Object-oriented Programming
Language (JAVA)
(面向对象程序设计)
李建欣(Jianxin Li)
[email protected]
School of Computer,
Beihang University
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Chapter 2 Review
Object
Class
Inheritance
Interface
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Exercise
extends
implements
Fields:
Shape public float area;
extends
triangle rectangle ellipse
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Chapter-3
Java Language Basic
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programming language
A programming language is an artificial language
designed to communicate instructions to a machine,
particularly a computer. Programming languages can be
used to create programs that control the behavior of a
machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.
A programming language is usually split into the two
components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning).
Some languages are defined by a specification document
(for example, the C programming language is specified by
an ISO Standard),
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Agenda
Identifier, Keyword, Data type
Operator
Statements, and Control Flow
Statements
Array
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Identifier
Identifier Convention
The name of variable, class, method (function)
A variable's name can be any legal identifier — an
unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and
digits, beginning with a letter, the dollar sign "$", or the
underscore character "_".
Variable names are case-sensitive
E.g.,
Value
VAlue
userName
userPassword
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Try to write down some variables!
Some variables declaration
public int xxx123;
public String USERNAME;
public float float;
public String anameofuserid;
Please help me to declare some variable names
public int ? //a loop counter number
public String ? // a user name for web
public float ? //the speed of a bicycle
speed
public String ? Userid? userID?
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Some Conventions
The rules and conventions for naming your variables can be
summarized as follows:
The convention, however, is to always begin your
variable names with a letter, not "$" or "_". Additionally,
the dollar sign character, by convention, is never used at
all.
When choosing a name for your variables, use full words
instead of cryptic abbreviations. Doing so will make
your code easier to read and understand. In many cases it
will also make your code self-documenting; fields named
cadence, speed, and gear, for example, are much more
intuitive than abbreviated versions, such as s, c, and g.
Also keep in mind that the name you choose must not
be a keyword or reserved word
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Some Conventions
If the name you choose consists of only one word, spell
that word in all lowercase letters. If it consists of more than
one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent
word. The names print, gearRatio and currentGear are
prime examples of this convention.
If your variable stores a constant value,
such as static final int NUM_GEARS = 6,
the convention changes slightly, capitalizing every letter and
separating subsequent words with the underscore character.
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Keywords
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Java_keywords
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Primitive Data Types
The Java programming language is strongly-typed,
which means that all variables must first be declared
before they can be used. This involves stating the
variable's type and name.
Four types
Logical type
boolean
Character type
char
Integer type
byte, short, int, long,
Floating type
float, double
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Logical type
Boolean
The boolean data type has only two possible values:
true and false.
Use this data type for simple flags that track true/false
conditions. This data type represents one bit of
information.
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Character Type
Char
The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode
character.
It has a minimum value of '\u0000' (or 0) and a
maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
One useful class: String
Java programming language also provides special support for
character strings via the java.lang.String class.
Enclosing your character string within double quotes will
automatically create a new String object;
for example, String s = "this is a string"; String objects are
immutable, which means that once created, their values cannot be
changed.
Notice: The String class is not technically a primitive data type
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Integer Type
type length range
byte 8 bits -27 ~27-1
short 16 bits -215 ~215-1
int 32 bits -231 ~231-1
long 64 bits -263 ~263-1
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Floating Type
Float
The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit floating
point
float x=1.2;
Double
The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit
floating point
double x=1.212321;
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Default Value
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Summary
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Declarations
int index = 1.2; // compiler error
boolean retOk = 1; // compiler error
double fiveFourths = 5 / 4； //no error!
float ratio = 5.8; // correct
double fiveFourths = 5.0 / 4.0; // correct
1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.
1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.
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Assignment
All Java assignments are right associative
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = 5;
a = b = c;
System.out.print(“a= “ + a + “b= “ + b + “c= “ + c);
What is the value of a, b & c
Done right to left: a = (b = c);
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A class example
public class Date{
private int day;
private int month;
private int year;
void setDate( int a, int b, int c){... }
}
A new type can been created based on a class
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Declaration and Reference for Variables
A class member is declared, it only can been
referred after it been instantiation (initialization).
