Department of Civil Engineering

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD,

ABBOTTABAD CAMPUS

Mechanics of Solids
Practical Lab Manual

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Name: ____________________ Name: _____________________

Signature: __________________ Reg No: ____________________

Section:________________
 Mechanics Of Solids Lab Manual

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOS)

Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science,
PLO-1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
PLO-2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/Development of Solutions: An ability to design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs
PLO-3
with appropriate consideration for public health, safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Investigation: An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a
methodical way including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis
PLO-4
and interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive valid
conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage: An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques,
PLO-5 resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling, to
complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues, and the consequent
PLO-6
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to complex
engineering problems.
Environment and Sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of professional
PLO-7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of
and need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PLO-8 norms of engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on
PLO-9
multifaceted and /or multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in writing, on
complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large,
PLO-10
such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project Management: An ability to demonstrate management skills and apply engineering
PLO-11 principles to one’s own work, as a member and/or leader in a team, to manage projects in a
multidisciplinary environment.
Lifelong Learning: An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong learning in
PLO-12 the broader context of innovation and technological developments

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LAB REPORT EVALUATION RUBRICS

PSYCHOMOTOR LEVELS AND RUBRICS

Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent
Marks 0 5 7.5 10
Equipment Uses equipment and Uses equipment and Uses tools, Uses tools, equipment
Usage materials with limited materials with partial equipment and and materials with a
competence. Did not clean competence. Had to materials with some high degree of
up area. Requires constant be reminded competence. Good competence.
reminders to return sometimes to return job on using Outstanding job while
equipment. Moreover, equipment and equipment. Returned utilizing equipment.
student’s work area while related materials. all equipment Used and returned all
utilizing equipment in the Student’s work area appropriately. equipment and related
lab is not organized at all. while utilizing Moreover, student’s materials appropriately
equipment in the lab work area while and responsibly.
is not properly utilizing equipment in Student’s work area in
organized. the lab is organized. the lab is well organized
while utilizing
equipment.
Safety Safety procedures were Followed direction, Lab is carried out with Lab is carried out with
Protocols ignored and/or Did Not when asked by some attention to full attention to relevant
follow directions. instructor but some relevant safety safety procedures and
aspect of the procedures and directions.
experiment posed a directions.
threat to the safety of
the student or others.
Experimental Description lacks more than Description contains Step -by -step Clear step-by-step
Design two key details; no mention sufficient details; Description that description of
(Procedures) of apparatuses/devices however, mention of misses not more than experimental
used to carry out the apparatuses/devices two key details; procedures; labeled
experiment is listed. used to carry out the apparatuses/devices diagrams/drawings of
experiment is not mentioned but not any apparatuses/devices
listed. shown. used to carry out the
experiment is provided.
Total Points Total Points Earned = Lab Performance Grade 50

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Cognitive Domain
Criteria Poor Average Good Excellent
Marks 0 5 7.5 10
Data Acquisition Data are not shown Data are inaccurate. Accurate representation Professional looking and
of the data in written accurate representation of
form, but no graphs or the data in tables and/or
tables are presented. graphs. Graphs and tables
are labeled and titled.
Data Analysis The relationship between the A slight correlation The relationship The relationship between
variables is not discussed. between variables is between the variables is the variables is discussed
established but discussed but no and trends/patterns
frequent systematic patterns, trends or logically analyzed.
error is encountered. predictions are made Predictions are made about
based on the data. what might happen if part
Contains few errors. of the lab were changed or
how the experimental
design could be changed.
Data No Interpretation (graphs, Data interpretation Conclusions were Conclusions were included.
interpretation conclusion) was included in represented shows included. However, Findings that supported
the report. little effort and findings that supported the hypothesis were
reflection. the hypothesis were analyzed in detail. All
weak and questions questions were addressed.
were addressed.
Total Points Total Points Earned = Lab Performance Grade 30

Affective Domains & Rubrics

Criteria Poor Average Good

0-4 5-7.5 8-10

Justify Student’s change his/her Student’s knowledge and Student is able to take
statement on the basis of basic concepts are okay but stance on his/ her
justification he/she deems is not able to justify his/her statements/actions and is
to be correct. He/ she lacks answer completely. able to elaborate correctly.
knowledge of the basic
concepts
Demonstrate Student is not able to Student knows the basic Student is able to
explain basic concepts knowledge but is unable explain the
related to lab to explain the experimental work and
experiments. experimental procedure carry out experiments in
properly. an efficient way.

