Distance Protection With Tele-Protection On An OHL Feeder

Distance protection with
tele-protection
on an OHL feeder
www.siemens.com/siprotec5
SIPROTEC 5 Application
Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder
Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot
protection) on an OHL feeder
APN-016, Edition 2012-04-10
Content
1 Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder ........................................................ 3

1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Application Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 General Settings ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Function Group Line ............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.6 Distance Protection............................................................................................................................................... 16
1.7 Tele-Protection POTT (85-21)................................................................................................................................ 28
1.8 Auto re-close ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
1.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
APN-016 2 Edition 2012-04-10

1 Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot

protection) on an OHL feeder
1.1 Introduction
This application note provides a graphic road map for a typical application of the distance protection with tele-protection
(pilot protection) on an OHL feeder. Numerous screen shots from DIGSI are used to help the reader apply the information
to his own project.
The general configuration of SIPROTEC 5 is described in the overview separately.
The applicable SIPROTEC5 device Manual should be consulted for detailed information.
This application example covers the details with regard to distance protection only. Related subjects such as e.g. auto re-
close, sync check and breaker fail are covered in separate application descriptions.
1.2 Overview
Every protection engineer has his own preference when calculating settings. Some prefer calculations in primary, others
secondary and some in per unit quantities. The finer details of distance protection setting co-ordination are also not
addressed here as this is typically obtained with special software tools. The zone reaches are therefore predefined in Table
1 without further calculation.
Single pole tripping will be permitted for faults cleared by the under-reaching zone 1 and the tele-protection.
For the tele-protection the forward over-reaching time delayed Zone 2 will be applied with a POTT scheme.
Bus1
Bus3
LS1 VT1
Leitung 2
CT1
ISO1
Leitung 1
VT2 Leitung 3
CT2
LS2
ISO2
Abzweig 2
CT3 VT3
LS3
Bus2
VT4
The distance protection is applied to protect Line1 in Figure 1 above with the zone reaches defined in Table 1 below.
The values given in the table below are typically obtained by protection co-ordination studies using software tools (e.g.
PSS®SINCAL). For this application example the zone reaches as defined below will be used:
Edition 2012-04-10 3 APN-016

Zone number Function Reach Time delay
Zone 1 Fast underreach protection for Line 1 80% Line 1 0.00 sec
Zone 2 Forward time delay backup, overreach 20% less than Z1 1 time step
reach on Line 3
Zone 3 Reverse time delay backup 50% Z Line 1 2 time steps
Zone 5 Non-directional 120% Line 2 3 time steps
Table 1
Although the configuration in Figure 1 shows a breaker-and-a-half application, this has no significant impact on the
general application of distance protection as explained in this example. For this general case it is assumed that the two
CT’s are identical so that they may be replaced by a single CT which is equivalent to the double busbar application with
only one CT. The allocation of the CT’s and VT’s to the various measuring points as well as the circuit breakers to the
relevant function groups is covered in a separate application description.
1.3 Application Data

The application data below, consisting of the line parameters as well as instrument transformer data are required. In order
to calculate the settings some values with regard to load and short circuit levels are also needed. The following table lists
the data for this application:
APN-016 4 Edition 2012-04-10

Parameter Value
System data Nominal system voltage phase-phase 400 kV
Power system frequency 50 Hz
Maximum positive sequence source impedance 10 + j100
Maximum zero sequence source impedance 25 + j200
Minimum positive sequence source impedance 1 + j10
Minimum zero sequence source impedance 2.5 + j20
Maximum ratio remote infeed / local infeed (I Rem /I Loc ) 3
Instrument Voltage transformer ratio (LINE) (VT2) 380 kV / 100 V

transformers
Voltage transformer ratio (BUS) (VT1) 400 kV / 110 V
CT1 and CT2: Current transformer ratio 1000 A / 1 A
CT1 and CT2: Current transformer data 5P20 20VA P i =3VA
CT1 and CT2 secondary connection cable 2.5 mm2 50m
CT ratio / VT ratio for impedance conversion 0.2632
Line 1 - length 80 km
Maximum load current 250% of full load
Line data Minimum operating voltage 85% nominal voltage
Sign convention for power flow Export = negative
Full load apparent power (S) 600 MVA
Line 1 – positive seq. impedance per km Z1 0.025 + j0.21 Ω/km
Line 1 – zero seq. impedance per km Z0 0.13 + j0.81 Ω/km
Line 2 – total positive seq. impedance 3.5 + j39.5 Ω
Line 2 – total zero seq. impedance 6.8 + j148 Ω
Line 3 – total positive seq. impedance 1.5 + j17.5 Ω
Line 3 – total zero seq. impedance 7.5 + j86.5 Ω
Maximum fault resistance, Ph-E 250 Ω
Average tower footing resistance 15 Ω
Earth Wire 60 mm2 steel
Tower data Distance: Conductor to tower (ground) 5m
Distance: Conductor to conductor (phase-phase) 12 m
Circuit breaker 1 Trip operating time 60 ms

