Object-oriented Programming

Language (JAVA)
(面向对象程序设计)

李建欣(Jianxin Li)
[email protected]
School of Computer, Beihang University

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How about your tools?
Eclipse Luna
JDK 8
jdk-8u20-windows-x64
Some demos

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Chapter 1 Review
Java Features
Java Grammar
Java Running System
Java Application
Java Example

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Exercise-1
Topic 1:
Writing a Helloxxxx that can output:
Hello
Hello World
hello
world

Use System.out.print(…) and

System.out.println(…)

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 A simple Java program
keyword Name of class
public class HelloWorldApp
The content of this program
{ should be contained in a
public static void main (String[ ] args) file named
{ “HelloWorldApp.java”
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
System.out.println(“Welcome to Java!!\n”);

System.out.println(“Test of a simple calculation:”);

int ans;
ans = 2 + 2;
System.out.println(“2 plus 2 is “ + ans + “ !!!”);
}
}
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 Chapter-2

Object-oriented Programming

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2.1 Program Designing of OOP

Real World
Entity

Abstract

World
Concept
Abstract DataType

Convert

Computer
Class

Instance Abstract

Object
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Program Designing of OOP
Object-oriented Programming is to build a model in
programs of real entity or abstracted entity in a real
world with object and class.
Some basic concepts of OOP need to be learnt
before you want to write any code.
This lesson will introduce to you about objects,
classes, inheritance, interfaces, etc..
It needs us to know on how these concepts relate to
the real world.
It also simultaneously provides an introduction to the
syntax of the Java programming language.

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 Basic Concepts in OOP

What is Object
What is Message
What is Class
What is Inheritance
What is Interface

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 2.2 What is an Object [物件,对象]?
In plain English, “object” is a “thing” in the
real world.
In programming, “object” is the “thing” (data +
functions or attributes + behaviors) that models the
real world object which we have to deal with.
While solving a problem, it is easier to group
all related data to form a data “object” to mirror
the real world object.

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Key Points of Object

An object contains:

A set of fields or variables (which models the
attributes/characteristics of the real world object) and
A set of functions/methods (which models the
behaviors of the real world object).
The data and methods of an object are closely tied
together.

An object is not just an instance of data structure

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The two part of an objects

Object = Data + Methods

or to say the same differently:

An object has the responsibility to know and

the responsibility to do.

= +
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Object Example-Bicycle

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 Object Instance
An instance is a specified object

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Encapsulation (封装)
Objects communicate with one another through
well-defined interfaces.
Objects are not supposed to know how other
objects are implemented.
Implementation details are hidden within the objects
themselves.

We can drive a car without knowing how the engine,

transmission and other parts work internally.

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What is Message?
Messages are used to communicate between
Objects

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Construction of Message
Three parts of Message
The object which receives the message
The name of method
The parameter of method

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An Example of Message

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Class Human
Bike bike = new Bike();

Class Bike

Public static void (){

Human alice = new Human();
Bike redbike = new Bike();
Alice.bike = redbike;}

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The Benefits of Message Mechanism

The behaviors of Object are expressed based on it,

so message transition supports all the interactions
between objects.
The interacted objects can locate in different
processes, even different machines.

MSN, Skype, OICQ…

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Classes[类] and Objects
A class is a blueprint, or prototype, that defines the
variables and the methods common to all objects of a
certain kind.
In our daily life, objects have general properties (attributes)
that characterize the group each object belonged to.
For example: “I” am a “teacher”.
“You” are a “student”.
or “John” is a “teacher”.
“Mary” is a “student”.
Both “I”, “You”, “John” & “Mary” are “objects”.
“I” & “John” belong to the class of “Teacher”.
“You” & “Mary” belong to the class of “Student”.

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What is a class?
Group of Objects with similar
properties (attributes).
behavior.
relationships to other objects.
semantics

Example
Parrot
Girl Boy

charlie
jullie kim dylan
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Object is an instance[例] of a class
In programming language,
“I” & “John” are instances of the “teacher” class.
“You” & “Mary” are instances of the “student” class.
In general, any object in a program is an instance of
a class.

The relationship between object and class is like that

between variable and type in C.

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Object vs. Class

Now map this Object to a generalized form such

that it looks like

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“class” is a general form of “struct”

“struct” in C/C++ is a data structure contains

data only.

“class” in C++/Java is a structure contains both

data and functions/methods which are used to
process data or produce an action.

