Excel 2021

The Beginner's Guide to Learn and Master Excel Basics, Formulas, Functions, and New Features

Adams
Baldwin
Copyright © 2021 Adams Baldwin

All rights reserved.

It is not legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this document by either electronic means or in printed format.
Recording of this publication is strictly prohibited

Disclaimer

The information in this book is based on personal experience and anecdotal evidence. Although the author has made every
attempt to achieve an accuracy of the information gathered in this book, they make no representation or warranties concerning the
accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book. Your circumstances may not be suited to some illustrations in this book.

The author disclaims any liability arising directly or indirectly from the use of this book. Readers are encouraged to seek
Medical. Accounting, legal, or professional help when required.

This guide is for informational purposes only, and the author does not accept any responsibilities for any liabilities resulting from
the use of this information. While every attempt has been made to verify the information provided here, the author cannot assume
any responsibility for errors, inaccuracies or omission.
 Contents

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
The Fundamentals of Microsoft Excel 2021
Microsoft Excel
Excel Functions
Excel Formulas
Microsoft Excel Explained
How to Locate Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Office in Windows 7
Different Kinds of Files in Excel 2021
How to Use Excel 2021
Useful Instruments or Tools in Excel 2021
The Location of Microsoft Excel
The New Features in Excel 2021
Attaching links to Excel Files
A funnel chart in an Excel file
What are Update Channels in Excel?
Adjusting from the Touch Mode to the Mouse Mode
CHAPTER TWO
What is a Cell in Excel 2021?
How to Insert Contents in a Cell
How to Wrap Texts in a Cell
How to Auto Select different Cells
Resizing Rows and Columns in a cell
How to Copy the Contents of a Cell
How to Paste the Contents of a Cell
How to Use Bold and Italics in a Cell
Calculating Totals using AutoSum
The Fill handle in a Cell
Underlining Commas in a Cell
A Cell and How to Format it
How to Add Borders to a Cell
Ways to Delete a Cell from the System
How to Drag and Drop a Cell
How to Modify the Text Alignment of your Border in Cells
CHAPTER THREE
How to Manage Operations in Excel 2021
Launching Excel 2021 from Windows 10
How to Open Excel 2021 from the Window
Updating your Excel Version
How to Change the Office Theme in Excel
Using the Ribbon
Ribbon Display menu
How to Maximize and Minimize the Excel Window
Viewing the Start Screen in your Windows
What is a Workbook in Excel?
How to Create a new Workbook
Viewing two Workbooks Simultaneously
Sharing and Exporting Workbooks
Discovering Autorecover Files in Excel
How to Save your Files in Excel
The User Interface of Excel Ribbon
How to Design a New Worksheet in Excel
Entering Numbers and Texts in a Worksheet
How to Transfer or Copy a Worksheet
How to Remove a Worksheet
How to Handle Cells in a Worksheet
Strategies to Change the Color of a Worksheet
Methods of Renaming a Worksheet
Exiting Excel 2021 from your Windows
CHAPTER FOUR
Handling Various Worksheets and Workbooks in Excel 2021
How to Cover and Uncover a Worksheet
Handling Multiple Find and Replace in Excel
Transfer and Duplicate Worksheets from a Workbook to another one
How to View a Workbook in Various Windows
Understanding Cell References
How to Reference Worksheets in Another Workbook
How to Reference other Worksheet
Using the Relative References
Using the Absolute Reference in Creating and Duplicating a Formula
Different Kinds of Cell References
CHAPTER FIVE
Managing Excel Charts and Tables
Understanding an Excel Table
How to Sort, Create, and Filter a Table
Designing Pivot Charts and Pivot Tables
Different Kinds of Charts in Excel
 How to Add Worksheets to an Excel Workbook
What are Office Add-ins?
How to Insert an Add-in into a Workbook
Changing the Styles, Layouts, and Types of Charts
Changing the Styles of your Charts
Changing the Layouts of your charts
How to Design a Chart with Two Vertical Axes
Inserting Data Labels from a Chart and Range
Manipulating Pie Charts to Illustrate Data
How to Zoom in and Out of a Spreadsheet
How to Use AutoComplete to fill Data from Adjacent Cells
Using the multiple Item Clipboard
Inserting and Viewing Cell Notes
Using Color and Annotations to Highlight Specific Data Points
What are mixed Cell References in Excel?
CHAPTER SIX
Setting a Default Custom Template Folder in Excel 2021
How to Create and Use a Chart Template in Excel
How to Freeze Columns and rows
Splitting a Window into several Panes
How to check spellings in an Excel Workbook
Using Two Clicks to Create a Simple Chart
Using Recommended Chart Features to Create a Chart
Using Quick Layout to Add or Delete Chart Elements
How to Format a Chart Element Manually
Adding Drop Shadows and Formatting 3-D Elements
Using Scale Axes and Gridlines
How to Create a Filled Map Chart
How to Design Different Types of Charts using a Combination Chart
A Filled Map Chart and How to Add Data Labels
CHAPTER SEVEN
Understanding Excel 2021 Functions
Adding Functions
What are Nested Parentheses?
Using the Insert functions in Excel
How to Work with Functions
How to Discover Errors in Functions
Understand how to type in a simple formula
The Components of a Formula
What are Function Arguments?
How to Apply Functions with Arguments
Discovering Arguments in Functions
 Applying Arguments with No Functions
Distinguishing Between Functions and Formulas in Excel
CHAPTER EIGHT
Applying Excel 2021 Formulas
Understanding a Formula in Excel
Adding Formulas
What is the formula Bar?
How to Locate the Formula Tab
Managing How the Formula Bar is Displayed
Different Ways to Insert and Edit Formulas
The Required Data in Excel Formula
What is the Order of formula Operators?
Applying Calculation Operators in Excel Formulas
Ways to Increase and Contract the Formula Tab
How to Enter Data in the Formula Bar
How to Edit Data in the Formula Bar
Formula Operators and How to manage them
Different Types of Operators in Microsoft Excel
How to Manage Formula Operators
CHAPTER NINE
An Overview of Compulsory Excel Formulas and Functions
Basic Excel Functions
The Mod Function and How to Use it
The Round Function and How to Use it
The Sort Function and How to Use it
The Sum Function and How to Use it
The RoundUp Function and How to Use it
The RandBetween Function and How to Use it
Math Functions in Excel 2021
The RoundDown Function and How to Use it
The Sumif Function and How to Use it
Handling A Sumif Function with Multiple Criteria
CHAPTER TEN
Other Operations in Excel 2021
Removing Blanks from a Worksheet
The Shortcut to Remove Blank Rows
Adding Several Rows in Excel
Removing Duplicated Content from Excel Workbook
Removing Duplicates without Deleting Rows
Highlighting Cells with Formulas
Highlighting Numbers and Texts in Excel 2021
How to Transpose on your Worksheet
 Inserting Multiple Rows
Using a Shortcut to Insert Multiple Rows
Adding Text to Columns
Adding Screenshot to Workbook in Excel
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
Microsoft Excel 2021 updates were launched on May 11, 2021. These updates will enable you to
enjoy a seamless experience with all the features of the software. If you already have Excel
installed on your device, you should carry out these updates to help you in maximizing the
potential of the app.
Excel is used as a replacement for Lotus 1-2-3. This is seen as the commercial standard for
spreadsheets due to its variable and customizable features. You can perform some statistical,
financial, and mathematical functions using your Excel software.
This will save you time and energy compared to when such operations were done by the hand.
Being computer literate is a great asset in handling computer-based tasks for your firm.
However, mastering how to operate professional functions in Microsoft Excel will help you to
handle various arithmetic, statistical, and text functions proficiently.
This book is written to expose you to the rudiments of excel in an evolving economy where
virtually all transactions are based on the power of the internet. But you cannot handle fiscal
transactions accurately without tools such as Microsoft Excel. See more inside!
 CHAPTER ONE
The Fundamentals of Microsoft Excel 2021