and 2
Close operating time 70 ms
Table 2: Power system and line parameters
Edition 2012-04-10 5 APN-016

Based on the source and line impedance, the following minimum fault current levels can be calculated for faults on Line 1:
U source
I fault = with U source = 400 kV
3 ⋅ Z tot
If fault resistance is neglected for 3 phase faults:
Z tot = sum of positive sequence source and line impedance (as only current magnitudes are being calculated, only the
magnitude of the impedance is relevant)
Z tot = (10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)

Z tot = 12 + j116.8
Z tot = 117.4Ω
The minimum three phase fault current is therefore:
400kV
I 3 phmin =
3 ⋅ 117.4
I 3 phmin = 1967 A
If fault resistance is neglected then for single phase faults:
Z tot = 1/3 (sum of positive, negative and zero sequence source and line impedance)
2 ⋅ [(10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)] + (25 + 80 ⋅ 0.13) + j (200 + 80 ⋅ 0.81)

Z tot =
3
Z tot = 19.8 + j166.1
Z tot = 167.3
The minimum single phase fault current without fault resistance is therefore:
400kV
I1 phmin =
3 ⋅ 167.3
I1 phmin = 1380 A
If fault resistance is included then for single phase faults:
Z tot_R = Z tot + R F
Z tot _ R = RF + Z tot
Z tot = 250 + 19.8 + j166.1
Z tot = 316.8
APN-016 6 Edition 2012-04-10

The minimum single phase fault current with high resistance is therefore:
400kV
I1 phmin_ R =
3 ⋅ 316.8
I1 phmin_ R = 729 A
1.4 General Settings

The creation of a project, adding devices to the project and selection of templates is described in a separate application
note. For the explanations in this application note the Function Groups Line1 and Circuit breaker 1 are used.
Figure 1: Typical scope of function included in template

In this application note only the following will be covered in detail:
 21 Distance prot. 1 Distance protection

 85-21 Perm.overr. Tele-protection with POTT
Before the settings for the individual functions are applied the general settings such as Device Settings and Power System
data must be applied.
Edition 2012-04-10 7 APN-016

1.4.1 Device Settings

The device settings are the first item under settings and include some parameters that are relevant to the distance
protection application:
Figure 2: Device Settings

In the Edit mode the selection “Primary”, “Secondary” or “Percent” is made. In order to maintain default settings that are in
relation to the rated secondary current/voltage, it is recommended to select “Secondary” before CT and VT parameters are
changed. This prevents overwriting all current/voltage threshold settings when the CT/VT ratios are set. When the CT/VT
data has been entered the Edit mode can be set according to the individual preference (it may also be changed at any
time during application of the settings).
The minimum operating time has a default setting of 0 s. This does not have to be changed. Only in applications where
the “operate” of a protection function is intentionally not associated with a configured Circuit Breaker can this time be
changed to obtain a defined minimum operate time. The minimum tripping time for the trip command to the circuit
breaker is set in the FG Circuit breaker.
APN-016 8 Edition 2012-04-10

For the distance protection the residual compensation factors “Kr and Kx” must be set for the ground loop measurement.
The default setting format “Kr, Kx” is used in this application note. Alternatively the complex “K0” factor may also be used.
The setting of “Block monitoring dir.” should remain “off”. It can be changed to “on” during testing and commissioning to
avoid a flood of test related signals arriving in the control centre. This blocking can also be activated via binary input.
1.4.2 Power System Settings
Figure 3: Initial Settings in the setting tree