Total Points Total Points Earned = Lab Performance Grade 20

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MAPPING OF CLOs AND PLOs

Blooms Marks
CLOs Course Learning Outcomes PLOs
Taxonomy Distribution
Describe the basic concept of
CLO-01 stresses, strains, their types,
relationship and strain PLO1 C2 30
energy.

CLO-04 Demonstrate the concepts of deflection,

crippling load, combined bending and
torsion, stress strain relationship
PLO9 P3 50
independently.

CLO-05 Respond actively during lab work. PLO9 A2 20

Weightage (%)

Affective Cognitive Psychomotor

20 30 50

PLOs COVERAGE
PLOs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Coverage √ √

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CLOs Assessment Mechanism & Overall Grading Policy

CLOs Assessment Mechanism

CLO-04(P3) CLO-01 (C2) CLO-05 (A2)
Criteria
(%) (%) (%)
Lab Experiments
50 30 20
Lab Project
50 30 20
Sessional-1
50 30 20
Sessional-2
50 30 20
Final
50 30 20

Overall Grading Policy

Lab Experiments 40%
Lab Sessional – 1 10%
Lab Sessional – 2 15%
Final Exam/Project 35%
Text and Reference Books
• Lab Manuals can be purchased from Institute Book Stores.

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Objectives
1. To understand the working of Universal Testing Machine.
2. To determine impact energy of steel performing standard impact tests.
3. To perform compression, tension and bending tests on various materials using
Universal Testing Machine & calculate various mechanical properties of materials.
4. To study the relationship between deflections in beams with applied loads, span,
cross section and material.

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Safety Precautions
Introduction
These notes with the safety precautions and safety measures that should be observed and
taken by all users of laboratory facilities. There will be special precautions needed for
handicapped persons using laboratories, but these outside the scope of this set of notes.

General Behavior
▪ No smoking
▪ No running, playing games, throwing objects or foolish behavior allowed. Disciplinary
actions will be taken against offenders
▪ Safety precautions must be observed at all times
▪ Observe any instructions or advice given by the laboratory staff
▪ Do no attempt any install, correct or operate any apparatus before reading the
instructions, and if in doubt, seek the assistance of the laboratory staff.

Safety
General
▪ Treat every piece of apparatus with caution
▪ Beware of others working in the vicinity
▪ Understand all safety precautions before working in the laboratories
▪ If in doubt, ask for assistance.

Electricity
▪ Switch off and isolate the power supply before opening cabinet doors or
attempting to make any adjustment to the equipment
▪ Check all the circuits before switching on the power supply
▪ Do not tampers with any switches or protective gears

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▪ Beware of dangerous voltages developed during the course of using any item of
apparatus
▪ Do not work on the electrical apparatus with wet hands
▪ Special care should be taken when bare conductors are being used to carry any
current
▪ Always switch off and isolate the service suppliers after using any apparatus.
Chemicals
▪ Treat all chemical with extreme caution
▪ Use protective equipment when provided
▪ Know the properties of chemicals before attempting to handle them
▪ Alert others in the vicinity when handling poisonous, toxic, corrosive or explosive
substances.

Machines
▪ Do not operate any machines unless you have been trained to do so
▪ Use protective equipment when provided.
▪ Do not leave any machines in operation unattended
▪ Switch off and isolate the machines when not in use.

Fire Hazards
▪ Check for any possible danger of fire in the vicinity before producing any naked
flame
▪ Clean up any spilled combustible fluids immediately
▪ Extinguish all flames before refueling any equipment.
▪ Handle inflammable substances with care
▪ When a gas leak is suspected, extinguish all naked flames.
▪ Ensure there is enough ventilation before starting any combustion process.