Microsoft Excel
The fundamentals of Microsoft Excel are hinged on the various formulas and functions
associated with the application. It is designed to help individuals in mastering financial analytical
skills necessary for the growth of a business.
This app is critical in data analysis using the spreadsheet feature. It is preferable for
presentations, financial modeling, and data processing. Also, it is a great tool for financial and
data analysts including investment bankers.
Some of the basic features in Excel are Functions and formulas.
Excel Functions
These functions are used to enter formulas easily instead of typing them manually. They are
predefined formulas such as SUM(A1:A3). In this case, the function adds up all the values
beginning from A1 to A3.
Here are some functional methods of entering data in excel:
a. Simple insertion method – this involves typing a formula into a formula bar or cell. You
begin by typing an equal sign before an Excel function. When you begin typing a function, you
will notice other popup functions in the bar for you to select.
b. Applying Insert function menu from the formula bar – this goes with the Excel Insert
function dialogue box. Scroll down to the bar labeled Formula and tap on the first menu known
as Insert Function. Here, you will see all the functions you can use in completing your financial
records and analysis.
c. Go to the Groups in Formula bar and pick a Formula – you can use this to begin your
functions immediately. Move to the Formula bar and choose a favorite group. Tap on the group
and you will see various functions in the sub-menu bar. Then, make a choice there. Another way
to discover your preferred group is by tapping on the More options tab.
d. Applying the AutoSum function in Excel- this is designed for handling your daily tasks
quickly. It helps to save your time in Excel, simply type in ALT= if you want to add up all the
figures in a range of data. With this formula, you can sum up all numbers in a horizontal or
vertical way without the arrow keys or mouse.
You can locate this option in the right extreme corner and tap the AutoSum option. Click on the
caret to reveal other hidden formulas. You can view this in the Insert Function bar of the
Formulas tab.
Applying the Recently Used Tabs called the Quick Insert option – for re-typing recently used
formulas, which may appear as a cumbersome or monotonous exercise. This function is on the
Formula tab. It is beside AutoSum, the third menu option.
Excel Formulas
These formulas are expressions operating on values in a collection of cells. Therefore, A1 + A2 +
A3 will give you a sum of the collection of numbers from the first cell A1 to the third cell A3.
Let us look at some fundamental Excel Formulas such as:
1. MAX & MIN Function – useful for locating the maximum and minimum numbers within a
range of values.
For Maximum Numbers
=MAX(number1, [number2], …)
For example,
To locate the maximum number between column B from B2 and column C from C2 to row 11
within column B and column C, you will have =MAX(B2:C11)

For Minimum Numbers

=MIN(number1, [number2],…)
For example,
To discover the minimum number between column B from B2 and column C from C2 to row 11
in both columns B and C, you will have =MIN(B2:C11)

2. IF Function – used for sorting data according to a particular logic. The Excel IF statement
enables you to embed functions and formulas within it. It examines a specific condition and
returns a value for a True outcome while another value features a False outcome.
=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

For example,
=IF(C2<D3, ‘TRUE, ‘FALSE’) – used for assessing if the value at C3 is lower than the value at
D3. If the logic is true, the value of the cell will be True, or it will be False.
Therefore,

=IF(SUM(C1:C10) > SUM(D1:D10), SUM(C1:C10), SUM(D1:D10))

This is a complex IF logic. First, you can add C1 to C10 and D1 to D10 and the system will
compare the sum.
When the sum of C1 to C10 is greater than the sum of D1 to D10. The value of one cell will be
equal to the sum of C1 to C10. However, it can make it the SUM of C1 to C10.
3. AVERAGE Function – used for determining simple averages of data like the average number
of students in a class. It is one of the statistical functions used to return average arguments. This
is used to determine the arithmetic mean of a group of figures.
That is =Average(number1, [number2], …). To determine a simple average, you will have
=Average(B2:B11).

4. TRIM Function – helps in removing spaces compared to other functions that can work on
various cells. With this, your functions will not generate errors due to these spaces. It works on a
particular cell but can copy data, thereby duplicating it unnecessarily in your spreadsheet.
=TRIM(text)
For example:
If you want to eliminate empty spaces in the number in cell A2, you will enter =TRIM(A2).

5. COUNT Function – for adding up all cells within a particular range that bear only numbers.
That is =COUNT(value1, [value2], …)
For example, to count all values that are numbers in column A, you will have COUNT (A:A).
But, you have to adjust the range within the formula to count rows. Then, you will have
COUNT(A1:C1) to determine the rows.
6. SUM Function – designed to add up values from various rows or columns based on your
range. This is classified under Trigonometry and Math functions. It helps in adding up cells
provided as several arguments. Most individuals and organizations use it frequently.
Therefore,
=SUM(number 1, [number 2], …)
Examples of SUM functions include
· A basic selection for summing up the values of a row is represented by
=SUM(B2:G2).
· A basic selection for summing up the values of a column is represented by
=SUM(A2:A8).
· A complex collection for summing up values from a range such as A2 to A7
will jump A8 and add A9, skips A10 and A11. It will then add from A12 to A15.
· Then, you can convert the Excel function into a formula using
=SUM(A2:A8)/20.
7. COUNTA Function – for counting all the cells within a particular range, no matter the type of
cell. It is not like the COUNT Function that counts only figures. But the COUNTA Function
counts strings, errors, texts, empty strings, dates, and logical values.
=COUNTA(value1, [value2], …)

For example:
COUNTA(C2:C13) – helps you in counting rows 2 to 13 in column C despite the type. But, you
cannot use this same formula to count rows like the COUNT. The selection within the brackets
requires peculiar adjustment.
Therefore, COUNTA(C2:H2) will calculate columns C to H.
Microsoft Excel Explained
If you want to handle data documentation and analysis, you need Microsoft Excel. As a
spreadsheet program, it comes with various rows and columns containing tables of values.
Therefore, an intersection of a row and column is called a cell. However, every cell has a piece
of information or a point of data.
You will discover Microsoft Excel within the Microsoft Office suite of applications. The values
within an excel spreadsheet can be customized mathematically using both basic and complex
arithmetic functions and operations.
Therefore, Excel is useful for organizing data and performing various financial analyses.
Different organizations such as small and large scale companies employ the tools in Microsoft
Excel to harmonize their data for productivity and proficiency.
The basic uses of Excel spreadsheet application include designing of budgets, sorting of data,
and generating of graphs and charts.

How to Locate Microsoft Excel

If you want to launch Microsoft Excel in your Windows 7, 8, 8.1, and 10, follow these
procedures:
For Windows 10

Microsoft Excel in Windows 10

Go to your screen and click on the Start button. Enter the name of the application you want to
open such as Microsoft Excel.
You will search as you type in the words. Go to the search results and tap the particular software
you want to open it.
But if you have Microsoft 365, Office 2016, and Office 2019, click on the Start button and
navigate to the application name such as Excel. Then, if you are using Office 2013, tap on the
Start button and navigate to the Microsoft Office 2013 section.
Another way to always open Office applications easily is to pin them to your taskbar. Simply,
right-tap on each software and choose any of these options: Pin to Taskbar or Pin to Start.
However, if your Windows 10 contains over five hundred applications in the All Apps menu,
the shortcut to launch Microsoft Excel may not be seen in the Start menu bar. But a new update
will automatically download and install this app on your device.

For Windows 8 or 8.1

Microsoft Office in Windows 8 or 8.1

Go to the Start window and begin to type the name of the software such as Excel or Word. Use
the name of the app to locate it from other applications. This will open automatically. Tap on the
app on the search results to launch it.
Select the arrow at the lower part or swipe up to view all the apps listed on the window for you.
You can navigate to the left or right side of the window to view the Microsoft Office group.

For Windows 7
Microsoft Office in Windows 7
Go to the Start icon on the Window and enter the name of the app you want such as Excel in the
search programs or files menu. From the list, tap on the software you want to launch.
When you tap on the Start button, a menu will popup, select All Programs. This will display all
your programs on the screen. But, if you want to view Microsoft Office groups, you can navigate
downwards.
Different Kinds of Files in Excel 2021
Here are the various kinds of Excel files’ formats, extensions, and descriptions available for you
depending on the type of task you are handling. The various kinds of files in Excel include

S/N Format Extension Description

1. Excel Workbook .xlsx the default XML-

based file format
for Excel 2007
and 2010.

2. Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb the binary file

format for Excel
2007 and 2010
(BIFF12).

3. Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook - code .xlsm the macro-

 enabled and
XML-based file
format for Excel
2016.

4. Excel 97-Excel 2003 (Workbook) .xls Excel 97 – Excel

2003 Binary file
format (BIFF8)

5. Template – code .xltm macro-enable

format for Excel
2007 and 2010
template. It can
store Excel 4.0
macro sheets
regarded as .xlm
and VBA macro
code.

6. Microsoft Excel 5.0/95 Workbook .xls The binary file

format – BIFF5
for Excel 5.0/ 95

7. Excel 97 – Excel 2003 –Template .xlt Excel 97 – Excel

203 Binary file
format -BIFF8

8. Template .xltx The default file

format for Excel
2007 and 2010
but cant store
Excel 4.0 macro
sheets and VBA
macro code.

9. Excel Add-in .xlam XML based and

macro-enabled
Add-in format
for Excel 2007
and 2010.
Compatible with
Excel 4.0 macro
sheets and VBA
projects.

10. XML Spreadsheet 2003 .xml XML

 Spreadsheet 2003
file format -
XMLSS.

11. Excel 4.0 Workbook .xlw Excel 4.0 file

format for
worksheets,
macro sheets, and
chart sheets.

12. Works 6.0 – 9.0 spreadsheet .xlr Spreadsheet

saved in
Microsoft Works
6.0 – 9.0

13. Excel 97 – 2003 Add-in .xla Excel 97 – 2003

Add-In
compatible with
VBA projects
and features
supplemental
program.