The CT and VT parameters are part of the settings under Power system. These must be set according to the given data.
Please note that the device may have several current and voltage measuring points. Be sure to select the correct one for
the application of the following settings.
Meas. point CT Settings
he setting mask for the CT parameters (e.g. Meas. Point I-3ph 1) is as follows (refer to the comment above regarding “Edit
mode” – it is recommended to be in “secondary” when changing CT ratio parameters):
Figure 4: CT setting entry

Tracking is set to active if the signals measured at this measuring point may be used to determine the power system
frequency. The power system frequency determined in this manner is used to establish the re-sampling frequency so that
Edition 2012-04-10 9 APN-016

a fixed number of samples per cycle are available. Although the distance protection does not use re-sampling the tracking
is set to “active” for the line current measurement because other functions in the device may use frequency tracking.
The rated primary and secondary current are set according to the application data given in Table 2.
The Current range setting for distance protection is fixed at 100 x IR.
The CT polarity is selected by correct application of the star point. This is done with the selection of the CT neutral point
direction which may be towards the protected object (line) or not. The correct setting must be checked during
commissioning or with “on-load” direction check.
The setting “Inverted phases” is only relevant when a there is the possibility of reversed phase rotation. For example the
phase sequence in the generator bay of a pumped storage plant has a phase sequence change when it switches from
pumping to generating. In this application the phase sequence is fixed so that this parameter is set to “none”
The other settings such as e.g. CT error are not applicable to this application. For Line Differential protection these have
significance.
The settings for the 2nd CT, Meas.point I-3ph 2, are exactly the same as the CT’s are identical.
Meas. Pont VT Settings
For the VT the mask for applying the settings is as follows:
Figure 5: Line VT setting entry

For the line side VT the settings are entered as shown in Figure 9. Here the primary rated voltage is 380kV. The sync check
VT has a different primary rated voltage in this example so that it will have a different setting.
APN-016 10 Edition 2012-04-10

1.4.3 Recording
The fault recording in SIPROTEC 5 is in the first place provided by the fault log. In the Information Routing the selection for
the fault log can be applied. The oscillographic recording (records) also contain bimary traces that are selectable in the
Information Routing matrix. The following settings cn be applied for the Fault recorder:
Figure 6: Settings for Fault Recording

Setting the Fault recording with AR cycle (with pickup & AR cyc.) ensures that both the Fault Log and Recorder covers the
fault from pre-fault through to the close command following the AR-cycle under a single entry number.
The SIPROTEC 5 devices can store long records in the internal memory so that in general all events (even those that do not
result in a trip output) are stored. If the risk exists that, due to high fault incidence or long intervals before extracting the
records from the device, records that resulted in trip and reclose are overwritten by other events, the storage mode can
be changed to “with trip” instead of “always”. Alternatively the sampling rate can be reduced to less than 8kHz for longer
fault recordings – refer to manual for details on the storage capacity.
Edition 2012-04-10 11 APN-016

1.5 Function Group Line

In the function group line the individual function are grouped. Here there are also some general settings that are located
under the heading General and Process monitor:
General
Figure 7: General Settings for FG Line

The Rated current and voltage should be set to the nominal value of the line. In most cases these parameters are set the
same as the primary rating of the CT and VT. The rated power is automatically derived from these two settings. All FG Line
settings and indications in percent are related to these settings. Protection settings are not affected unless they are
applied in percent.
The further settings in this window should be set according to the line data. The line capacitance (C1 and C0) are only
required if 2-ended fault location or charge compensation are applied together with line differential protection. The X per
length unit is also required by the fault location and should be set according to the line data in Table 2.
The Line angle setting is calculated from the positive sequence line impedance data. In this example:
Z1 = 0.025 + j0.21
X 
Line _ angle = arctan L 
 RL 
APN-016 12 Edition 2012-04-10

