(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 10, No. 6, 2019
Internet of Things (IOT): Research Challenges and
Future Applications
AbdelRahman H. Hussein
Department of Networks and Information Security
Faculty of Information Technology / Al-Ahliyya Amman University
Abstract—With the Internet of Things (IoT) gradually functions, these devices can accomplish smart reorganizations,
evolving as the subsequent phase of the evolution of the Internet, tracing, positioning, control, real-time monitoring and process
it becomes crucial to recognize the various potential domains for control. In the past years, there has been an important
application of IoT, and the research challenges that are associated propagation of Internet capable devices. Even though its most
with these applications. Ranging from smart cities, to health care, significant commercial effect has been observed in the
smart agriculture, logistics and retail, to even smart living and consumer electronics field; i.e. particularly the revolution of
smart environments IoT is expected to infiltrate into virtually all smartphones and the interest in wearable devices (watches,
aspects of daily life. Even though the current IoT enabling headsets, etc.), connecting people has become merely a
technologies have greatly improved in the recent years, there are
fragment of a bigger movement towards the association of the
still numerous problems that require attention. Since the IoT
concept ensues from heterogeneous technologies, many research
digital and physical worlds.
challenges are bound to arise. The fact that IoT is so expansive With all this in mind, the Internet of Things (IoT) is
and affects practically all areas of our lives, makes it a significant expected to continue expanding its reach as pertains the
research topic for studies in various related fields such as number of devices and functions, which it can run. This is
information technology and computer science. Thus, IoT is evident from the ambiguity in the expression of “Things”
paving the way for new dimensions of research to be carried out. which makes it difficult to outline the ever-growing limits of
This paper presents the recent development of IoT technologies
the IoT [4]. While commercial success continues to
and discusses future applications and research challenges.
materialize, the IoT constantly offers a virtually limitless
Keywords—Internet of Things; IoT applications; IoT supply of opportunities, not just in businesses but also in
challenges; future technologies; smart cities; smart environment; research. Accordingly, the understudy addresses the various
smart agriculture; smart living potential areas for application of IoT domains and the research
challenges that are associated with these applications.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The Internet can be described as the communication
network that connects individuals to information while The
Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected system of
distinctively address able physical items with various degrees
of processing, sensing, and actuation capabilities that share the
capability to interoperate and communicate through the
Internet as their joint platform [1]. Thus, the main objective of
the Internet of Things is to make it possible for objects to be
connected with other objects, individuals, at any time or
anywhere using any network, path or service. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is gradually being regarded as the subsequent
phase in the Internet evolution. IoT will make it possible for
ordinary devices to be linked to the internet in order to achieve
countless disparate goals. Currently, an estimated number of
only 0.6% of devices that can be part of IoT has been
connected so far [2]. However, by the year 2020, it is likely Fig. 1. IoT can be viewed as a Network of Networks [3].
that over 50 billion devices will have an internet connection.
As the internet continues to evolve, it has become more II. P OTENTIAL A PPLICATION D OMAINS OF I O T
than a simple network of computers, but rather a network of Potential applications of the internet of Things are not only
various devices, while IoT serves as a network of various numerous but also quite diverse as they permeate into virtually
“connected” devices a network of networks [3], as shown in all aspects of daily life of individuals, institutions, and society.
Fig. 1. Nowadays, devices like smartphones, vehicles, According to [5], the applications of IoT cover broad areas
industrial systems, cameras, toys, buildings, home appliances, including manufacturing or the industrial sector, health sector,
industrial systems and countless others can all share agriculture, smart cities, security and emergencies among many
information over the Internet. Regardless of their sizes and others.
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A. Smart Cities can be applied to outpatient and inpatient patients, dental
According to [6], the IoT plays a crucial role in improving Bluetooth devices and toothbrushes that can give information
the smartness of cities and enhancing general infrastructure. after they are used and patient’s surveillance. Other elements of
Some of IoT application areas in creating smart cities include; IoT in this capacity include; RFID, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi
intelligent transportation systems [7], smart building, traffic among others. These will greatly enhance measurement and
congestion [7, 8] waste management [9], smart lighting, smart monitoring techniques of critical functions like blood pressure,
parking, and urban maps. This may include different temperature, heart rate, blood glucose, cholesterol levels, and
functionalities such as; monitoring available parking spaces many others.