14. XML Data .xml XML data format

15. Excel 4.0 Workbook .xlw This is an Excel

4.0 file format. It
can only save
worksheets,

How to Use Excel 2021

To enter data in a new workbook within an existing workbook, you can scroll to the Templates
menu and tap on New from the options. From an existing Workbook dialog box, you will see
New.
Then, scroll or browse the options to the folder, internet location or drive with the Workbook you
want to open. Select the Workbook and tap on Create New.
Go to the worksheet and tap on a cell. Enter the text or numbers you want press TAB. You can
also press Enter bar. If you want to type in data on a new line in the same cell, enter a line break
by pressing ALT+Enter buttons.
Useful Instruments or Tools in Excel 2021
Microsoft Excel is a valuable tool for organizations and individuals that want to harmonize their
data and encounter growth and development. But there are some tools in Excel that can help you
to handle your tasks properly. They are:
a. Kutools offers over three hundred extra functionalities in Excel files. Some of the features
you can enjoy with this instrument are conversion of content, combination of worksheets,
merging of cells with no loss of data. It also features dropdown lists among other features. The
price for this tool is forty-nine dollars and enables you to use a few taps in handling complex
projects.
b. XLTOOLs.net Data Cleaning is useful for cleaning Excel sheets. If you have large data
copied unto an Excel spreadsheet, you can modify and organize them with this tool. It is easy to
remove empty spaces, change text cases, and convert cell formats. The price is free and you need
it to build apps with the Open As app tool.
c. ASAP Utilities – offers over three hundred utilities for Excel files. With this, you can
organize and sort files and even manage bulk actions. It is available in ten languages. To use this
tool, you will pay forty-nine dollars.
This tool helps you in handling your Excel files making them machine-legible in a way that you
can develop apps easily.
d. Lucidchart diagrams in spreadsheets – offers enhanced potential for designing diagrams and
flowcharts within your Excel files. It serves as a visual workspace for your projects. It is a free
plan for only a user but business plans for three workers could cost twenty dollars.
e. Bing Maps for Excel – enables you to apply location data to modify map controls such as
zoom in or out. It helps you in plotting locations from an Excel file and you can see them on a
map. It is offered free. The maps are built-in to the spreadsheet.
f. Duplicate Remover tool – an add-in that searches for duplicated data and eliminates them
from your Excel spreadsheets. The tool provides six different options on how you can delete
copied files. It is a free tool that is valuable while building apps from your Excel file.
g. Quandl for Excel – an Excel add-in that is useful for economic and fiscal datasets. You can
manage large financial datasets for corporate financial institutions. It enables you to explore
various data in different formats. You can also download data volumes for creating reports and
explore a vast scope of data in different formats. It is a free tool that functions using an API.
h. QR4Office for QR codes – these codes are incorporated into Excel for redirecting and
leading users to specific links. They are useful for apps and spreadsheets. It enables you to
choose the size, color, and background on images in a spreadsheet for quick incorporation into
Excel software.
i. Power Tools in Excel – contains over thirty instruments designed to enable you to
organize your spreadsheets easily. It offers thirty different functionalities, eliminating the task of
repeating tasks. This tool is useful for customizing your spreadsheets. It is a free tool for Excel
projects.
The features of these power tools include
 Merging of cells.
Transferring ranges from other sheets.
Eliminating duplicates
Replacing or changing data.

j. Add satellites, street, and road maps in your Excel files. With this, you can show route
data and address in your Excel file. The price is $9.99
k. Open as an App for developing apps from your Excel sheets. It requires no coding
skills and can be done with little or minimal input. It helps in maintaining the calculations and
logic from your spreadsheet data. These could be transferred automatically. It functions with
other add-ons in Microsoft Excel.
It can function with a free plan or Basic plan that costs thirty-nine Euros every month.
l. Bottleneck detector for removing sections of your Excel file that are reducing its
performance. The tool detects bottlenecks in ranges or full sheets and helps you to make
modifications to enhance the speed of the file.
Moreover, you need to have this tool in your system before building apps with your spreadsheet.
The price is $9.99.
The Location of Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office. If you want to launch
it, simply tap on the Excel button. Another method of locating Excel is using the search tool,
which you can access from the Start button on your workstation.
After opening the software, you may need to move Solver into Excel. Scroll to the Tools menu
in the Excel banner tab. You can start using Solver immediately if you see it in the Tools menu.
The New Features in Excel 2021
Updating your Excel version to Excel 2021 will help you to see all the new features in the
application. Some of the new features include Power Query, Ink improvements, publish to power
BI, sharing is easier, general improvements, better accessibility features, new charts, power pivot
updates, new functions, enhanced visuals, and pivot table enhancements.
Power Query – this feature new and improved connectors such as SAP HANA connector. There
are data transformation features located in Power Query Editor such as inserting custom
columns, splitting columns, and adding columns from an example. Also, you have filtering
transformations including merge and append operations.
Another one is the general improvements made in the Get and transform section. The Power
Query Editor is also improved with features such as date picker support for date fillers,
conditional columns, reordering query steps using drag and drop features, and select-as-you-type
dropdown menu.
Ink Improvements – features new ink effects such as galaxy, gold, rainbow, ocean, lava, and
silver.
Ink Effects in Excel Spreadsheet
Other features include an adaptable set of pens, digital pens, new ink replay button, and ink
equations. You also have Lasso select at your fingertips, conversion of ink drawing to shapes,
and using your surface pen to choose and change objects.
Adaptable set of pens.

Publish To Power BI – with your power BI subscription, you can publish native files stored
locally to Power BI. Save your file to your PC, tap on the File menu and select the Publish icon.
From the options, you can click on Publish to Power BI. Tap on Go to Power icon BI after
uploading. This will highlight all the files within your web browser.
Sharing Is Easier - with this function, you can save to recent folders by going to the Files menu
and tapping on the Save As icon. From the lists, you can click on the Recent menu. You can
also view and restore changes in shared workbooks. If anyone made any changes in shared
workbooks, you can see them and edit them as well.
Hyperlinks could be attached easily to Excel files in your websites and other cloud-based
documents.
 Attaching links to Excel Files
General Improvements – this function incorporates enhanced autocomplete, precision
selecting, easier access to subscript and superscript, including new themes and black theme.
Additionally, you can break language barriers as this function helps in translating words, phrases,
and sentences to another language. If you want to save a CSV file, you will not have any warning
such as “This file may contain features that are not compatible with CSV”
It also features DLP functionalities in Excel. This means data loss protection.
Better Accessibility Features – makes your files more accessible with accessibility checker.
New Charts – this function enables you to design a map chart and funnel chart. The map chart
helps you in comparing values and highlights categories across regions. But funnel charts display
several stages in a process. As the values diminish, you can see the bars change to the shape of a
funnel.

A funnel chart in an Excel file

Power Pivot Updates – features column selection using column navigation, save relationship
diagram view as picture, enhanced edit relationship, and auto column suggestion for same
column name in both tables. It also offers fixes that improve your overall modeling user
experience and enhanced edit relationship dialog creates faster and more accurate data
relationships.
New Functions – these functions include
· IFS – helps you in typing multiple IF functions but the conditions are examined according
to your specific order.
· SWITCH – used for assessing a list of values accordingly and returns the first matching
outcome. When no result corresponds, the else will be returned.
· MINIFS – returns the smallest figure within a range, if it satisfies one or more criteria.
· MAXIFS – can return the largest figure within a range if it meets one or more criteria.
· TEXTJOIN – capable of blending text from various ranges and every item is separated by
a specified delimiter.
· CONCAT - this function is shorter and quicker to type and compatible with range
references including cell references.
Enhanced Visuals – here, you will have SVG – scalable vector graphics promoting the visibility
of your presentations, worksheets, and documents. It inserts 3D models to view all the angles.
This helps to enhance the creative and visual impact of your workbook and you can rotate it
through 360 degrees. You can also convert SVG icons to shapes by transforming their size,
color, and texture.
Pivot Table Enhancements – provides flexible and clear data analysis features using power
pivot and data model. It personalizes the default pivot table layout, automatic relationship
detection, automatic time grouping, smart reaming of tables and columns, including search in the
pivot table.
Other highlights include creating, editing, and deleting of custom measures, pivot chart drill
down buttons, multi-select slicer, and multiple usability improvements. It also gives you faster
OLAP pivot tables featuring a reduction of the number of queries, smarter caches, and improved
query efficiency.
You can save your CSV files with UTF-8 character encoding. Simply, scroll to the File menu
and tap on the Save As button. Then, from the options, you can click on the Browse icon.
What are Update Channels in Excel?
In the Project and Visio desktop apps, the update channel is the present default channel located
in Microsoft 365 apps for business and subscription versions.