Line angle = 83.21 ْ◌
Although the residual compensation factors can be set for each zone separately, the setting based on the line data should
be set here.
R E 1  R0  XE 1  X0 
= ⋅  − 1 = ⋅  − 1
RL 3  R1  X L 3  X1 
RE 1  0.13  X E 1  0.81 
= ⋅ − 1 = ⋅ − 1
RL 3  0.025  X L 3  0.21 
RE XE
= 1.4 = 0.95
1116
RL XL
Apply setting RE/RL equal to 1.40, and XE/XL equal to 0.95
If the fault current (with transients) can cause CT saturation, the setting for CT saturation detection should be set to yes.
This ensures that appropriate stabilization measures are applied to prevent mal-operation due to CT saturation during
faults. When this setting is “yes” the CT saturation threshold must be set. This current level can be calculated with the
given CT data:
n'
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = ⋅ I nom
5
PN + Pi
with: n' = n ⋅ = actual _ overcurrent _ factor
P'+ Pi
P’ = the actual burden connected to the CT secondary
P’ = relay burden + CT secondary connection cable burden
In this example only the 7SA52 relay is connected to the CT, so that the relay burden is 0.05 VA per phase. Due to the
Holmgreen connection, the maximum burden for earth currents is therefore twice 0.05VA =0.1VA.
The CT secondary cable connection burden is calculated as follows:
2 ⋅ l cable ⋅ ρ CU
Rcable =
a cable
lcable = 50 m
ρcu = 0,0179 Ωmm2/m
acable = 2,5 mm2
Edition 2012-04-10 13 APN-016

therefore:
2 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 0.0179
Rcable =
2.5
Rcable = 0.72
at 1 A nominal secondary current, this relates to:
P' = Rcable ⋅ InomCT + Prelay

2
P' = 0.72 ⋅ 12 + 0.1

P ' = 0.82VA
From Table 2, the CT data is 5P20 20VA, therefore:
20 + 3
n' = 20 ⋅
0.82 + 3
n' = 120
with this value, the setting can then be calculated:

120
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = ⋅ 1A
5
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = 24 A
The applied setting in this case is therefore 24.0A
APN-016 14 Edition 2012-04-10

Process monitor
Figure 8: Process monitor Settings for FG Line

The Closure detection settings relate to the “Switch On To Fault” function. For most applications the default settings can
be applied.
The 1-pole open detection is important when single pole tripping is possible. During the single pole dead time some
protection functions are blocked (stabilized). The default setting “with measurement” is recommended. In this context the
settings for the Voltage Criterion arise. To illustrate this the following diagram from the manual is shown below:
Edition 2012-04-10 15 APN-016

Figure 9: General Settings for FG Liner

The voltage criterion should only be used for line/pole open detection if the voltage transformers are located on the line
side of the circuit breakers – as is the case in this example.
1.6 Distance Protection

The distance protection settings start off with a general setting block:
Figure 10: Distance Protection General Settings

The “Zone timer start” is set to “on dist. pickup” so that the timers are all triggered at the same time when the distance
protection picks-up in any zone. This ensures tripping with the correct (shortest allowed) time delay during remote faults
with fault resistance. See example below:
APN-016 16 Edition 2012-04-10

X Z2 Z4
I2
R R
nce
I1
da
mpe
Z1
line i
weak I1 I2
strong
source
relay Fault source
resistance
Figure 11: Example, sequential tripping with back-up stage during remote faults
Although the fault is in the Zone 2 range (according to reach co-ordination) it is initially not seen in zone 2 due to the
fault resistance and strong remote infeed. The remote end with strong infeed will trip according to its setting (reach and
time delay). When the remote infeed is open the current (I2) resets so that the fault impedance is seen in Zone 2. With
the applied setting, the zone 2 timer was already started on distance pickup, and zone 2 will trip in the desired time
although the fault was initially outside zone 2.
The Line Angle setting must be calculated from the positive sequence line parameters:
Z1 = 0.025 + j0.21
X 
Line _ angle = arctan L 
 RL 
Line angle = 83.2°
The remaining settings in Figure 10 can remain on the default values. For details refer to the manual or online help
function.
The distance protection has a Z< pickup characteristic:
Figure 12: Distance Protection Pickup Settings
Edition 2012-04-10 17 APN-016

For the distance protection a minimum current is required for operation. It is typically left unchanged on the default value
corresponding to 10% of secondary nominal current. As this setting is not relevant for the reach grading and is generally
much smaller than typical load current it is not based on a fault current calculation. If however weak in-feed conditions
exist which may result in internal faults having fault current flow below this threshold, a special “Weak In-Feed” protection
may have to be applied.
The load cut-out is typically only required on long lines where the set zone reaches may include load impedances. If this is
the case the load cut-out should be activated – not the case in this example.
X
Z poly
Maximum Zphi
Load Load
area area R
Minimum Zload
Figure 13: Load Cut-out area