within the city, monitoring vibrations as well as material The applications of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of
conditions of bridges and buildings, putting in place sound Everything (IoE) are further being extended through the
monitoring devices in sensitive parts of cities, as well as materialization of the Internet of Nano-things (IoNT) [3]. The
monitoring the levels of pedestrians and vehicles. Artificial notion of IoNT, as the name implies, is being engineered by
Intelligence (AI) enabled IoT can be utilized to monitor, integrating Nano-sensors in diverse objects (things) using Nano
control and reduce traffic congestions in Smart Cities [6]. networks. Medical application, as shown in Fig. 2, is one of the
Moreover, IoT allows installation of intelligent and weather major focuses of IoNT implementations. Application of IoNT
adaptive street lighting and detection waste and waste in human body, for treatment purposes, facilitates access to
containers by keeping tabs of trash collection schedules. data from in situ parts of the body which were hitherto in
Intelligent highways can provide warning messages and accessible to sense from or by using those medical instruments
important information, such as access to diversions depending incorporated with bulky sensor size. Thus, IoNT will enable
on the climatic conditions or unexpected occurrences like new medical data to be collected, leading to new discoveries
traffic jams and accidents. and better diagnostics.
Application of IoT to achieve smart cities would require C. Smart Agriculture and Water Management
using radio frequency identification and sensors. Some of the
already developed applications in this area are the Aware home According to [11], the IoT has the capacity to strengthen
and the Smart Santander functionalities. In the United States, and enhance the agriculture sector through examining soil
some major cities like Boston have plans on how to implement moisture and in the case of vineyards, monitoring the trunk
the Internet of Things in most of their systems ranging from diameter. IoT would allow to control and preserve the quantity
their parking meters, streetlights, sprinkler systems, and of vitamins found in agricultural products, and regulate
sewage grates are all scheduled to be interlinked and connected microclimate conditions in order to make the most of the
to the internet. Such applications will offer significant break production of vegetables and fruits and their quality.
throughs in terms of saving money and energy. Furthermore, studying weather conditions allows forecasting of
ice information, drought, wind changes, rain or snow, thus
B. Healthcare controlling temperature and humidity levels to prevent fungus
Most healthcare systems in many countries are inefficient, as well as other microbial contaminants.
slow and inevitably prone to error. This can easily be changed When it comes to cattle, IoT can assist in identifying
since the healthcare sector relies on numerous activities and animals that graze in open locations, detecting detrimental
devices that can be automated and enhanced through gases from animal excrements in farms, as well as controlling
technology. Additional technology that can facilitate various growth conditions in offspring to enhance chances of health
operations like report sharing to multiple individuals and and survival and so on. Moreover, through IoT application in
locations, record keeping and dispensing medications would go agriculture, a lot of wastage and spoilage can be avoided
a long way in changing the healthcare sector [10]. through proper monitoring techniques and management of the
A lot of benefits that IoT application offers in the health- entire agriculture field. It also leads to better electricity and
care sector is most categorized into tracking of patients, staff, water control.
and objects, identifying, as well as authenticating, individuals,
and the automatic gathering of data and sensing. Hospital
workflow can be significantly improved once patients flow is
tracked. Additionally, authentication and identification reduce
incidents that may be harmful to patients, record maintenance
and fewer cases of mismatching infants. In addition, automatic
data collection and transmission is vital in process automation,
reduction of form processing timelines, automated procedure
auditing as well as medical inventory management. Sensor
devices allow functions centered on patients, particularly, in
diagnosing conditions and availing real-time information about
patients’ health indicators [6].
Application domains in this sector include; being able to
monitor a patient’s compliance with prescriptions, telemedicine
solutions, and alerts for patients’ well-being. Thereby, sensors Fig. 2. The Internet of Nano-Things [3].
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As [11] explain, in water management, the role of IoT F. Smart Environment
includes studying water suitability in seas and rivers for both The environment has a vital role within all aspects of life,
drinking and agriculture use, detecting pressure variations in from people, to animals, birds and also plants, are all affected
pipes, and liquid presence outside tanks as well as monitoring by an unhealthy environment in one way or another. There
levels of water variation in dams, rivers and reservoirs. These have been numerous efforts to create a healthy environment in
IoT applications utilize Wireless sensor networks. Examples of terms of eliminating pollution and reducing wastage of
existing IoT applications in this domain include; SiSviA, resources, but the existence of industries, as well as
GBROOS, and SEMAT. transportations wastes coupled with reckless and harmful
D. Retail and Logistics human actions are common place elements which consistently
damage the environment. Consequently, the environment
Executing the IoT in Supply Chain or retail Management requires smart and innovative ways to help in monitoring and
has many benefits. Some include; observing storage conditions managing waste, which provide a significant amount of data
throughout the supply chain, product tracking to enable trace that forces governments to put in place systems that will
ability purposes, payment processing depending on the location protect the environment.
or activity period in public transport, theme parks, gyms, and
others. Inside the retail premises, IoT can be applied to various Smart environment strategies integration with IoT
applications such as direction in the shop based on a technology should be created for sensing, tracking and
preselected list, fast payment processes like automatically assessment of objects of the environment that offer potential
checking out with the aid of biometrics, detecting potential benefits in achieving a sustainable life and a green world. The
allergen products and controlling the rotation of products on IoT technology allows observing and managing of air quality
shelves and warehouses in order to automate restocking through data collection from remote sensors across cities and
procedures [12]. providing round the clock geographic coverage to accomplish
better ways of managing traffic jams in major cities.
