. vector a physical quantity which has magnitude and direction
8. velocity speed in a given direction (in metres/second, m/s)

Part 2: Key knowledge

1. Speed and distance-time graphs

• The speed of an object is: v = s/t

• The distance-time graph for any object that is:
a. Stationary, is a horizontal line
b. Moving at costant speed, is a straight line that slopes upwards
c. The gradient of a distance-time graph for an object represents the objects speed
• The v=s/t equation can be rearranged to give s=vt or t=s/v
2. Velocity and acceleration

• Velocity is speed in a given direction

• A vector is a physical quantity that has a direction as well as a magnitude e.g. velocity.
• The accelaetation of an object is: a = change in velocity / time
• Deceleration is the change of velocity per second when an object slows down.

3. Velocity-time graphs

• A motion sensor linked to a computer can be used to measure velocity changes

• The gradient of a line on a velocity-time graph represents acceleration
• If a velocity-time graph is a horizontal link, the acceleration is zero.
• A positive gradeient on v-t graph represents positive acceleration, a negative gradient
represents deceleration.
• The area under a v-t grah represents distance travelled.

4. Analysing motion graphs

• The speed of an object moving at constant speed is given by the gradient of the line on its
distance-time graph
• The acceleration of an object is given by the gradient of the line of its velocity-time graph
• The distance travelled by an object is given by the area under the line on its v-t graph
• The speed at any instant time, of an object moving at a changing speed is given by the gradient
of the tangent to the line on its d-t graph.
 Part 3: Key equations

Equation Triangle/manipulation Units

Speed equation Speed in

Speed = distance ÷
time
Distance in

Speed =
Time in
Distance =

Time =
Acceleration equation a= Acceleration in
1
v=
a = (v-u) Distance in
t u=
a= acceleration.
v= final velocity t= Time in
u= initial velocity.
t = time.
Acceleration equation v = Final velocity in
2
u= Initial velocity in
v2= u2+2as
v = final velocity a= Acceleration in
u = initial velocity
a = acceleration s= Displacement in
s = displacement

Part 4: Key questions

1. Speed and distance-time graphs

• State the equation, with units, that links speed, distance and
time.
• Match each of the distance-time graphs with the correct
description
• A car travels 250m in 14 seconds. Calculate the speed of car with units.
• A train moves at a constant speed of 27m/s. Calculate the distance it travels in 120 seconds.
• A car moves at 30m/s for an hour. Calculate the distance it travels.
• Find the speed of the following:

a.
b.
c.

2. Velocity and acceleration

• State the equation, with units, that links acceleration, change in velocity and time.
• A sprinter in a 100m race accelerated from rest and reached a speed of 9.2m/s in the first 3.1s.
Calculate the acceleration of the sprinter.
• When a car joined the motorway, it accelerated from rest and reached a speed of 7.0 m/s for 10 s
at an acceleration of 2.0m/s2. Calculate its speed at the end of this time.

3. Velocity-time graphs

• State what each graph shows: acceleration, constant velocity, negative acceleration, or stationary:

1.

2.

3.

4.
 4. Analysing motion graphs

• Find the acceleration of the objects in the

following graphs 1.

2.

3.

4.

• Define acceleration.
• Write out the formula v2= u2+2as and state what each letter stands for.
• An object begins with an initial velocity of 12m/s and ends with a velocity of 63m/s. If the
distance travelled is 125m, what is the acceleration?
• What distance is travelled by an object travelling first at 6m/s, accelerating at 4m/s2 to a final
velocity 30m/s?