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▪ If the fire alarm sounds, evacuate from the laboratories immediately and
assemble at the ground floor lobby, unless there is a broadcast for other actions
over internal public address system.

Radiation Hazards
▪ Use protective equipment when handling any radioactive substance.
▪ Never leave any radioactive substance unattended.
▪ Never transfer any radioactive substance without a proper protective container.

Security
▪ Take care of your own valuables.
▪ Do not remove any piece of equipment from the laboratories unless authorized to
do so.
▪ Only enter and exit the laboratories through the established route.
▪ Observe the directives given by the laboratory staff.
▪ Do not attempt to enter or remain in the laboratory outside the opening hours.
▪ Report any loss or damage to laboratory equipment immediately to laboratory
staff.

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Psychomotor Domain

Out of 50 marks
Criteria Weightage Poor Average Good Excellent
0 5 7.5 10
20
Equipment Usage

Task
Implementation
20

Procedural Knowledge 10
Obtained marks
Cognitive Domain

Out of 30 marks
Criteria Weightage
Poor Average Good Excellent
0 5 7.5 10
Data 10
Acquisition
Data Analysis 10

Data 10
interpretation
/conclusion
Obtained marks

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Affective Domain

Out of 20 marks
Criteria Poor Average Good
Marks Range 0-4 5-7.5 8-10

Justifying
Demostrate
Obtained marks

Criteria Marks EXPERIMENTS

Allotted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

20
Equipment
Usage
Psychomotor
20
Task
Implementation

Procedural 10
Knowledge
Data Acquisition 10
Cognitive

Data Analysis 10

Data 10
interpretation
/conclusion

Affective Justifying 10

Demonstrate 10

Total 100

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Table of Contents
Objectives ........................................................................................................................ ii

Safety Precautions......................................................................................................... viii

TO DETERMINE YOUNG MODULUS OF STEEL..................................................................... 1

STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION ................................... 7

TO PERFORM BEND TEST ON STEEL ................................................................................. 11

TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEFLECTIONS AND THE APPLIED

LOADS ............................................................................................................................ 15

TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN LENGTH ON THE BEAM DEFLECTION ..... 22

TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OF CROSS SECTION ON THE BEAM.............28

YOUNG’S MODULUS AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF WOOD ......................................... 34

TO PERFORM COMPRESSION TEST ON A WOOD SAMPLE (PARALLEL TO THE GRAINS) ..... 38

TO PERFORM COMPRESSION TEST ON A WOOD SAMPLE (PERPENDICULAR TO THE

GRAINS)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42

TO PERFORM IMPACTS USING PROCEDURES FOR IMPACT TEST, CHARPY TEST METHODS
..................................................................................................................................... .46

TO DETERMINE THE ELASTIC LINE FOR BEAM…………………………………………….……………………52

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EXPERIMENT # 01
TO DETERMINE YOUNG MODULUS OF STEEL
(ASTM E111-04)

Scope
This test determines young’s modulus of mild steel when subjected to an axial tensile
load.
Significance
The value of young’s modulus is a material property useful in design for calculating
compliance of structural materials that follow Hooke’s law when subjected to uniaxial
loading(that is, the strain is proportional to the applied force)
Apparatus
Universal Test Machine (UTM), Specimen, Measurement apparatus: Vernier Calipers,
Steel ruler.

Procedure
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at 3 various places and calculate the
average.
2. Mark a 50 mm gauge length on the specimen.
3. Fix the specimen to the machine by pushing the top grip upwards and
inserting the specimen into the bottom grip.
4. Apply the load slowly.

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5. Record the reading of the load cell and the stroke.

6. Remove the specimen from the grips and join back the broken halves together
and measure the final “gauge” length, and the diameter at the broken section.

Observations & Calculations

Specimen diameter = mm
Cross sectional area = mm2
Specimen Gauge Length (L) = mm

LOAD (kN) ELONGATION STRESS (σ) STRAIN (ε)

(ΔL)

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Values of Stress & Strain from experiment

Element Start experiment End experiment

Diameter of specimen
(mm)
Area, A (mm²)
Gauge length, L (mm)

Results
• Plotting of stress strain graph
• From the stress-strain graph
• Determine Elastic Modulus (E)

Elastic Modulus, (E) =

OR
Elastic Modulus, (E) = Slope of Graph
Stress (

Strain (ε) =

a) Elastic Modulus (E) = (N/mm2)

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Precautions

1. Plot the graph carefully.

2. Note the readings carefully.
3. Measure diameter of specimen at three different places.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.