Adjusting from the Touch Mode to the Mouse Mode

If you want to change from touch mode to mouse mode, scroll to the upper part of the Outlook
Client. Then, tap on the Customize Quick Access Toolbar arrow. Go to the menu and click on
the Touch/Mouse Mode tab.
This action will put the Touch/Mouse Mode icon on the Quick Access toolbar. Tap on the icon
and choose the mode you want to use.
 CHAPTER TWO
What is a Cell in Excel 2021?
An intersection where a column and a row meet on a spreadsheet is called a cell. This is simply a
worksheet with different rows and columns that meet to form cells. Data is recorded in cells in
Excel.
How to Insert Contents in a Cell
To insert contents in a cell, go to the worksheet and tap on a cell. Enter the texts or numbers you
want by typing them in. then, press the Enter bar. If you want to enter data on a new line inside
a cell, click on a line break by pressing ALT+Enter.
Additionally, if you want to create a bulleted list in Excel, click on a blank cell. Then, press
down on the Alt key and type in 0149 in the number tab. This function will insert a bullet into
the cell.

How to Wrap Texts in a Cell

This feature helps you to prevent longer texts from overlapping into other cells in an Excel
spreadsheet. With this, you can display text on many lines instead of one long line.
You can wrap texts in a cell automatically by visiting the Alignment section in the Home tab.
From the lists, select the Wrap Text button.
If you are using Excel for desktop, you can tap on the cell. Then press down Alt + H + W notes.
Data in the cell wraps to fit the column width. Data wrapping can change automatically when
you adjust the column width.

How to Auto Select different Cells

You can quickly select rows, columns, cells, and even ranges including the contents of a cell in a
worksheet. Here are ways to autoselect cells:
a. Navigate to the last cell within the range you want to select.
b. Press down your shift key.
c. Tap on the cell.
d. With this function, all the cells in the range will be selected.
Resizing Rows and Columns in a cell
You can adjust the row height or column width manually. Also, you can resize the rows or
columns to match the data automatically.
Now, launch Excel and select a document to load. Position the cursor within a cell and tap to
highlight it. Go to the ribbon on the right side and press the Format button. From the menu, you
can click on Column Row height, to adjust the height of a Row.
Then, type in the preferred width and click the OK icon.
How to Copy the Contents of a Cell
To copy the contents of a cell, begin by selecting the range of cells. Press Ctrl + C on your
keyboard or tap on the Copy button located in the Home menu. Place your cursor on the cells
where you want to paste the contents. You will notice a dashed box around the copied cells.
How to Paste the Contents of a Cell
If you want to move or paste the contents of a cell in an Excel spreadsheet, simply select a range
of cells. Press the ctrl + X buttons or click on the Home menu and tap on Cut. Locate a cell
where you can transfer the data.
Press the ctrl + V buttons or go to the Home menu and click on the Paste icon. With the copy
and paste commands, you can transfer the cells in your worksheet. Locate the cells and press
Ctrl + C or simply, press the Copy button. Then, press Ctrl + V or tap on the Paste button.
Can you Change the Font and Font-Size of a Cell?
Changing the font and font-size of contents within a cell in Microsoft Excel could be done in the
following ways:
1. Tap on the File menu and select Options.
2. Scroll to the dialog box and select the General bar.
3. Navigate to When creating new workbooks bar, a dialog box opens showing the Font size.
Type in the font size you want.
How to Use Bold and Italics in a Cell
You can use Bold and Italics in a cell in Microsoft Excel in the following ways:
a. Choose the text you want to format.
b. Navigate to the Home menu and tap on the Bold or Italic icons. Press on Ctrl + B buttons, if
you want to be bold. Also, if you want to italicize any text, press on the Ctrl + I buttons.
c. You can tap the dialog box launcher in the Font section to view other formatting
menus.
Calculating Totals using AutoSum
When you have some numbers you want to calculate, tap on AutoSum on the Home Menu.
Press the Enter button. If you tap on AutoSum button, Microsoft Excel will use a formula
operating with the SUM function to add the numbers. This will generate the total of the figures
for you.
The Fill handle in a Cell
The fill handle is designed to enable you to auto-complete a list inside a column or row. This is
achieved by dragging it with your mouse.
When you select the cells with the contents that you want to use, you will see the fill handle like
a small square in the lower right side of the chosen cells. Then, press down the fill handle until
all the cells you want to fill are selected. Now, you can release the mouse to fill the chosen cells.

Underlining Commas in a Cell

If you want to underline commas or other contents in a worksheet, follow these procedures:
1. Select the range of cells or cells to underline all numbers or texts.
2. Double-tap on the cell to underline a segment of it.
3. Then, select the numbers or texts you want to underline.
4. In the Font section on the Home menu, tap the Underline

5. If you want to use a double underline, a single accounting underline or a double accounting
underline, tap the dialog box launcher. This is beside the Font. From the underline box, select the
type you want to apply.

A Cell and How to Format it

You can format cells and the texts or numbers in them. Simply, choose the cells you want to
change from a specific range. Tap the menu beside Number format options. This is located on
the Home menu.
You will see the Number Formatting menu. Click on the preferred Formatting style. The new
formatting style will be applied to the selected cells.
How to Add Borders to a Cell
If you want to add borders to a group of cells or a cell, select such cells. Go to the Home menu
and locate the Font section. Tap the down arrow beside the Borders icon.
A menu pops up with a list of various types of borders. Select the border you want to apply. This
will be effected on the cells.
Ways to Delete a Cell from the System
To delete cells from the spreadsheet in Excel, tap and select the range of cells or a cell you want
to delete. Tap on the Delete list arrow. Choose Delete cells. This will cause a dialog box to
show.
Then, to fill the deleted cells, choose how you want to move the cells. You can select Shift cells
right. This will cause existing cells to shift to the right. Tap on the OK button to set it up.
Another method is to scroll to the Home menu. Locate the Cells section and tap on the arrow
beside the Delete button. From the popup menu, choose Delete Cells.
How to Drag and Drop a Cell
Here are the methods of moving cells with drag and drop features:
a. The first step is to locate the range of cells to move and select them.
b. Position your mouse pointer on the edge of the chosen range. This pointer turns to the symbol
of a hand or four-sided arrow.
c. Press down the left mouse button and drag the cells to any location you want them to
be.

How to Modify the Text Alignment of your Border in Cells

You can align texts in a cell using vertical alignment and horizontal alignment.
Horizontal Alignment
For horizontal alignment, you have left alignment, right alignment, and center alignment.
Vertical Alignment
For vertical alignment, you have bottom alignment, top alignment, and middle alignment.
But if you want to modify text alignment of your border in cells, you can use these shortcuts:
· Press Alt + H then A + L for aligning the left side.
· Press Alt + H then A + R for aligning the right side.
· Press Alt + H then A + C for aligning the center.
· Press Alt + H then A + B for aligning the bottom.
· Press Alt + H then A + T for aligning the upper part.
· Press Alt + H then A + M for aligning the middle part.
 CHAPTER THREE
How to Manage Operations in Excel 2021
Understanding how to manage some operations in Excel 2021 will help you to enjoy the benefits
of your Excel software.
Follow these procedures to manage operations in your Excel spreadsheets:
a. Applying parentheses in handling Excel formulas. The section of the formula you want to
calculate first; should be put in parentheses. Excel performs multiplication before addition. For
instance, = 7 + 3*4 is 19. Here, we multiplied 3 by 4, which is 12. Then, we added 7 to 12 to get
19.
b. Using formulas in calculating values in a particular order. In Excel, you start writing a
formula using the symbol of equals to (=). The characters that come after the equals sign are
regarded as ‘Formula’.
The operands are the elements you will calculate including cell references and constants
following the equal to symbol. We use the calculation operators to differentiate the operands.
Based on a given pattern for every operator in the formula, the formulas are determined from left
to right.
c. Combining different operators in a single Excel formula. Below is a list of the order in
which Excel handles operations such as the Operator, symbol, and description.
· The colon (: ) = Reference operators. (single space)
· Comma (,)
· - = Negation or negative symbol.
· % = Percent
· ^ = Exponentiation
· * and / = Multiplication and Division.
· + and - = Addition and Division
· & = uses Concatenation by connecting two strings of text.
· <>
· <=
· >=
· <>
Launching Excel 2021 from Windows 10
Go to the Taskbar and right tap on the Excel button. Press down the Alt-key and left-tap on the
Excel menu bar.
Now, press down the Alt-key until the screen under shows up. From the options, you can click
on the Yes icon to open a new instance.
Another method is running the application. Tap on the Start menu and click on Run. Then, fill
in Excel.exe/x. after typing these letters, click on the Enter menu. But you can move to
Windows 10. Locate the Start menu and type in Excel.exe/x. After this, press the Enter bar to
launch the software.
How to Open Excel 2021 from the Window
Press down the Shift Key and tap on the Taskbar. Also, if you press down the Shift key and tap
the Excel button located within the Taskbar, you can launch Excel workbooks in different
windows.
Updating your Excel Version
If you want to update your version of Microsoft Excel, go to the Start menu and from the list, tap
on All Programs. Select Windows Update from the list.
You can also see this in the Control Panel. Now, this command will redirect you to the
Windows Update menu. With this, your system will install updates whenever you want to update
your software.

How to Change the Office Theme in Excel

Scroll to your Office software such as Excel and tap on the menu bar. Choose Preferences and
from the options. Click on the General icon. Then, you can configure your theme under the
Personalize area.