The memory is default allocated when a
primitive data type is declared.
e.g., int a;
a=5;
Non-primitive data type
Only reference memory is allocated, not data
memory. The data memory is allocated when used
new keyword.
String userName= new String();
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Declaration and Reference for Variables
EXAMPLE：1 Date today;
2 today = new Date( );
today 0xabcd
0xabcd
day 0
month 0
year 0
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Reference Assignment
1 Date a, b ;
2 a=new Date( );
3 b=a;
0xabcd
a 0xabcd
0 day
0 month
b 0xabcd
0 year
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Agenda
Identifier, Keyword, Data type
Operator
Statements, and Control Flow
Statements
Array
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Operators
Now that we can learn how to declare and initialize
variables, you probably want to know how to do
something with them.
Learning the operators of the Java programming
language is a good place to start.
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Operators Table
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Operators Table
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Summary of Operators
Arithmetic Operators
+，-，*，/， %， ++， - -
Equality and Relational Operators
>, >=, < <=, ==, !=
Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
>>, <<, >>>, & , |, ^,~
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
>>> Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
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Summary of Operators (cont.)
Conditional Operators
&& Conditional-AND
|| Conditional-OR
Assignment Operator
=， +=， -=， *=， /=， %=，&=， |=， ^=， <<=,
>>=, >>>=
Type Comparison Operator
instanceof Compares an object to a specified type
Other Operators
?: , [], . , ( ),(type), new,
D
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Arithmetic Operator
String salutation = “Dr. ”;
String name = “Pete ” + “Seymour” ;
String title = salutation + name ;
So the value of title is：Dr. Pete Seymour
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Bitwise Operator Example
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What is the Java equivalent of unsigned
to store an unsigned int, we would use a Java long;
to store an unsigned byte, we could use any other integer
type, but an int is generally convenient (it is likely to give
faster arithmetic);
if we want an unsigned long, we may be a bit stuck,
although we could use a BigInteger object.
C/C++ Java
unsigned byte b = ...; int b = ...;
b += 100; b = (b + 100) & 0xff;
unsigned int v = ...; long v = ...;
v *= 2; v = (v * 2) & 0xffffffff;
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Agenda
Identifier, Keyword, Data type
Operator
Statements, and Control Flow
Statements
Array
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Statements & Blocks
A simple statement is a command terminated by a
semi-colon:
name = “Fred”;
A block is a compound statement enclosed in brace:
{
name1 = “Fred”;
name2 = “Bill”;
{
statement;
}
}
Blocks may contain other blocks
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Flow of Control
Java executes one statement after the other in the
order they are written
Many Java statements are flow control statements:
Alternation: if, if else, switch
Looping: for, while, do while
jump: break, continue, return
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IF-THEN-ELSE
if (<condition expression>)
<statement 1>；
else
<statement2>；
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IF…ELSE Example
int temperature = 35;
if (temperature>35){
System.out.println(“It’s too hot!”);
System.out.println(“I want to go home!”);
}
else
{
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);
System.out.println(“Let’s stay here.”);
}
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Nested If statements
If (<condition expression1>)
{…
if (<condition expression 2>)
<statement 2>；
…
}
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While
Format：
while (<condition expression>)
<statement>;
Notice：when <condition expression> is true, the
<statement> will be executed until <condition
expression> is false.