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EXPERIMENT # 02
STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION
(ASTM C469)

Scope
This test method covers determination of chord modulus of elasticity (Young’s) and
Poisson’s ratio of molded concrete cylinders and diamond-drilled concrete cores when
under longitudinal compressive stress.
Significance
This test method provides a stress to strain ratio value and a relation of lateral to
longitudinal strain for hardened concrete at whatever age and curing conditions may be
specified.
Apparatus
Compression Testing Machine, Compressometer, Extensometer, Specimen, 6” x 12”
Moist-cured concrete cylinders (capped)

Procedure
1) Perform an unconfined compression test on companion specimen in
accordance with ASTM C39. The specified loading rate is 35 psi/s.
2) Attach the compressometer/extensometer to the test specimen.

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3) Place the specimen, with attached compressometer/extensometer, on the

lower platen of the test machine.

4) Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the centerline of the upper thrust
block of the crosshead.
5) Lower the crosshead down until contact is almost made with the specimen.
6) Zero the dial gages.
7) Load the specimen at a rate of 35 psi per second (990 lb/s) until a load of40%
of ultimate is reached. Stop loading at this 40% value and reduce the load to
zero for seating of gauges.
8) Zero the dial gauge.
9) Perform the one or two loading cycle and continue the loading until 40% of
ultimate load is achieved, recording without interruption, the applied load and
longitudinal deformation at set intervals (50 millionth)
10) Calculate stress and longitudinal strain as follows:
Stress, σ= P/A
Where P is the applied load and A is the cross-sectional area of the cylindrical
specimen.
Strain, ε= d/Lo
Where d is the longitudinal specimen deformation and Lo is the gage length.
The deformation, d is equal to
d = gI
Where g = longitudinal dial gage reading and

Where e1 is the eccentricity of the compressometer pivot rod from the axis of
the specimen and e2 is the eccentricity of the longitudinal dial gage from the
axis of the specimen. If these eccentricities are equal, then I=0.5.The gage
length is the distance between yokes.

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11) Plot the stress-strain curve (stress on the ordinate and strain on the abscissa).

12) Calculate Eto the nearest 50,000 psi as follows:

Where σ2 is the stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate load, σ1 the stress

corresponding to a strain of 0.00005, and ε2 the strain at a stress of σ2.
13) Calculate: Poisson’s ratio (ν) = (εt2 - εt1) / (ε2 – 0.00005)
14) After loading to 40% and recording the load versus displacement data, unload
the specimen.
15) Remove the compressometer (the compressometer may be left in place when
appropriate to generate the entire stress vs. strain curve to failure).

Observations & Calculations

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Precautions

1. Rate of loading must not differ from the specified value.

2. Plot the stress-strain curve with stress on y-axis.
3. Note the readings carefully.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.

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EXPERIMENT # 03
TO PERFORM BEND TEST ON STEEL
(ASTM A615/A615M)
Scope
This test covers the determination of brittle or ductile behavior of steel.
Significance
Ductility is important in steel bars, so that the structural member in which steel is being
used is also ductile
Apparatus
Universal Testing Machine, Test specimen, certain accessories like Bending table,
Supports &Pins etc.

Procedure
1. Prepare a test specimen.
2. Measure the diameter of the steel rod. Take at least three readings and calculate
the mean value of the diameter.
3. Place the test specimen in the bend test apparatus in such a position that the
plane intersecting the longitudinal ribs is parallel to the axis of pin.
4. Apply force to the test specimen continuously and uniformly throughout the
bending operation
5. Discontinue the application of load when the angle of bent specified in the
material specimen has been achieved before rebound.

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6. Examine the tension surface of the specimen for cracking.