The IoT elements mostly used in this setting include; Additionally, IoT technology can be applied in measuring
wireless sensor networks and radio frequency identification. In pollution levels in water and consequently enlighten decisions
retail, there is a current use of SAP (Systems Applications and on water usage. In waste management, which consists of
Products), while in logistics numerous examples include various types of waste, like chemicals and pollutants being
quality consignment conditions, item location, detecting detrimental to the environment and to people, animals, and
storage incompatibility issues, fleet tracking among others. In plants as well, IoT can also be applied. This can be achieved by
the industry domain, IoT helps in detecting levels of gas and environmental protection by means of controlling industrial
leakages within the industry and its environs, keeping track of pollution through instantaneous monitoring and management
toxic gases as well as the oxygen levels within the confines of systems combined with supervision in addition to decision
chemical plants to ensure the safety of goods and workers and making networks. This serves to lessen waste [13].
observing levels of oil, gases and water in cisterns and storage
tanks. Application of IoT also assists in maintenance and repair In weather forecasting, IoT can be used to deliver a
because systems can be put in place to predict equipment significant accuracy and high resolution for monitoring the
malfunctions and at the same automatically schedule periodic weather by information sharing and data exchange. Through
maintenance services before there is a failure in the equipment. IoT technology, weather systems can collect information such
This can be achieved through the installation of sensors inside as barometric pressure, humidity, temperature, light, motion
equipment or machinery to monitor their functionality and and other information, from vehicles in motion and transmit
occasionally send reports. the information wirelessly to weather stations. The information
is attained by installing sensors on the vehicles and even on
E. Smart Living buildings after which it is stored and analyzed to assist in
In this domain, IoT can be applied in remote control weather forecasting. Radiation is also a threat to the
devices whereby one can remotely switch appliances on and environment, human and animal health as well as agricultural
off hence preventing accidents as well as saving energy [1, 3]. productivity. IoT sensor networks can control radiation through
Other smart home appliances include refrigerators fitted with constant monitoring of its levels, particularly around nuclear
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens, enabling one to know plant premises for detecting leakage and propagating
what is available inside, what has over stayed and is almost deterrence.
expiring as well as what needs to be restocked. This
information can also be linked to a smartphone application III. R ESEARCH C HALLENGES
enabling one to access it when outside the house and therefore For all the above potential applications of IoT, there has to
buy what is needed. Furthermore, washing machines can allow be proper feasibility into the different domains to ascertain the
one to remotely monitor laundry. In addition, a wide range of success of some applications and their functionality. As with
kitchen devices can be interfaced through a smartphone, hence any other form of technology or innovation, IoT has its
making it possible to adjust temperature, like in the case of an challenges and implications that must be sorted out to enable
oven. Some ovens which have a self-cleaning feature can be mass adoption. Even though the current IoT enabling
easily monitored as well. In terms of safety in the home, IoT technologies have greatly improved in the recent years, there
can be applied through alarm systems and cameras can be are still numerous problems that require attention, hence
installed to monitor and detect window or door openings hence paving the way for new dimensions of research to be carried
preventing intruders [3]. out. Since the IoT concept ensues from heterogeneous
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technologies that are used in sensing, collecting, action, Another research direction as regards data management is
processing, inferring, transmitting, notifying, managing, and applying Information Centric Networking (ICN) in the IoT.
storing of data, a lot of research challenges are bound to arise. Since these information centric systems offer support in the
These research challenges that require attention have efficient content retrieval and access to services, they appear to
consequently spanned different research areas [14]. be quite valuable not just in accessing but also transferring as
well as managing generated content and its transmission. This
A. Privacy and Security solution, however, brings about various challenges such as;
Owing to the fact that IoT has become a vital element as how to extend the ICN paradigm competently over the fixed
regards the future of the internet with its increased usage, it network edge, how to take in IoTs static and mobile devices as
necessitates a need to adequately address security and trust well as how to apportion the functionality of ICN on resource
functions. Researchers are aware of the weaknesses which constrained devices [19].