Using the Ribbon

Ribbon Display menu
Go to the upper right of your document and tap the Ribbon Display menu. Scroll to the menu
on the screen and select Show Tabs and Commands. This will highlight the Ribbon with all
full commands and tabs.
To display the Ribbon tabs with no commands, select Show Tabs icon. You can also press any
of the tabs to access the commands within the Show Tabs menu.

Then, if you want to hide all tabs and commands, select the Auto-hide Ribbon. This will allow
you to have enough viewing space for your Workbook. Tapping the upper part of your
Workbook will enable you to access tabs and commands within this section.
How to Maximize and Minimize the Excel Window
To maximize the window, scroll to the right side of the screen and tap on the Maximize icon.
When you want to minimize it, go to the right side and tap on the Minus or Minimize icon. But
if you want to close the window, tap on the Close or X button.
Viewing the Start Screen in your Windows
When you want to view the start screen in your windows, launch Excel and open a new
workbook by tapping on Blank workbook in the start window. Another method is opening an old
saved workbook.
Then, tap on the File menu and select Options. Go to the Excel menu and click on the General
bar located in the left window.
What is a Workbook in Excel?
A workbook is a group of one or more spreadsheets or worksheets in Microsoft Excel. They are
located within a single file and contain data. Worksheets are included in a workbook. They are
organized as Sheet 1, Sheet 2, Sheet 3, etc. within a workbook.
How to Create a new Workbook
Creating a new workbook from an old workbook could be done by scrolling to the File menu
and tapping on the New icon. Go to the Templates bar and select New from existing.
Scroll to the New from the existing Workbook menu. Search or browse the folder, drive or
web location where the Workbook you want to open is located. Tap on the Workbook and select
Create New icon.
Viewing two Workbooks Simultaneously
It is possible to view two Workbooks at the same time. Follow these methods to achieve your
goals:
1. Move to the Window group in the View tab and select New window.
2. Tap on View side by side in the Window group located on the View menu.
3. Select the sheet you want to compare in each Workbook screen.
4. Then, select Synchronous Scrolling to navigate the two worksheets simultaneously.
Sharing and Exporting Workbooks
To share an Excel Workbook, scroll to the Review menu. Go to the Changes group and select
Share Workbook.
Visit the Editing menu and choose Allow Changes by more than a user simultaneously.
To save the shared workbook on a network location where other users can view and use it, go to
the Save As dialog box.
Discovering Autorecover Files in Excel
If you want to recover your files using autorecover in Excel, navigate to the File menu and select
Open. Click on Recent Workbooks and move down to select Recover Unsaved Workbooks
icon. This is found at the end part of the menu.
When the dialog window opens, click on the necessary file and tap Open.
How to Save your Files in Excel

If you want to save a file in Excel, tap on the Save icon. Then, from the menu select Save AS
button. Go to the Save As menu and choose where you can save your workbook. If you decide
to save in your system, select Computer.
From the options, you can tap on Browse to locate a place within your Documents folder for
saving files. You can change the location by tapping on Desktop on your system. here, you will
choose the right place to save your projects.
Go to the File name box and type in a name for a new workbook. But if you are making another
copy of an old workbook, use a different name.
You can save your file in a preferred format using formats such as .xls, .txt., etc. from the Save
As type found in the File name box, select the format you like.
Finally, tap on the Save icon.
The User Interface of Excel Ribbon
This interface is the rectangular grid of columns and rows represented in Excel spreadsheets. It is
only a section of the Excel user interface. It is the layout applied in Excel 2007.
Moreover, the title bar bears the name of the workbook. The ribbon tabs are used for menu items
at the upper level. Also, the worksheet tabs contain a list of all worksheets within a workbook.
These ribbons are those tabs on the upper side of the interface helping you to search and discover
the commands in Microsoft Excel.
How to Design a New Worksheet in Excel
You can design a New worksheet in Microsoft Excel by tapping on the File menu. Select New.
Scroll down to the Available Templates menu. Then, you can double-tap on a Blank
Workbook.
You can also use the keyboard shortcut to create a new blank workbook easily. Simply, press
down Ctrl + N.

Entering Numbers and Texts in a Worksheet

To enter numbers or texts in a worksheet, select cell. Simply, type in the numerals or texts you
want to represent in the sheet. Press the Enter bar. If you want to type in data within a new line in
a cell, press down Alt + Enter buttons together and enter a line break.
How to Transfer or Copy a Worksheet
Transferring or copying a worksheet requires you to open the Workbook, which you intend to
move. Go to the Window menu and select the workbook with the sheet you want to move.
Tap on the Sheet you want to move to the other workbook. Then, scroll to the Edit tab and
select Sheet. Then, select Move Sheet or Copy sheet from the menu.
How to Remove a Worksheet
If you want to remove a Worksheet, right-tap on the Sheet tab. From the menu, you can click on
the Delete button. Also, you can click the sheet and from the options, tap on the Home menu.
A window pops open, select the Delete icon. Then, click the Delete sheet.
How to Handle Cells in a Worksheet
One of the ways to handle cells in a worksheet is merging of cells. In this case, choose two or
more cells you desire to merge. These cells must be adjacent to each other.
Go to the Home menu and select the Merge and Center button. But you can merge cells
without applying the centering feature.
You can also tap the arrow beside Merge and Center. From the list, you can select Merge Cells
or Merge Across.

Strategies to Change the Color of a Worksheet

In Microsoft Excel, if you want to change the color of a tab in your workbook, follow these
strategies:
1. Right-tap on the menu and move your cursor over the Tab Color option. This is when you
want to change the color of a single worksheet tab.
2. You will notice a palette of Standard colors and Theme colors shown on the submenu of
colors.
3. To choose a color, tap on it.
4. Also, tap on More Colors if you don’t see your preferred color on the list.

Methods of Renaming a Worksheet

If you want to rename a worksheet, locate the Sheet menu and double-tap on it. Then, type the
new name. Another method is to right-tap the Sheet menu. Select the Rename icon from the
menu and enter the new name.
You can also type the new name using the keyboard shortcut Alt + H > O > R.

Exiting Excel 2021 from your Windows

Tap on the Workbook window, which you have decided to close. Go to the top right side of the
Workbook screen and tap on the Close Window icon.
 CHAPTER FOUR
Handling Various Worksheets and Workbooks in Excel 2021
If you want to handle various worksheets and workbooks in Excel, follow these methods:
1. Scroll between all open files. This will help you to view a list of every workbook on the pane.
2. Use drag and drop method in moving and copying sheets in Excel.
3. You can edit, delete, rename, and save your Workbooks in the system.
4. Organize your worksheets alphabetically.
5. Easily insert any type of worksheet with a single button click.
6. You can locate worksheets by entering their names and all the matches will display on the
screen.
How to Cover and Uncover a Worksheet
When you cover or hide worksheets, the data in them are also hidden. But you can uncover or
unhide any worksheet at any time. Follow these steps to remove any worksheet from view:
1. Right –tap the sheet menu you want to hide or cover.
2. You can also right tap on any visible sheet to uncover or unhide them.
3. Click on the Hide button to cover any worksheet.
4. If you want to uncover or unhide worksheets, scroll to the Unhide menu and select them.
5. Then, click on the OK icon to set up the feature.
Also, if you want to hide multiple sheets, press down the Ctrl button on your keyboard and tap
on the items. This will enable you to select all the needed items. Adjust your selection using by
pressing down the Shift button. Then, use the up arrow key or down arrow key to adjust the
selections you made.
Handling Multiple Find and Replace in Excel
To use this function, select all the cells you want to replace their numbers or texts. Navigate to
the Home menu and click on Editing ground. Tap on Find & Select button. Press down ctrl +
H from the keyboard simultaneously or tap on the Replace icon.
Scroll to Find what tab and enter the value or text you want to replace. If you want to replace
one item, tap on the Replace icon but to replace multiple items, click on the Replace All icon.
Transfer and Duplicate Worksheets from a Workbook to another one
If you want to transfer and duplicate your worksheets from a Workbook to another, simply open
the workbook where you want to copy the Sheet to. Scroll to the Window menu and locate the
workbook with the sheet you want to copy.
Now, move to the Edit tab, press the Sheet icon and select the Move or Copy Sheet button.
Select the workbook you want to copy the sheet to on the To book menu.

How to View a Workbook in Various Windows

Viewing a workbook in different screens will enable you to access two worksheets within a
particular workbook. Simply, go to the Window group in the View tab and select New Window.
Also, from the Window group on the View tab tap on View Side by Side.
Tap on the sheet you want to compare in each workbook window. Tap on Synchronous Sharing
if you want to navigate both Worksheets simultaneously.