Observations & Calculations

S.No Designation of Steel Bar Specified Bend
Angle
1 3 to 11 1800

2 14 & 18 900

Standard bend angles

Pin Diameter For Bend Test

Bar Designation No
Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 75

3, 4, 5 3½d 3½d -

6 5d 5d 5d

7, 8 - 5d 5d

9, 10,11 - 7d 7d

14, 18 - 9d 9d

Standard Pin diameters

Diameter of steel rod=…………..

Bend angle of given rod=…………

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Precautions

1. Examine the tension surface carefully.

2. Do not load the specimen once its specified bend angle is reached.
3. Load should be applied uniformly.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 4
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEFLECTIONS
AND THE APPLIED LOADS

Scope
This experiment covers the recording of deflection in beams by varying weights and
comparing the measurement with that of the theoretical expressions.
Significance
Theoretical deflections can be different from the measured values due to simplified
assumptions made in the theory. Comparing the theoretical values with the measured
values gives an idea about the deviation.
Apparatus
Model of beam, Weights, Deflection gauge and weight hangers.

Procedure
Take the beam model and place it on the table. It should be kept horizontally and
firmly.
1. Record the length of beam and also the dimensions of the cross sections.
2. Set the deflection gauge at a point where deflection is to be measured.
3. Make the reading of the deflection gauge’s dial indicator to zero before
applying the load on bar.

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4. Now apply the load with the help of weight hangers.

5. Record the loaded weight
6. Now record the deflection of that point. During recording the deflection first
of all the smaller dial of the gauge should be read as it shows the number of
complete turns which the dial has rotated, one complete rotation will be equal
to 1mm, then the main dial of the gauge should be read. Each division of the
main dial is equal to 0.01mm.
7. In addition, also record deflection at any
other point on the beam.
8. Record the location of that point, and also
the location of the new load and its value.

CASE # 1
CANTILEVER BEAM
• One end is fixed and other is free
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at unsupported length and at any specified
point in between by varying loads at least twice

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Observations and Calculations

1) Moment of inertia of the beam= I = bh3/12
2) Deflection of the point with theoretical expression.
3) b = __________ , h = _________ , L = __________

Modulus of Width Depth Moment of

Elasticity “B” “H” Inertia
“E” “I”

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at B “δ”mm Deflection B “δ”mm
1
2

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at C “δ”mm Deflection C
“δ”mm
1
2

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CASE # 2
• One end is fixed and other is Roller and load as at center.
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at any two specified point in between by
varying loads at least twice and measuring the distance from supports.

Observations and Calculations

Where x = Distance from fixed support to the point of interest.

v = Distance from roller support to the point of interest.

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Modulus of Elasticity Width Depth Moment of Inertia

“E” “B” “H” “I”

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at point # 1 “δ”mm Deflection point # 1
“δ”mm
1
2

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at point # 2 “δ”mm Deflection point # 2
“δ”mm
1
2

Conclusion

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Precautions

1. Plot the graph carefully.

2. Note the readings carefully.
3. Measure diameter of specimen at three different places.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 5
TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN LENGTH ON THE
BEAM DEFLECTION

Scope
This experiment covers the recording of deflection in beams by varying lengths and
comparing with that of the theoretical expressions.
Significance
Theoretical deflections can be different from the measured values due to simplified
assumptions made in the theory. Comparing the theoretical values with the measured
values gives an idea about the deviation.
Apparatus
Model of beam, Weights, Deflection gauge, Weight hangers.

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Procedure
1. Take the beam model and place it on the table. It should be kept horizontally
and firmly.
2. Reduce the length of beam as specified by teacher and repeat the same
procedure as in previous experiment.

CASE # 1
CANTILEVER BEAM
• One end is fixed and other is free
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at unsupported length and at any specified
point in between by keeping the same loads at same place as in previous
experiment.

Calculations
4) Moment of inertia of the beam= I = bh3/12
5) Deflection of the point with theoretical expression.
6) b = __________ , h = _________ , L = __________

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Modulus of Elasticity Width Depth Moment of Inertia

“E” “B” “H” “I”

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at B “δ”mm Deflection B “δ”mm
1
2

S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at C “δ”mm Deflection C
“δ”mm
1
2

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CASE # 2
• One end is fixed and other is Roller and load as at center.
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at any two specified point in between by
keeping same load and measuring the distance from supports.

