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INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

INTRODUCTION: Power systems are large and complex electrical networks. In any power
system, generations are located at few selected points and loads are distributed throughout the
network. In between generations and loads, there exist transmission and distribution systems. In
the power system, the system load keeps changing from time to time as shown.

Properly designed power system should have the following characteristics:


1. It must supply power, practically everywhere the customer demands.
2. It must supply power to the customers at all times.
3. It must be able to supply the ever changing load demand at all time.
4. The power supplied should be of good quality.
5. The power supplied should be economical.
6. It must satisfy necessary safety requirements.
The delivered power must meet certain minimum requirements with regards to the quality of the
supply. The following determine the quality of the power supply.
i) The system frequency must be kept around the specified 50 Hz with a variation of 
0.05 Hz.
ii) ii) The magnitude of bus voltages are maintained within narrow prescribed limits
around the normal value. Generally voltage variation should be limited to 5% .
Voltage and frequency controls are necessary for the effective operation of power systems.
Frequency fluctuations are detrimental to electrical appliances. The following are a few reasons
why we should keep strict limits on frequency deviations. * Three phase a.c. motors run at speeds
that are directly proportional to the frequency. Variation of system frequency will affect the motor
performance. * The blades of steam and water turbines are designed to operate at a particular
speed. Frequency variations will cause change in speed. This will result in excessive vibration and
cause damage to the turbine blades. * Frequency error may produce havoc in the digital storage and
retrieval process.
Both over voltage and under voltage are detrimental to electrical appliances. Electric
motors will tend to run on over speed when they are fed with higher voltages resulting vibration
and mechanical damage. Over voltage may also cause insulation failure. For a specified power
rating, when the supply voltage is less, the current drawn is more and it will give rise to heating
problems. Therefore it is essential to keep the system frequency constant and the voltage variation
within the tolerance.
3. P- f and Q-V CONTROL LOOPS In order to perform voltage and frequency control, a basic
generator will have two control loops namely: Automatic voltage regulator loop Automatic load
frequency control loop. The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop controls the magnitude of
terminal voltage, |V|. Terminal voltage is continuously sensed, rectified and smoothed. The strength
of this dc signal, being proportional to |V|, is compared with a dc reference |V|ref. The resulting
“error voltage” after amplification and signal shaping, serves as input to the exciter, which applies
the required voltage to the generator field winding, so the generator terminal voltage |V| reaches
the value |V|ref
The automatic load frequency control ( ALFC) loop regulates the real power output of the
generator and its frequency (speed). This loop is not a single one as in the case of AVR. A relatively
fast primary loop responds to a frequency (speed) changes via the speed governor and the steam
(or hydro) flow is regulated with the aim of matching the real power generation to relatively fast
load fluctuations. By “fast” we mean changes that takes place in one to several seconds. Thus,
aiming to maintain a megawatt balance, this primary loop performs a course speed or frequency
control. A slower secondary loop maintains the fine adjustment of the frequency, and also
maintains proper real power interchange with other pool members. This loop is insensitive to rapid
load and frequency changes, but focuses drift-like changes which take place over periods of
minutes.
The AVR and ALFC loops are not fully non-interacting. Little cross coupling does exist between
AVR and ALFC loops. AVR loop affects the magnitude of the generator emf E. As the internal emf
determines the magnitude of the real power, it is clear that changes in the AVR loop will be felt in
the ALFC loop. However, the AVR loop is much faster than the ALFC loop and hence AVR dynamics
may settle before they can make themselves felt in the slower load-frequency control channel. Unit-
V and Unit-VI will deal with LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC).
4. ECONOMIC DISPATCHING Once it is possible to ensure electric power supply with constant
frequency and voltage, next we may be interested to operate the power system in a most economic
manner. The main aim of economic dispatch problem is to minimize the total cost of generating real
power at various stations while satisfying the load and losses in the transmission links. There are
certain engineering constraints that are to be satisfied while finding the optimal solution. The
problem become completed when the power system has different types of generations such as
thermal, hydro, nuclear, wind, solar etc. Optimal Power Flow method, which makes use of
optimizing technique, is used to determine the optimal status of power system for a given load
condition.
5. UNIT COMMITMENT The other challenging problem is Unit Commitment (UC). The system
load changes in cyclic manner. It is not advisable to keep all the units available all the time. When
system load decreases, it is better to shut down one or more units and when the system load
increases at a later time, units are to be brought in. Unit commitment problem is finding the shut
down and commissioning rule so that the total cost of generation over a period of time, say one day,
is minimum. A simple but sub-optimal approach to the UC problem is to impose priority ordering,
wherein the most efficient unit is loaded first to be followed by the less efficient units in order as
the load increase. Several practical constraints will make the UC problem more complicated.
Economic dispatch and Unit commitment problem are discussed in Unit-I Unit-II Unit-III.

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