In this application 4 Zones are applied, Zone 1, 2, 3 and 5. The Zone 2 is a forward overreach zone and will also be used
by the tele-protection POTT scheme.
Zone number X reach Reach Time delay
Zone 1 80% XLine 80% Line 1 0.00 sec
Zone 2 20% less than Z1 reach on Line 3 20% less than Z1 1 time step
reach on Line 3
Zone 3 50% Z Line 1 50% Z Line 1 2 time steps
Zone 5 120% Line 2 120% Line 2 3 time steps
Table 3
The applied template is pre-configured with the following distance protection zones:
Z1, Z1B, Z3 and Z4. These can be renamed, deleted or supplemented with additional inserted stages. In this case the
zones will be renamed by entering the desired name in the “Details” window as shown below:
APN-016 18 Edition 2012-04-10

Figure 14: Rename Z1B to Z2

The distance protection zones are treated as stages of the distance protection function. All stages (zones) have the same
setting options.
Edition 2012-04-10 19 APN-016

1.6.1 Zone 1 Settings
Figure 15: Settings for Zone 1

The Zone 1 (Z1) is set as non delayed selective zone in forward direction with a reach of 80% of the line length. It will trip
single pole for ph-gnd faults and three pole for ph-ph faults. As under-reaching zone it will not use Zone specific residual
compensation factors because the parameters set for the line can be applied.
The reactance reach is calculated based on the grading margin of Z1 (80%):
X ( Z1) = 0.8 ⋅ X Line1

X ( Z1) = 0.8 ⋅ 80 ⋅ 0.0.21
X ( Z1) = 13.44Ω( prim)
This is converted to a secondary value by multiplying with the conversion factor in Table 2:
X ( Z1) = 13.44 ⋅ 0.2632

X ( Z1) = 3.537Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 X reach is therefore 3.537 Ohm secondary.
A separate resistance reach setting is available for ph-ph measured loops and ph-g measured loops. With the “Distance
characteristic angle” under General above the angle of inclination of the distance characteristic is set equal to the line
angle. The resistance settings of the individual zones therefore only have to cover the fault resistance at the fault location
(faults on the protected line). For the Z1 setting only arc faults will be considered. For this purpose the arc resistance will
APN-016 20 Edition 2012-04-10

be calculated with the following equation.

U arc
Rarc =
IF
The arc voltage (U arc ) will be calculated using the following rule of thumb which provides a very conservative estimate
(estimated R arc is larger than actual value):
U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc whereby l arc is the length of the arc.
The length of the arc is greater than the spacing between the conductors (ph-ph) because the arc is blown into a curve
due to thermal and magnetic forces. For estimation purposes it is assumed that l arc is 1.5 times the conductor spacing. To
obtain the largest value of R arc , which is required for the setting, the smallest value of fault current must be used
(calculated earlier):
For the earth fault, not only the arc voltage must be considered, but also the tower footing resistance. From the graph in
Figure 20 it is apparent that although the individual tower footing resistance is 15 Ω (Table 2) the resultant value due to
the parallel connection of multiple tower footing resistances is less than 1.5 Ω.
Figure 16: Combination of arc voltage and tower footing resistance

From Figure 16: Combination of arc voltage and tower footing resistance it can be seen that the remote in-feed (I2) will
introduce an additional voltage drop across the “effective tower footing resistance” which will be measured in the fault
loop by the relay (this effect is also shown in Figure 15). To make allowance for this the maximum value (not weak in-
feed conditions) of the ratio of I2/I1 is required. This is provided for this application in Table 2 with the value 3. The
maximum tower footing resistance that is measured by the relay (with consideration of remote in-feed) in the fault loop is
therefore:
 I2
RTF = 1 +  ⋅ effective _ tower _ footing _ R
 I1 
RTF = (1 + 3) ⋅ 1.5
RTF = 6Ω( prim)
Edition 2012-04-10 21 APN-016

Figure 17: Effective tower footing resistance

The arc voltage for the earth faults is calculated as follows using the conductor to tower/ground spacing given inTable 2:
APN-016 22 Edition 2012-04-10

U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc

U arc = 2500V ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 5m
U arc = 18.75kV
To obtain the largest value of R arc , which is required for the setting, the smallest value of fault current must be used
(calculated earlier):
18.75kV
Rarc =
1380 A
Rarc = 13.6Ω
The total resistance that must be covered during earth faults is the sum of R arc and R TF . A safety factor of 20% is included
and the result is converted to secondary values (division by factor (1 + RE/RL) because R arc and R TF appear in the loop
measurement while the setting is done as phase impedance or positive sequence impedance). :
1.2 * (13.6 + 6) * 0.2632