Observations and Calculations

Where x = Distance from fixed support to the point of interest.

v = Distance from roller support to the point of interest.

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Modulus of Elasticity Width Depth Moment of Inertia

“E” “B” “H” “I”

S.No Load “P” Experimental Theoretical

deflection at point # 1 Deflection point # 1
“δ”mm “δ”mm
1
2

S.No Load Experimental deflection at point # 2 Theoretical

“P” “δ”mm Deflection point # 2
“δ”mm
1

Conclusion

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Precautions

1. Plot the graph carefully.

2. Note the readings carefully.
3. Measure diameter of specimen at three different places.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 6
TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS CROSS SECTION ON
THE BEAM DEFLECTION

Scope
This experiment covers the recording of deflection in beams by varying cross section
and comparing the measurement with that of the theoretical expressions.
Significance
Theoretical deflections can be different from the measured values due to simplified
assumptions made in the theory. Comparing the theoretical values with the measured
values gives an idea about the deviation.
Apparatus
Model of beam, Weights, Deflection gauge and weight hangers

Procedure
1. Take the beam model and place it on the table. It should be kept horizontally
and firmly.

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2. Change the beam steel bar with different cross section as specified by teacher
and repeat the same procedure as in previous experiment.

CASE # 1
CANTILEVER BEAM
• One end is fixed and other is free
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at unsupported length and at any specified
point in between by keeping the same loads at same place as in previous
experiment.

Observations and Calculations

1) Moment of inertia of the beam= I = bh3/12
2) Deflection of the point with theoretical expression.
3) b = __________ , h = _________ , L = __________

Modulus of Elasticity Width Depth Moment of Inertia

“E” “B” “H” “I”

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S.No Load “P” Experimental Theoretical

deflection at B Deflection B
“δ”mm “δ”mm
1
2

S.No Load “P” Experimental Theoretical

deflection at C Deflection C
“δ”mm “δ”mm
1

CASE # 2
• One end is fixed and other is Roller and load as at center.
• Note the deflection by dial gauges at any two specified point in between by
keeping same loads and measuring the distance from supports.

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Observations and Calculations

Where x = Distance from fixed support to the point of interest.

v = Distance from roller support to the point of interest.

Modulus of Elasticity Width Depth Moment of Inertia

“E” “B” “H” “I”

S.No Load “P” Experimental Theoretical

deflection at point # 1 Deflection point # 1
“δ”mm “δ”mm

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S.No Load “P” Experimental deflection Theoretical

at point # 2 “δ”mm Deflection point # 2
“δ”mm

Conclusion

Precautions
1. Note the readings carefully.
2. Measure diameter of specimen at three different places.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 07
YOUNG’S MODULUS AND MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF WOOD

Scope
This test determines the Young’s Modulus E of wood and the Modulus of Rupture by
conducting bending test.
Significance
The value of young’s modulus is a material property useful in design of structures.
Apparatus
UTM, device for Applying load and scale.

Theory and principle

For a simply supported beam with central loading, deflection under the load is given
by

Where

W =Applied load.

L = effective span of the beam.

E = young’s Modulus of wood.

I = Moment of inertia.
= Deflection under the load.

Procedure
1. Insert the bending device in the UTM. Measure the width and depth of
wooden beam.

2. Adjust the support for the required distance and clamp to the lower table.

3. Fix the transverse test pan at the lower side of the lower cross head. Fix it
on the rollers of the transverse test brackets such that the load comes at

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the center and measure the length of the span of the beam between the
supports for central loading.

4. Adjust the load pointer to zero by lifting the lower table. While applying
the load, the deflection corresponding to each load is found out from the
vernier scale on the UTM.