Understanding Cell References

You cannot use cell references without understanding them properly. We have three kinds of cell
references such as absolute cell references, relative cell references, and mixed cell references. If
you want to change between different types of cell references, simply press F4.
How to Reference Worksheets in Another Workbook
You can reference worksheets in other worksheets within the same workbook, enter the name of
the worksheet in addition to an exclamation sign (!). This mark should come before the cell
address.
Therefore, if you want to refer to cell A1 in Sheet 2, you should enter Sheet 2!.
How to Reference other Worksheet
Here are ways to reference another worksheet in Excel:
a. Tap on the cell where you want type in the formula.
b. Enter the equal sign (=) including the formula you want to use.
c. To reference the worksheet, press the tab.
d. Choose the cell or group of cells you want to reference.
Using the Relative References
You can use relative references to create and copy a formula. Simply, choose the cell containing
the formula. To estimate the proper value, enter the formula. Then, go to your keyboard and
press Enter.
Scroll to the fill handle at the lower right side of the chosen cell. Press down and drag the fill
handle over the cells you want to fill.

Using the Absolute Reference in Creating and Duplicating a Formula

To create and edit a formula using absolute references, copy the formula you entered with
absolute references. This will enable you to preserve the cell references. Then, choose the cell
with the formula and copy it using ctrl + C.
Now, you can tap the destination cell where you decide to paste the formula. However, the cell
references will definitely change. When you copy a formula 2 rows to the right, the cell
references in the formula will shift 2 cells to the right side.
Different Kinds of Cell References
In Microsoft Excel, there are two kinds of cell references. They are relative cell reference and
absolute cell reference. If you copy and fill these references to other cells, they tend to behave in
another way.
If you copy and paste a formula to another cell, relative reference will change. But
notwithstanding where they are copied, absolute references do not change.
 CHAPTER FIVE
Managing Excel Charts and Tables
To manage Excel charts, you will start by calculating the mean and standard deviation. Visit the
Control line column. Navigate to the first cell under the header cell C2. Enter the formula -
$H$1. The average result is cell $H$1. Drag the fill handle to fill the ranges of data and cells you
need.
To manage Excel tables, scroll down to the worksheet Query of Excel working file. Tap on any
cell of the table. Choose Table tools design tab.
Visit the Table Name icon and enter Monthly sales as a table name. Finally, click on the Enter
icon.
Understanding an Excel Table
If you want to understand Microsoft Excel tables faster, click on the cell or range in the data.
Choose Home icon. From the list, select Format as table.
Click on a table style. A dialog box will appear, tap on the checkbox beside My table as headers.
This will cause the first row of the range to be the header row. Then, tap on the Ok bar.

How to Sort, Create, and Filter a Table

This process will enable you to concentrate on a particular set of data. You can filter a range of
cells or a table. Simply, tap on any cell in the table or cell.
Go to the Home menu, select the Sort & Filter button. Tap on the Filter icon. Tap on the
dropdown arrow, Scroll to the upper part of one of the columns to show the filter menu
Designing Pivot Charts and Pivot Tables
To design pivot tables, tap on a cell in your table. Click on the Insert icon. From the options,
choose PivotTables. Navigate downwards to view the suggested layouts. Pick the layout you
want and tap on the Ok button.
To design pivot charts, click on a cell from your table. Tap on the Pivot tables tool. From the
menu, select the Analyze button and click on PivotChart. Then, click on a Chart and tap on the
Ok button.

Different Kinds of Charts in Excel

In Microsoft Excel, there are various charts that help you to carry out your tasks successfully.
The type of chart you will design depends on they data available for you.
Here are various charts that you can see in Excel platform:
1. Pie chart – highlights the sizes of items in a series of data. This is proportional to the sum of
the items. In a pie chart, the data points are displayed as a percentage of the whole pie. Examples
include bar of pie, pie, pie of pie, and 3-D pie.
2. XY chart or Scatter chart – for showing and comparing numbers such as engineering,
statistical, and scientific data.
3. Doughnut chart – resembles a pie chart and is used for displaying the relationship of parts to
a whole. It comes with rings indicating a data series.
4. Stock chart – displays changes in the prices of stocks. Examples include open-high-low-
close, high-low-close, volume-open-high-low-close, and volume-high-low-close.
5. Radar chart – for comparing the total values of several data series. Organize the data in rows
or columns on a worksheet.
6. Bar chart – used for comparing specific items. The values are arranged along the horizontal
axis while the categories are arranged in the vertical axis.
7. Column chart – shows categories along the horizontal axis and values along the vertical axis.
Examples of column charts include stacked column, clustered column, 3-D clustered column, 3-
D stacked column, 3-D column, 3-D 100% stacked column, and 100% stacked column.
8. Combo chart – uses two or more charts to create comprehensive data. It has a secondary axis
and is easier to read as the data is organized in rows and columns. Examples include stacked area
clustered column, custom combination, clustered column (line on secondary axis, and clustered
column line.
9. Surface chart – used for locating the optimum combinations between two sets of data. 3-D
surface, contour, wireframe contour, and wireframe 3-D surface.
10. Bubble chart – it has an extra column for specifying the size of bubbles. It highlights the
data points in a series of data.
11. Line chart – used for highlighting trends in data at equal intervals. It displays continuous
data in an evenly scaled axis. Examples of a line chart include stacked line, 100% stacked line, 3-
D line, 100% stacked line with markers, stacked line with markers, and line with markers.
12. Area chart – designing the change over time and drawing attention to the total value across a
trend. It displays the sum of the total values. Examples include 3-D stacked area, Area, 100%
stacked area, stacked area, 3-D area, 3-D 100% stacked area.
How to Add Worksheets to an Excel Workbook
You can add worksheets to a Workbook in Excel by inserting a new worksheet at the front of an
old worksheet. Go to the Home menu and tap on your favorite worksheet.
Scroll to the Cells group and tap on the Insert icon. From the options, select Insert Sheet.
Another method is right-tapping the tab of an old worksheet and tap on the Insert icon.

What are Office Add-ins?

Office add-ins are used for developing solutions that improve Office applications. These apps are
designed in a way that they can interact with contents in Office documents. These applications
enable you to use Javascript, CSS, HTML, and other web technologies that can interact with
Microsoft Excel, Word, Outlook, OneNote, PowerPoint, and Project.
These solutions can function in Office over several platforms such as Mac, Windows, iPad, and
browsers.
How to Insert an Add-in into a Workbook
If you want to insert add-ins into an Excel workbook, tap on the File menu and select Options.
Click on Add-ins from the displayed lists on the screen.
Then, you can select a type of Add-in and hit on the Go button. From the menu, choose the add-
ins you want to add or remove. You can also select the add-ins to load and upload. Another way
is browsing to locate the add-ins you can install.
Changing the Styles, Layouts, and Types of Charts
There are various styles and layouts in Microsoft Office. They are also called quick layouts and
quick styles. Here are different ways to change your styles and layouts for every chart:
Changing the Styles of your Charts
Before changing the chart style, you need to select the type of chart you will use by selecting the
chart you want to format. Now, you will see various Chart Tools. Simply, Add the Design
layout and format tabs.
Scroll to the Design tab and select the Chart Styles group. Then, tap the style of chart you want.
Tap the chart element you want to format and select the chart. This will show the Chart Tools.
Simply, add the Design layout and Format tabs.
Go to the Format tab and click on the Current Selection tab. Tap the Arrow in the Chart
Element box. Select the chart element to change the format.
On the Format tab, go to the Current Selection area and choose Format Selection. In the
Format menu, click on Chart Element tab. From the list, tap on the formatting styles that you
want.
Now, you should go on to the Shape Styles section. Press the More icon and choose a style.
From the options, tap on Shape Fill and select Shape Outline. it could be labeled as Shape
Effects. Then, choose the formatting options you want.
Move to the WordArt Styles area and select a WordArt Style option. Also, tap on Text Fill,
after that click on Text Outline, and finally, Text Effects.
Changing the Layouts of your charts
Before, you can change the layout of a chart, select the chart you want customized. With this,
you will see the Chart tools. Then, you can add the Design layout and Format tabs.
Go to the Design tab in the Chart Layouts section. Tap on the chart layout you want to use.
Now, press any point in the chart. Also, you can tap the chart element you want to change. Scroll
to the Layout tab and click on the Labels section. From the options, select the chart label you
want to change.

Go to the Axes section, select a layout option for the gridlines or axis you want to customize. Go
to the Background section, choose a layout option for the background you want format.
Navigate to the Analysis section, tap on the layout option for the bars or lines you want to add.
You can add images, text boxes, or shapes. You can even edit the chart’s name. Right –tap the
chart element you want to change. Select Format from the options and then, Chart element.

How to Design a Chart with Two Vertical Axes

Designing a chart with two vertical axes requires you to click on a chart. This will open up
Chart Tools. From the list, click on Design and tap Change Chart Type.
Choose the Combo icon and tap on the Cluster Column – Line on the Secondary Axis. Tap on
Secondary Axis for the series of data you want to display. Press the dropdown Arrow and click
on Line. Then, tap Ok.
Inserting Data Labels from a Chart and Range
To insert data labels, tap on the chart and select the Chart Design menu. Press Add Cart
Element. From the options, you can click on the Data Labels Range.
Then, pick a location for the data label menu. However, the options you choose will be different
based on the type of chart you have. Select Data Callout, to display your data label inside a text
bubble shape.