RE ( Z1) =
(1 + 1.4)
RE ( Z1) = 2.58Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 R(ph-g) is therefore 2.58 Ohm secondary.
The phase to phase fault resistance reach is calculated along the same lines as the setting for ph-ph resistance. Initially
calculate the ph-ph arc resistance
2500V ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 12m

Rarc =
1967 A
Rarc = 23Ω
By addition of a 20% safety margin and conversion to secondary impedance (factor from Table2) the following minimum
setting is calculated (division by 2 because R arc appears in the loop measurement while the setting is done as phase
impedance or positive sequence impedance):
1.2 * 23 * 0.2632
R ( Z1) =
2
R ( Z1) = 3.63Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 R(ph-ph) is therefore 3.63 Ohm secondary.
Edition 2012-04-10 23 APN-016

1.6.2 Zone 2,3 and 5 Settings

The settings for zones 2 to 5 are done in a similar manner. The zone reach as defined in Table 1 is used with the line data
from Table 2 to calculate the various zone reaches:
X reach Calculation
Definition Calculation Result
Ohm (sec)
Z1 0.8 x Xline1 0.8 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 3,537
Z2 0.8 x (Xline1 + 0.8 x Xline3) 0.8 x( 80 x 0,21 + 0.8 x 4.606) x 0.2632 6,485
Z3 0.5 x XLine1 0.5 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 2,211
Z5 1.2 x (XLine1 + XLine2) 0.8 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 17,78
The resistance reaches are simply increased proportional to the resistance reaches calculated for Zone Z1:
R reach Calculation (ph-G)
Ohm (sec)
Z1 Calculated from arc voltage + Rtf see above 2,580
Z2 ( X2 / X1 ) x R1G ( 6.485 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 4,730
Z3 ( X3 / X1 ) x R1G ( 2.211 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 1,613
Z5 ( X5 / X1 ) x R1G ( 17.78 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 12,97
R reach Calculation (ph-ph)
Ohm
(sec)
Z1 Calculated from arc voltage see above 3,63
Z2 ( X2 / X1 ) x R1 ( 6.485 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 4,854
Z3 ( X3 / X1 ) x R1 ( 2.211 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 1,655
Z5 ( X5 / X1 ) x R1 ( 17.78 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 13,31
For the Z2 zone specific residual compensation factors will be used. If the parameter is selected for this purpose, the
required settings are accessible:
APN-016 24 Edition 2012-04-10

Figure 18: Z2 settings with Zone specific residual compensation

The residual compensation for Z2 is calculated with the positive and zero sequence impedance of line 1 plus line 3 up to
the Z2 reach. The following calculations are done with primary impedances:
Positive sequence reactance of Z2 reach (Line 1 + 80% Line3):
X 21 = 0.8 ⋅ ( X Line1 + 0.8 ⋅ X Line 3 )

X 21 = 0.8 ⋅ (80 ⋅ 0.21 + 0.8 ⋅ 17.5)
X 21 = 24.64
The corresponding positive sequence resistance:
( X 21 − X Line1 )
R 21 = R Line1 + ⋅ R Line 3
X Line 3
24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21
R 21 = 80 ⋅ 0.025 + ⋅ 1.5
17.5
R 21 = 2.672
Edition 2012-04-10 25 APN-016

The corresponding zero sequence reactance and resistance:
( X 2 − X Line1 ) ( X 2 − X Line1 )
X 2 0 = X 0 Line1 + ⋅ X 0 Line 3 R 2 0 = R 0 Line1 + ⋅ R0 Line 3
X Line 3 X Line 3
24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21 24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21
X 2 0 = 80 ⋅ 0.81 + ⋅ 86.5 R 2 0 = 80 ⋅ 0.13 + ⋅ 7.5
17.5 17.5
X 2 0 = 103.4 R 2 0 = 13.76
This is shown below in graphic form:
Figure 19: Graphic illustration of positive and zero sequence impedance for Z2
The Kr and Kx factors for Z2 can then be directly calculated using the above results:
1  R0  1  X0 
Kr = ⋅  − 1 Kx = ⋅  − 1
3  R1  3  X1 
1  13.76  1  103.4 
= ⋅ − 1 = ⋅ − 1
3  2.672  3  24.64 
= 1.38 = 1.07
APN-016 26 Edition 2012-04-10