5. Note the maximum deflection and the maximum load.

Observations and calculations

Range calculation
Extreme working stress in bending for wood = ______ N/mm2

LOAD DEFLECTION

Graphs

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Result

1) Young’s Modulus of the material of the wooden beam =_______

N/mm2

Modulus of Rupture = Mc/I

M = Bending Moment = PL/4

c = Half of the height of specimen

Moment of inertia of the beam= I = bh3/12

2) Modulus of Rupture = __________N/mm

Precautions
1. Maximum moment and maximum deflection must be noted.
2. Note the readings carefully.
3. Load must be plotted on the y-axis.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 08
TO PERFORM COMPRESSION TEST ON A WOOD SAMPLE (PARALLEL
TO THE GRAINS)

Scope
This test determines the compressive strength, elastic modulus and proportional limit
for wood specimen when loaded parallel and perpendicular to the grains
Significance
Wood can be potentially used as a structural material, so it is essential to know about
its compressive strength. Its compressive strength will differ when loaded parallel and
perpendicular to the grains.
Apparatus
Universal Testing, Machine, Measuring gadgets, 2’’X2’’x2’’ Wood samples.

Procedure
1. The weight, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of each specimen must be
measured prior to testing.
2. Apply an increasing load on the test specimen parallel to its longer axis. Note
down the change in length for every load applied.
3. Produce a stress-versus strain diagram for each of the three tests, similar to the
one shown in Figure. Note that the load versus stroke curve may not contain

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4. an initial straight-line portion. If not, you will need to estimate the best fit
tangent to the curve to obtain the Modulus of Elasticity, E. In doing this you
may find that the tangent line intercepts the horizontal axis to the left of the
curve. If this is the case, the point where the tangent line intercepts the
horizontal axis should be selected as the location for the origin.

Stress-Strain curve

5. Proportion limit=stress at the point where curve deviates from the straight line
portion of stress vs strain graph

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Observations & Calculations

E(modulus of elasticity) = σ/ε

σc (compressive strength) = Pmax/A

Report Requirements (Results)

(1) Stress versus strain plots from:
a) Curve fitting to obtain Tangent Modulus.

(2) Determine the following properties for each specimen:

a. Proportional Limit, σpl
b. Compressive Strength, σc
c. Modulus of Elasticity, E

(3) Describe the types of failure observed for each specimen with sketches of the
failures.

Precautions

1. Carefully note down the change in length for every load applied.
2. Load should be applied uniformly.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 09
TO PERFORM COMPRESSION TEST ON A WOOD SAMPLE
(PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAINS)

Scope
This test determines the compressive strength, elastic modulus and proportional limit
for wood specimen when loaded parallel and perpendicular to the grains
Significance
Wood can be potentially used as a structural material, so it is essential to know about
its compressive strength. Its compressive strength will differ when loaded parallel and
perpendicular to the grains.
Apparatus
Universal Testing Machine, Measuring gadgets.

Procedure:
1. The weight, length, and cross-sectional dimensions of each specimen must be
measured prior to testing.
2. Apply an increasing load on the test specimen perpendicular to its longer axis.
Note down the change in length for every load applied.

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3. Produce a stress-versus strain diagram for each of the three tests, similar to the
one shown in Figure 2 Note that the load versus stroke curve may not contain
an initial straight-line portion. If not, you will need to estimate the best fit
tangent to the curve to obtain the Modulus of Elasticity, E. In doing this you
may find that the tangent line intercepts the horizontal axis to the left of the
curve. If this is the case, the point where the tangent line intercepts the
horizontal axis should be selected as the location for the origin.

Stress-strain curve

Proportion limit=stress at the point where curve deviates from the straight line
portion of stress vs strain graph

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Observations & Calculations

E (modulus of elasticity) = σ/ε

σc (compressive strength) = Pmax/A

Report requirements (Results)

(1) Stress versus strain plots from:
Curve fitting to obtain Tangent Modulus.

(2) Determine the following properties for each specimen:

a. Proportional Limit, σpl
b. Compressive Strength, σc
c. Modulus of Elasticity, E

(3) Describe the types of failure observed for each specimen with sketches of the
failures.
(4) Compare the results with previous experiments and discuss the reasons for varying
compressive strengths.