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while Statement
public class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String copyFromMe = "Copy this string until you " +
"encounter the letter 'g'.";
StringBuffer copyToMe = new StringBuffer();
int i = 0;
char c = copyFromMe.charAt(i);
Results：
while (c != 'g') {
copyToMe.append(c); Copy this strin
c = copyFromMe.charAt(++i);
}
System.out.println(copyToMe);
}
}
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do-while Statement
public class DoWhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String copyFromMe = "Copy this string until you " +
"encounter the letter 'g'.";
StringBuffer copyToMe = new StringBuffer();
int i = 0;
char c = copyFromMe.charAt(i);
Results：
do {
copyToMe.append(c); Copy this strin
c = copyFromMe.charAt(++i);
} while (c != 'g');
System.out.println(copyToMe);
}
}
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Jump statement
break
Jump from switch, loop statements
Continue
Jump from the following parts of the loop
statement
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Examples
1 Loop: while (true){
2 for( … ){
3 switch( ){
4 case -1:
5 case ‘\n’:
6 break loop ;
7 …
8 }
9 }
10 }
11 test: for( … ){
12 …
13 while(… ){
14 if( …){
15 …
16 continue test ;
17 }
18 }
19 }
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Identifier, Keyword, Data type
Operator
Statements, and Control Flow
Statements
Array
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Array
Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array
Creating, Initializing, and Accessing an Array
Copying Arrays
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Array
An array is a container object that holds a fixed
number of values of a single type.
The length of an array is established when the
array is created. After creation, its length is fixed.
You've seen an example of arrays already, in the
main method of the "Hello World!" application.
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Array Example
An array of ten elements
Each item in an array is called an element, and
each element is accessed by its numerical index. As
shown in the above illustration, numbering begins
with 0.
The 9th element, for example, would therefore be
accessed at index 8.
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Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array
As with variables of other types, the declaration
does not actually create an array — it simply tells the
compiler that this variable will hold an array of the
specified type.
Similarly, you can declare arrays of other types:
byte[] anArrayOfBytes;
short[] anArrayOfShorts;
char[] anArrayOfChars;
String[] anArrayOfStrings;
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Creating, Initializing an Array
Int[] anArray;
anArray = new int[10]; // create an array of integers If
this statement were missing,
The next few lines assign values to each element of
the array:
anArray[0] = 100; // initialize first element
anArray[1] = 200; // initialize second element
anArray[2] = 300; // etc.
Alternatively, you can use the shortcut syntax to
create and initialize an array:
String names[ ] = { “Jack”, “Wang”, “Lee”};
int a[ ] = {1, 2, 3};
Date d[] = { new Date( ), new Date( ), new Date( )} 50
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Object Array Demo
public class ArrayOfStringsDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] anArray = { "String One", "String Two",
"String Three" };
for (int i = 0; i < anArray.length; i++) {
System.out.println(anArray[i].toLowerCase());
}
}
}
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Multidimensional Array
Declaration
int a[ ][ ]; 或int [ ][ ] a;
Instance
a = new int[4][4]; //allocate a square array
a = new int[4][ ]; // the latter dimension is not given
a[0] = new int[10] ;
a[1] = new int[5];
…
Get the length of array
a = new int [10][12];
a.length = 10 ;
a[0].length = 12 ;
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Example of Multidimensional Array
public class ArrayOfArraysDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] aMatrix = new int[4][];
//populate matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
aMatrix[i] = new int[5]; //create sub-array
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++) {
aMatrix[i][j] = i + j; }
}
//print matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++){
System.out.print(aMatrix[i][j] + " "); }
System.out.println(); }
}
}
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Copying Arrays
If an array is created, the length of this array is unvarying,
But an existing array can point to a new array, and the
original information will be lost；
int a[ ] = new int[6];
a = new int[10] ; // no need to redeclare a new array
array variable assignment is reference assignment.
1 int a[ ] = new int [6];
2 int b[ ]; a
3 b=a; b
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Copying Array Function
Array copying function
System.arrayCopy(Object source, int srcIndex,
Object dest, int destIndex,
int length)
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Copying Array Demo
public class ArrayCopyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e', 'i', 'n',
'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
char[] copyTo = new char[7];
System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
}
}
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Results
Results:
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Exercise (for everyone)
1. Writing a program to output followings:
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
2. The results?
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Following Lessons
Chapter4
Java OOP Features
Chapter 5
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