Graphic output of the set zones:
Figure 20: Graphic illustration of the set zone reaches

It is recommended to check the zone graphic shown in Figure 20 to make sure there are no severe setting errors
Edition 2012-04-10 27 APN-016

1.7 Tele-Protection POTT (85-21)

With SIPROTEC 5 the 85-21 does not require a dedicated zone it can use any of the applied distance protection zones. For
POTT an over-reaching forward zone is required. In this application Z2 will be used as shown in Figure 24:
Figure 21: Setting window for 85-21

A send prolongation is used to ensure that the send signal is maintained long enough following a trip to allow the remote
end to securely pick-up and trip with the received signal in case of weak in-feed at remote end.
As the application is not on a parallel line the transient blocking does not need special consideration. The default settings
can be left unchanged.
The 85-21 is a selective protection, clearing internal faults without delay. It should therefore be set to trip single pole is
single pole auto re-closure is possible.
The 85-21 is generally set without any intentional operate delay. Only special back-up constellations require a time delay
setting here.
If the 85-67N scheme is sharing the same communication channel with 85-21, the transient block condition from 85-67N
should be applied to prevent maloperation of the 85-21 when there is a ground fault on a parallel line followed by current
reversal. As there is no parallel line in this application this selection is not made.
APN-016 28 Edition 2012-04-10

1.8 Auto re-close

The auto re-close function on the breaker-and-a-half configuration requires special attention. In this application fixed
leader/follower logic is implemented. The bus circuit breaker (CB1) is Leader while the Tie circuit breaker (CB2) is Follower.
The following table defines the required AR response:
Pre fault state Description AR response
CB1 CB2 CB1 CB2
Closed Closed Normal Operation with both Close with set dead Run normal dead time
CB closed prior to fault time as leader and then wait for release by
then release Follower leader before AR close
Closed Open Tie breaker (follower) is open Close with set dead AR detects CB open and
prior to fault time as leader and does not start = no AR
then release Follower close
Open Closed Bus breaker (leader) is open AR detects CB open Close with set dead time as
prior to fault and does not start = leader does not block the
no AR close follower
Closed Closed Normal Operation with both Close with set dead Run normal dead time
CB closed prior to fault – AR time - Trip – definite then wait – no release by
not successful – permanent trip no further AR Leader – then new trip
fault indication – no AR and
definite trip
Table 4
A simple logic will be applied in the Function charts to achieve the above response:
Figure 22: CFC Logic to delay Follwer Re-Close command

The above logic is implemented in the Function Charts. The Flip-Flop is set when the Auto re-close function in the Leader
= Circuit Breaker 1 (Bus Circuit breaker – CB1) is in progress. As the initiation of the AR function in both circuit breakers is
at the same time from the same source (the protection functions in FG Line), the AR in progress of CB1 is a clear
indication that CB1 is in service and taking the role as leader. Is CB1 is open for maintenance or the AR function is selected
Off, the AR in progress will not assert.
When the Flip-flop is set, the output sets (via the Build SPS block) the signal Delay Close Command in CB2 the Follower.
The AR function in CB2 will go through all the normal states until the AR Close command is due. If the signal Delay Close
Command is active the AR close will not be issued until this signal resets. If the maximum dead time extension (Setting
Parameter) has expired before the release is given the AR will be terminated with a definite trip.
Edition 2012-04-10 29 APN-016

The Leader will reset the Flip-Flop when the leader Cycle is successful. This is indicated with the Remote Close Command
from CB1 which is issued when there is no further protection operation within a set time after the re-close of CB1.
Figure 23: AR Function General Settings

The General settings for the AR function in both circuit breakers can be the same. The Leader must have a set time for
“Send delay for remote close” as this determines how long after the Leader close command the follower is released.
In the Follower the “Max. dead time extension” must be set longer than the release delay from the leader as set above.
APN-016 30 Edition 2012-04-10

1.8.1 Single Pole Trip / Operate

As the two circuit breakers execute their AR cycles independently, they can be individually set to trip and AR: 1-pol, 3-pol
or 1- and 3-pol.
1.9 Conclusion
The breaker-and-a-half application with SIPROTEC5 can be achieved with flexible combination of the available functions. A
logical grouping of protection and control functions is possible to cover the special requirements of all users.
Edition 2012-04-10 31 APN-016