Precautions

1. Best fit tangent should be drawn to the stress-strain curve.

2. Apply an increasing load.
3. Note the readings carefully.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.

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EXPERIMENT # 10
TO PERFORM IMPACTS USING PROCEDURES FOR IMPACT TEST,
CHARPY TEST METHODS
(ASTM E2248-13)
Scope
These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the
charpy test.
Significance
Specimen with lowest absorbed energy means it’s brittle and has least toughness
which can break easily and cannot withstand the sudden high loads which is in this
test was specimen number (1) for both IZOD and CHARPY test.Specimen with
Highest absorbed energy means it’s ductile and has highest toughness which
can withstand the sudden high loads which is in this test was specimen
number (8) for both IZOD and CHARPY test
Apparatus
Impact testing machine, test specimens.

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Charpy impact test

The specimen is supported as a simple beam with the load applied at the center.
The position of latching tube is set to 140°
The specimen is supported horizontally from two sides

Absorbed Energy Measurement

1. The load is applied as an
impact from a hammer that is
released from position h1.

2. The pendulum with a knife

edge strikes and fractures the
specimen at the notch.
3. The pendulum continues its swing,
rising to a maximum height h2', which is
lower than h1.
The energy is calculated from the difference in initial and final heights of the
swinging pendulum. Impact energy (toughness) from the test is related to the area
under the total stress-strain curve.

A higher toughness material will absorb more energy upon impact and
will therefore result in a low height to which the pendulum arm will swing
to following impact
The more energy absorbed by the specimen, the more toughness the material will be

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Fracture surface of two Charpy specimens after

testing,
a) Ductile material. Uneven surface
a) Brittle material. Smooth surface.

Procedure
Charpy test
1) Place the specimen onto the support with notch f

facing backside of the striking direction

2) Using the setting gauge. Center the notch in between the
f
anvils
3) Place the pointer to read 300 J. latch the hammer
4) Release the hammer. The pointer will indicate the
amount o energy consumed by the specimen.

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Fracture surface
(a) Highly ductile fracture: specimen neck down to a point (b) Moderator ductile
fracture: rough plastic deformation (c) Brittle fracture without any plastic

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Charpy Test

Sample Absorbed Type of Type of surface at the break and remarks

no. energy specimen
(J)

1 4.2 Carbon Steel smooth surface: most brittle / least toughness

2 5 Carbon Steel Moderate

brittle

3 5.8 Carbon Steel Brittle

↓
4 9 Carbon Steel

↓
5 10 Carbon Steel

6 10.2 Carbon Steel Ductile

7 27.5 Carbon Steel Moderate

Ductile

8 72 Stainless steel Rough surface: most ductile/highest toughness

Absorbed Energies and Nature of material

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Observations & Calculations

Precautions

1. Perform impact tests on different materials for comparison.

2. Specimen should be placed in the apparatus in the specified position for each
impact test.
3. Note the readings carefully.
4. Remain careful with the flying pendulum.

Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXPERIMENT # 11
TO DETERMINE THE ELASTIC LINE FOR BEAM

Scope
This experiment measures the elastic line of a cantilever bar and compares it with the
result of the mathematical calculation.
Significance
Elastic line determines the mode of bending in beams whether it is positive bending or
negative according to sign convention adopted
Apparatus
Elastic line apparatus, cantilever beam, dial gauges

Procedure
1. The load remains constant and is applied at a=500mm from the fixed
support.
2. The deflection of the bar is measured at intervals of 100mm with the dial
gauge.
3. Relieve the bar.

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4. Apply the dial gauge at the required position and set to zero.
5. Load the bar.
6. Read the deflection value and record.
7. Relieve the bar and move the dial gauge to the next position.
Repeat the measuring procedure
Observations and Calculations
Elastic Line of Cantilever bar
x in mm Measure deflection in Calculated deflection in
mm mm
0 18
100 16

200 11
300 7.5
400 4
500 1.1
600 0

Calculated deflection values for a load of F=15.5 N where a=500 mm are already
written in the table.
So deflection for the given loading and point of application of force are measured
through dial gauges and compared with the calculated.

Precautions

1. Set the dial gauge to zero initially.

2. Read the gauges carefully.
3. Theoretical and observed values must be compared.

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Practical Applications

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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