Manipulating Pie Charts to Illustrate Data

You can customize your pie chart if you want to illustrate data. The first step is formatting or
highlighting the data you want to represent in the pie chart.
Now, select the insert tab in the Ribbon. Scroll to the Charts group and tap on the Insert
Doughnut chart or pie chart. Tap on 2D pie in the popup menu. Then, your pie chart will be
displayed on the screen.
How to Zoom in and Out of a Spreadsheet
With the keyboard, you can zoom in and out of a spreadsheet using the Zoom menu. Simply, tap
on the Alt. key, tip badges or labels will display on the Ribbon. Then, click W. this will enable
the View button.
To show the Zoom menu, click on q. Choose a zoom level by pressing the up and down arrow
keys. After this, tap on the Enter icon.
How to Use AutoComplete to fill Data from Adjacent Cells
You can apply the VLOOKUP function by clicking on a blank cell, which you want to auto
populate the adjacent value. Simply, copy and paste the formula below into it. After copying,
press the Enter button.
Therefore, whenever you choose a name in the list, E2 will be auto-populated using the specific
score.

Using the multiple Item Clipboard

You can copy up to twenty-four items from your Office documents or other programs and paste
them into another Office document. Here are ways to do it for Windows:
1. Launch the file where you want to copy items from.
2. Press ctrl + C buttons after selecting the first item you want to copy.
3. You can get all needed items copied from the same file or other files until you have 24 items
in the clipboard. If you get 25th item, the first one will be deleted.
4. Tap where you want the items to be pasted and you can paste collected items into an Office
program.
5. Then, double-tap every item you want to paste in the Clipboard task pane.
6. Tap on the Paste All icon in the Clipboard task pane. This will enable you to paste all copied
items.
If you want to delete items from the Office clipboard simultaneously or separately, tap on the
Arrow beside the item you want to remove and press the Delete button.
But if you want to clear every item, tap on the Clear All button.

Inserting and Viewing Cell Notes

To insert and view cell notes, right-tap the cell and select Insert Comment. You can also Press
Shift+F2. But if you are using Excel for Office 365, you can right-tap the cell and select the New
Note icon.
Then, enter your Annotation text and tap outside the cell.
Using Color and Annotations to Highlight Specific Data Points
If you want to effect this in your spreadsheets, follow these procedures:
1. Go to your chart and right-tap any axis to choose data.
2. Tap on the Add icon in the select data source menu.
3. Now, move to the Edit Series window
4. From the options, type in a specific name into the Series name box such as Target week.
5. Scroll to the Series X value and tap on the independent variable for your data point.
6. Scroll to the Series Y value and tap on the dependent in our case.
7. After this, tap on the OK button.
What are mixed Cell References in Excel?
Mixed cell references in Microsoft Excel consist of absolute and relative references. In this case,
part of the reference is fixed. It could be the column or row that is fixed while the other part is
relative.
 CHAPTER SIX
Setting a Default Custom Template Folder in Excel 2021
Every new workbook functions with a default custom template folder. To set up this feature, you
can scroll to the File menu and tap on the Save As button. Press on Template in the Save As
type bar and select the Template icon.
Move to the Save in menu and choose the folder where you can keep the template. Then, click
on the alternate startup folder or XLStart folder to design the default worksheet template. It is
also called the default workbook template.

How to Create and Use a Chart Template in Excel

If you want to create and use a chart template in Excel, navigate to a sheet and organize the data,
which you want to plot into a chart. Tap on the rows and columns you want to show in the chart.
Move to the Charts menu and tap on Insert Chart. Tap on Other and scroll to the Templates
menu. Within the Template menu, you should choose the Template created by yourself.
How to Freeze Columns and rows
Now, you may want to freeze columns and rows in your Microsoft Excel, highlight the cells
below the rows. Go to the right of the columns you want to keep visible when you are scrolling.
Tap on the View icon. From the list, you can click on Freeze panes.
Splitting a Window into several Panes
Here are the methods of splitting a window into different panes:
a. Choose under the row where you want the split to occur.
b. Another method is clicking the column to the right of where you desire the split.
c. Go to the View menu in the Window group and select the Split icon.
d. If you want to take away the split panes, tap on the Split Again menu.

How to check spellings in an Excel Workbook

Select the Review button on your Worksheet. Click on the Spelling icon. Another way is by
pressing F7. When you use the spell checker, here are some of the things that can happen:
1. Using a single cell for checking spellings prompts Microsoft Excel to review or check the
whole Worksheet.
2. The app can also check for graphics, footers, page headers, and comments.
How to Insert a Forecast Sheet and a Trendline
Follow these procedures to insert a Forecast sheet and a trendline:
1. Design a bar chart of the data you have already tracked.
2. Select your chart and tap on Data series.
3. Scroll to the Chart tab and choose the trendline.
4. Press on the Options menu.
5. Visit the Forecast area and click the top arrow within the Forecast box until the entry in the
box changes to 6.
6. Press the Ok button.
Using Two Clicks to Create a Simple Chart
This is a simple process. Select the data that you want to create a chart. From the menu, you can
tap on the Insert button. Then, click on Recommended charts.
Go to the Recommended Charts icon and navigate through the record of charts, which Excel
recommends for your data. Tap on any chart to preview the appearance of your data.
After locating your preferred chart, click on Ok icon.

Using Recommended Chart Features to Create a Chart

Recommended charts will give you an accurate analysis of data with suggestions on how to
create a chart. You can follow these steps to use this feature:
a. Tap on the data you want to use for your chart.
b. Tap on the Insert icon and select Recommended charts from the menu.
c. Go to the Recommended charts tab and scroll through the options.
d. You will see a list of recommended charts for your data type.
e. Select any chart to view how your data will appear.
f. Tap on the Ok icon, if you see a preferred chart.
g. Add data labels, axis titles, customize the appearance of your chart using chart elements,
chart filters, and even chart styles.
h. Click on any part of the chart to include chart tools to the ribbon.
i. Then, select the options you want on the format menu and Design tab.
Using Quick Layout to Add or Delete Chart Elements
To handle thus function, click on the data. Then, scroll to the Insert menu and tap on Charts.
From the options, you can select a Line chart. Go to the chart and add a data label element.
Adding the data labels to the chart, tap on the plus sign and select the data labels. With this, you
can add vertical gridlines to the chart. Also, you can remove the title elements of charts from
such graphs.
How to Format a Chart Element Manually
Manual formatting of charts could be done using the task pane. Click on the chart element such
as titles, axes, and data series.
Right-tap the chart element and press the Format button. Go to the options and choose Chart
Element. You will see various options on the Format pane. These are customized for the
highlighted chart element. Select your choice and tap on OK.
Adding Drop Shadows and Formatting 3-D Elements
Formatting 3-D elements in your worksheet could be done using drop shadows. Simply tap the
cell you desire to add the drop shadow to. But ensure to display the drawing toolbar. Or just
press the View icon and select the Toolbars menu. Then, tap on Drawing.
Select the Drawing toolbar and click the Shadow style tool. This will display a palette of
shadows that you can apply. Now, choose the desired shadow.
Using Scale Axes and Gridlines
If you want to scale axis in Microsoft Excel, you can right-tap on it. This will cause Excel to
show a Context menu for the axis. Scroll to the Context menu and click on Format Axis icon.
Go to the left of the menu and click on Axis Options. On the upper part of the dialog box, you
should adjust the Axis options. Then, tap on the Ok icon.
To add gridlines in Excel, tap on the chart and select the Chart Design menu. Select Add Chart
Element from the options. Then, click on the Gridlines.
Press the Axis where you want to apply the gridlines to. You can also select the More Gridlines
tab. This will enable you to launch the Format Major Gridlines pane. I
You can add more rows, apply shadow, soft edges effects, and glow if you want to change the
line transparency.
How to Create a Filled Map Chart
Click on any cell within the data range if you want to create a filled map chart. Now, scroll to the
Insert tab and select the Charts icon. Go to the Maps tab and click on the Filled Map button from
the options.
Tap on Ok, if the preview is good. However, based on your data, Excel will add a category map
or value map.
How to Design Different Types of Charts using a Combination Chart
To use a combo chart and design various charts, tap anywhere in the chart you desire to change.
This will highlight the chart tools.
Press on Design and select Change Chart Type from the options. Visit the All Charts menu
and click on Combo. From the list, you can tap on Clustered Column – Line on Secondary
Axis chart.
A Filled Map Chart and How to Add Data Labels
A filled map chart occurs when Excel changes your data to a geography data type automatically.
This is relevant to the data you want to show in a map chart.
Now, tap on the Chart and select the chart Design menu. From the list, press on Add Chart
Elements. Then, click on Data Labels. Pick a location for the data label menu.
However, the list will be different based on your type of chart. Select Data Callout to display
your data label inside a text bubble shape.
 CHAPTER SEVEN
Understanding Excel 2021 Functions
Microsoft Excel has several functions that can help you in handling your projects, although it
could be complicated if you have no experience. Some features of this app relevant for your
tasks include pivot tables, flash fill, and formatting.
These features can enable you in handling complex reports, data analysis, and creation of
spreadsheets.
Here are some functions useful in Excel:
a. The TEXT function – this is a useful tool for converting a number or date into a string of text
in a given format. The Text function is only used for converting numbers to values in text. It
features string formulas that change numbers into a string. With this, users can see figures in a
readable format. But the results cannot be calculated.
b. The CONCATENATE function – combining data from two or more cells can help you in
saving time. It does not function like the merge tool that merges a range of cells into a cell. The
concatenate function is used in combining the contents of the merged cells. It is called the
concat function in Microsoft Excel 2016. The syntax formula for the concatenate function is
“CONCATENATE” (text1, [text2….text_n]).
c. The Average function – finding the average value in a range of cells is done using the
Average function. It is a useful tool for data analysis and computations on a spreadsheet. It is
vital in locating the arithmetic mean for a range of cells. There are also the median and mode
functions in excel. The formula for the average function is “AVERAGE” (number1, number2,
etc.)
d. The VLOOKUP function – discovering a particular data from a large table is possible using
the VLOOKUP. It helps you to locate cell phone numbers, texts, names, and other data from a
spreadsheet. It saves you the time used in searching for details manually.
e. The SUM function – this is used to add up a group of numbers within a range of cells. With
this function, you don’t need to type in a formula with large data. In the latest versions of
Microsoft Excel, there is a dedicated button for this function. Simply, scroll to the Function bar
and type in the formula. Select the range of cells you want to sum their contents and tap on the
Enter button. If you notice any mistake while highlighting the cells and summing up the
contents, just tap on the Undo icon to reverse it.
The formula for the SUM function is “=SUM (number1, number2, etc.)