Published by
Siemens AG 2016
Energy Management Division
Digital Grid
Automation Products
Humboldtstr. 59
90459 Nuremberg, Germany
www.siemens.com/siprotec
For more information,

please contact our
Customer Support Center.
Tel.: +49 180 524 70 00

Fax: +49 180 524 24 71
(Charges depending on provider)
Email: [email protected]
© 2016 Siemens. Subject to changes and errors. For all products using security features of OpenSSL, the
The information given in this document only contains following shall apply:
general descriptions and/or performance features which This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL
Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit.
may not always specifically reflect those described, or
(http://www.openssl.org/ )
which may undergo modification in the course of further
This product includes cryptographic software written by
development of the products. The requested performance
Eric Young ([email protected] )
features are binding only when they are expressly agreed This product includes software written by Tim Hudson
upon in the concluded contract. ([email protected])
This product includes software developed by Bodo Moeller.
APN-016 32 Edition 2012-04-10

Distance Protection With Tele-Protection On An OHL Feeder

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Distance Protection With Tele-Protection On An OHL Feeder

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Distance Protection With Tele-Protection On An OHL Feeder

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Distance protection with

1 Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder ........................................................ 3

APN-016 2 Edition 2012-04-10

1 Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot

The general configuration of SIPROTEC 5 is described in the overview separately.

Edition 2012-04-10 3 APN-016

Zone number Function Reach Time delay

Zone 3 Reverse time delay backup 50% Z Line 1 2 time steps

Zone 5 Non-directional 120% Line 2 3 time steps

1.3 Application Data

APN-016 4 Edition 2012-04-10

System data Nominal system voltage phase-phase 400 kV

Power system frequency 50 Hz

Maximum positive sequence source impedance 10 + j100

Maximum zero sequence source impedance 25 + j200

Minimum positive sequence source impedance 1 + j10

Minimum zero sequence source impedance 2.5 + j20

Maximum ratio remote infeed / local infeed (I Rem /I Loc ) 3

Instrument Voltage transformer ratio (LINE) (VT2) 380 kV / 100 V

CT1 and CT2: Current transformer ratio 1000 A / 1 A

CT1 and CT2: Current transformer data 5P20 20VA P i =3VA

CT1 and CT2 secondary connection cable 2.5 mm2 50m

CT ratio / VT ratio for impedance conversion 0.2632

Maximum load current 250% of full load

Line data Minimum operating voltage 85% nominal voltage

Sign convention for power flow Export = negative

Full load apparent power (S) 600 MVA

Line 1 – positive seq. impedance per km Z1 0.025 + j0.21 Ω/km

Line 1 – zero seq. impedance per km Z0 0.13 + j0.81 Ω/km

Line 2 – total positive seq. impedance 3.5 + j39.5 Ω

Line 2 – total zero seq. impedance 6.8 + j148 Ω

Line 3 – total positive seq. impedance 1.5 + j17.5 Ω

Line 3 – total zero seq. impedance 7.5 + j86.5 Ω

Maximum fault resistance, Ph-E 250 Ω

Average tower footing resistance 15 Ω

Earth Wire 60 mm2 steel

Tower data Distance: Conductor to tower (ground) 5m

Distance: Conductor to conductor (phase-phase) 12 m

Circuit breaker 1 Trip operating time 60 ms

Table 2: Power system and line parameters

Edition 2012-04-10 5 APN-016

Z tot = (10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)

If fault resistance is neglected then for single phase faults:

2 ⋅ [(10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)] + (25 + 80 ⋅ 0.13) + j (200 + 80 ⋅ 0.81)

If fault resistance is included then for single phase faults:

APN-016 6 Edition 2012-04-10

1.4 General Settings

Figure 1: Typical scope of function included in template

 21 Distance prot. 1 Distance protection

Edition 2012-04-10 7 APN-016

1.4.1 Device Settings

Figure 2: Device Settings

APN-016 8 Edition 2012-04-10

1.4.2 Power System Settings

Figure 3: Initial Settings in the setting tree

Meas. point CT Settings

Figure 4: CT setting entry

Edition 2012-04-10 9 APN-016

Meas. Pont VT Settings