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Structure of Class

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Class Example- Bicycle

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Two Instances of Class (Bike)

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 Object

Attributes Behaviors Messages

Class instant Variables Methods Method Calls
Properties Functions Events
Signals
Car
Color IncreaseSpeed() OnGearChange()
Speed_Limits WindowUp() OnNearMaxSpeed()
Number_Of_Gears Break() OnProximity()
Auto_or_Manual OnBadRoadDetect()

Employ
Name,ID CalcSalary() OnEntrance
SetWorkingHours() OnLeave()

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Access Modifiers
Access Modifiers
The first (left-most) modifier used lets you control
what other classes have access to a member field.
For the moment, consider only public and private.
Other access modifiers will be discussed later.
public modifier—the field is accessible from all
classes.
private modifier—the field is accessible only within its
own class.

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Variables and Methods in class
Variable
instance variable
Including the state of specific object
class variable
Shared by all instance of class
Method
instance method
The method is accessed through instances
static method
The method is invoked through class

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Declaring Member Variables
Member variables in a class
---these are called fields.
Variables in a method or block of code
—these are called local variables.
Variables in method declarations
—these are called parameters.
Field declarations are composed of three
components, in order:
Zero or more modifiers, such as public or private.
The field's type.
The field's name.

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Class & Objects
A class can contain any of the following variable types.
Local variables. variables defined inside methods,
constructors or blocks are called local variables. The
variable will be declared and initialized within the method
and the variable will be destroyed when the method has
completed.
Instance variables. Instance variables are variables
within a class but outside any method. These variables are
instantiated when the class is loaded. Instance variables
can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or
blocks of that particular class.
Class variables. Class variables are variables declared
with in a class, outside any method, with the static
keyword.

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Bicycle Class Example

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Class{
Function a(){

}
}

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Methods
A method is basically a behavior. A class can
contain many methods. It is in methods where the
logics are written, data is manipulated and all the
actions are executed.
When you call the System.out.println() method, for
example, the system actually executes several
statements in order to display a message on the
console.

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Methods

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What is Inheritance?

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Inheritance
A class that is derived from another class is called a
subclass (also a derived class, extended class, or child
class).
The class from which the subclass is derived is called a
superclass (also a base class or a parent class).
The idea of inheritance is simple but powerful: When you
want to create a new class and there is already a class that
includes some of the code that you want, you can derive your
new class from the existing class. In doing this, you can reuse
the fields and methods of the existing class without having to
write (and debug!) them yourself.

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The Meaning of Inheritance
Class fields (variable)
The inherited fields can be used directly, just like any other
fields.
You can declare new fields in the subclass that are not in the
superclass.
Class Methods
The inherited methods can be used directly as they are.
You can declare new methods in the subclass that are not in the
superclass.
You can write a new instance method in the subclass that
has the same signature as the one in the superclass, thus
overriding it.
You can write a new static method in the subclass that has
the same signature as the one in the superclass, thus hiding it.
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Class Hierarchy

SuperClass

Keyword: extends Keyword: extends

SubClass

Keyword: extends

SubClass

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Java Platform Class Hierarchy

The Object class, defined in the java.lang package,

defines and implements behavior common to all
classes—including the ones that you write. In the
Java platform, many classes derive directly from
Object, other classes derive from some of those
classes, and so on, forming a hierarchy of classes.

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Example

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What is Interface
There are a number of situations in software
engineering when it is important for disparate groups
of programmers to agree to a "contract" that spells
out how their software interacts. Each group should
be able to write their code without any knowledge of
how the other group's code is written. Generally
speaking, interfaces are such contracts.

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Interface in Java
In the Java programming language, an interface is
a reference type, similar to a class, that can contain
only constants, method signatures, and nested types.
 There are no method bodies.
 Interfaces cannot be instantiated—they can only
be implemented by classes or extended by other
interfaces.

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Interface Definition

Note that the method signatures have no braces

and are terminated with a semicolon.
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Implemented Class

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The key points in this lesson

Object
Class
Inheritance
Interface

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Exercise-2
Discussion
 Giving a similar object, class, interface, inheritance
example (including some Java demo codes), for
example, bicycle.

Interface: IA

Abstract: A Abstract: C

Class: B Class: D

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Following Lessons
Chapter3
Java Language Basics
Chapter4
Java OOP
Chapter5
High Level Java Language

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