presently exist in many IoT devices. Furthermore, the
foundation of IoT is laid on the existing wireless sensor Data analysis and its context not only plays a crucial role in
networks (WSN), IoT thus architecturally inherits the same the success of IoT, it also poses major challenges. Once data
privacy and security issues WSN possesses [3, 15]. Various has been collected it has to be used intelligently in order to
attacks and weaknesses on IoT systems prove that there is achieve smart IoT functions. Accordingly, the development of
indeed a need for wide ranging security designs which will machine learning methods and artificial intelligence
protect data and systems from end to end. Many attacks algorithms, resultant from neural works, genetic algorithms,
generally exploit weaknesses in specific devices thereby evolutionary algorithms, and many other artificial intelligence
gaining access into their systems and consequently making systems are essential in achieving automated decision making.
secure devices vulnerable [16, 17] . This security gap further C. Monitoring and Sensing
motivates comprehensive security solutions that consist of
research that is efficient in applied cryptography for data and Even if technologies concerned with monitoring and
system security, non-cryptographic security techniques as well sensing have made tremendous progress, they are constantly
as frameworks that assist developers to come up with safe evolving particularly focusing on the energy efficiency and
systems on devices that are heterogeneous. form aspect. Sensors and tags are normally expected to be
active constantly in order to obtain instantaneous data, this
There is a need for more research to be conducted on aspect makes it essential for energy efficiency especially in
cryptographic security services that have the capability to lifetime extension. Simultaneously, new advances in
operate on resource constrained IoT devices. This would nanotechnology/biotechnology and miniaturization have
enable different skilled users to securely use and deploy IoT allowed the development of actuators and sensors at the Nano-
systems regardless of the inadequate user interfaces that are scale.
available with almost all IoT devices. In addition to the
protection and security aspects of the IoT, additional areas like D. M2M (Machine to Machine) Communication and
confidentiality in communication, trustworthiness, and Communication Protocols
authenticity of communication parties, and message integrity, While there are already existing IoT oriented
and supplementary safety requirements should also be communication protocols like Constrained Application
incorporated. These may include features like being able to Protocol (CoAP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
prevent communication of various parties. As an example, in (MQTT), there is still no standard for an open IoT. Although
business transactions, smart objects must be prevented from all objects require connectivity, it is not necessary for every
facilitating competitors’ access to confidential information in object to be made internet capable since they only need to have
the devices and thus using this information maliciously. a certain capability to place their data on a particular gateway.
Additionally, there are a lot of options in terms of suitable
B. Processing, Analysis and Management of Data wireless technologies such as LoRa, IEEE 802.15.4, and
The procedure for processing, analysis and data Bluetooth even though it is not clear whether these available
management is tremendously challenging because of the wireless technologies have the needed capacity to continue
heterogeneous nature of IoT, and the large scale of data covering the extensive range of IoT connectivity henceforth.
collected, particularly in this era of Big Data [18]. Currently,
most systems utilize centralized systems in offloading data and The communication protocols for devices are the driving
carrying out computationally intensive tasks on an international force in actualizing IoT applications, and they form the main
cloud platform. Nevertheless, there is a constant concern about support of data flow between sensors and the physical objects
conventional cloud architectures not being effective in terms of or outer world. While various MAC protocols have been
transferring the massive volumes of data that are produced and projected for several domains with Frequency Division
consumed by IoT enabled devices and to be able further Multiple Access, Time Division Multiple Access and Carrier
support the accompanying computational load and Sense Multiple Access (FDMA, TDMA and CSMA) for low
simultaneously meet timing constraints [19]. Most systems are traffic efficiency that is collision free, more circuitry in nodes
therefore relying on current solutions such as mobile cloud are required respectively. The main objectives of the transport
computing and fog computing which are both based on edge layer include guaranteeing an end-to-end reliability as well as
processing, to mitigate this challenge. performing end-to-end control of congestion. In this aspect,
most protocols are unable to cooperate appropriate end to end
reliability [20].
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E. Blockchain of Things (BCoT): Fusion of Blockchain and Countless research groups have been, and continue to be,
Internet of Things initiated from different parts of the world, and their main
Similar to IoT, blockchain technologies have also gained objective is to follow through IoT related researches. As more
tremendous popularity since its introduction in 2018. Even and more research studies are conducted, new dimensions to
though blockchain was first implemented as an underlying the IoT processes, technologies involved and the objects that
technology of Bitcoin cryptocurrency, it is now being used in can be connected, continue to emerge, further paving way for
multifaceted nonmonetary applications [21]. Miraz argues that much more application functionalities of IoT. The fact that IoT
both IoT and Blockchain can strengthen each other, in a is so expansive and affects practically all areas of our lives,
reciprocal manner, by eliminating their respective inherent makes it a significant research topic for studies in various
architectural limitations [22]. The underlying technology of related fields such as information technology and computer
IoT is WSN. Therefore, analogous to WSN, IoT also suffers science. The paper highlights various potential application
from security and privacy issues. On the contrary, the primary domains of the internet of things and the related research
reasons for blockchain’s implementation trend in non- challenges.
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