Adding Functions
Adding functions to arguments in a formula with a function is regarded as nesting. In that case,
the function is a nested function. Nesting the SUM function and Average in the arguments of the
IF function; you can get the following formula.
They are the sums of a range of values such as (G2: G5). However, only if the average of a
different set of numbers such as (F2: F5) is greater than fifty. In that case, the function will return
zero.

Therefore, the Average and SUM functions are nested inside the IF function. It is possible to nest
up to 64 levels of functions in a formula.
Now, to add the function, simply tap the cell where you want to enter the formula. Press the
Insert function on the Formula menu if you want to begin the formula using the function. But
Excel will add the equal sign for you.
Scroll to the Or select a category tab and click on All box. You can choose a category if you
are familiar with the function categories. Also, you can use a question to explain what you desire
to do inside the Search for a function tab. You will get the SUM function by adding numbers.
You can type in the function within the argument bar you want. This will enable you to enter
another function as an argument.
The formula shown in the Function Arguments menu is the function, which you selected
previously. The Function arguments window will show arguments for the IF function, if you
pressed on the IF function button.
Therefore, if you decide to nest another function to it, enter it inside the argument bar. You can
enter SUM(G2:G5) inside the Value_if_true box of the IF function.
Type in any additional information required to complete the formula. No need to type cell
references, simply select the cells you want to reference. You can minimize the window and
choose the cells you want to reference. After this, you can expand the window again.
Click on the Ok icon, after completing the arguments for the formula.
What are Nested Parentheses?
The act of putting parentheses within parentheses is known as nested parentheses. With this
approach, excel shows the most extremely nested parentheses.
There are four sets of parentheses in a formula such as =( (B2*C2)+)B3*C3)+(B4*C4) )*B6
In the formula above, three sets are nested within the fourth one. Therefore, Microsoft Excel
examines each set of parentheses and adds up the three results. You can multiply the sum by the
number in B6.
Parentheses are used in simplifying the order of operations. Therefore, it becomes readable and
comprehensive. In most instances, parentheses may not be necessary in your formulas. But it is
advisable to liberal in applying parentheses to your formulas.
If there is a left parentheses, you should provide a corresponding right parentheses.
Using the Insert functions in Excel
To use the Insert functions, navigate to the Formulas ribbon and select the Insert Function
button to display the Insert Function window.
Also, tap on the arrow beside the correct category Function Library group. Select the necessary
Function from the options.
Another method is choosing the point where you want to place a formula. Press on the Insert
function bar. Locate a desirable function using any of these methods:
· Enter some keywords describing the function you want.
· Click on the Go icon.
· Choose the preferred function.
· Tap on the Ok icon.
· Type in the formula arguments.
· Press Ok.
How to Work with Functions
Working with functions in Excel requires you to type in a formula with a built-in function. Click
on an Empty cell. Enter an equal sign and type a function such as =SUM. This will enable you
to have the total sales.
Press an opening parenthesis such as (. Choose the various cells you want and press the closing
parenthesis such as).
After entering all necessary details, click on the Enter bar to view the outcome of the functions.
But before you can use these formulas, you should activate Functions in the following ways:
Scroll down to the File menu and tap on Options. Press on Advanced in the left pane. Go to the
right side and navigate to the Display options for this worksheet area.
Choose the worksheet that you want to display the Formulas instead of values from the
dropdown menu.

How to Discover Errors in Functions

Most times, formulas can cause errors in values. It can also cause unintended results. Here are
different tools you can employ in discovering these errors and their causes. You will also find
out the solutions to such errors.
Understand how to type in a simple formula
Equations that handle calculations on values in your worksheet are known as formulas. they
generally begin with an equal sign (=).
If you want to add 3 and 1, the equation will be =3 + 1. Other parts of a formula can include
constants, functions, operators, and references.
Examples include

The Components of a Formula

a. Constants – involves text values or numbers entered directly into a formula such as 2.
b. Functions – these are engineered formulas added into Excel to handle peculiar
calculations. That means the P10 function returns the value of pi: 3.142
c. Operators – the caret operator (^) is used to increase a number to another power. Also, the
asterisk (*) is used for multiplying numerals. Other operators include the add (+), minus (-), and
divide (/) symbols in your equations.
d. References – used for referring to ranges of cells or individual cells. Therefore, A2 returns
the value in cell A2.
On the other hand, some functions use arguments, which are the values that some functions
apply in performing their estimations. Arguments could be positioned between the parentheses ()
of functions.
The PI is blank because it does not need any argument. Most functions need one or more
arguments and create space for other arguments. A comma is used for separating arguments. You
can also use a semicolon depending on your location.
Additionally, the SUM function needs only an argument. However, it can accommodate two
hundred and fifty-five total arguments.
Examples of some equations with arguments include
1. =SUM(A1:A10) contains one argument.
2. =SUM(A1:A10, C1:C10) contains several arguments.
Other ways to detect errors in functions include the systematic evaluation of a nested formula. It
is difficult to understand how a nested formula defines the final result. The reason is that there
are various logical tests and intermediate calculations.
But the Evaluate Formula menu can show you different parts of a nested formula. This is
calculated based on the order the formula is determined.

What are Function Arguments?

Function Arguments tab changes to display the arguments necessary for Text. You will notice
the Formula tab continues displaying the complete formula using MATCH and VLOOKUP.
There is no Argument with the TODAY function. You can just enter TODAY () as the Value
argument.
How to Apply Functions with Arguments
Adding functions to arguments in Excel could be done in the following ways:
1. Select the cell with an old function.
2. Tap on the Insert function icon.
3. This will cause the Function Argument menu to be displayed.
4. From the options, you can Delete Functions, Add Functions, or Delete Functions.
5. When you have concluded the set up, click on the OK button.
Discovering Arguments in Functions
You can discover Arguments in Functions by tapping on the Insert Function also called the Fix
button on the Functions Argument menu. You can see this feature on the Formula button of
the ribbon on the left of the Formula menu.
Therefore, Arguments are enclosed in parentheses and they are the inputs needed by the function.
Optional Arguments are enclosed by square brackets. Such arguments include the VLOOKUP
argument like ‘range_lookup’.
Microsoft Excel may use default optional arguments, if you omit them during application.
Applying Arguments with No Functions
Arguments with no functions are regarded as logical functions. This can verify if a value is not
equal to another. Therefore, if you give false, it will return true. But if you give true, it will return
false. This can return a reverse logical value.
The formula for the No Function is =Not (logical). Therefore, the argument should be a
numerical or logical value. Zero becomes the false of the logical value if the given logical
argument is a numeric value. Also, any other numeric value becomes the true logical value.
The No Function is a worksheet function in Microsoft Excel. It is a built-in feature in the
software.

Distinguishing Between Functions and Formulas in Excel

In Microsoft Excel, a function is a predefined calculation. Also, a formula is any calculation used
in the spreadsheet to determine the values in a range of cells or a particular cell. An example is
=A2+A2+A3+A4. This is used for adding the values in cells A2 to A4.
You can see a formula with a function such as =MAX(A1:B20). You should understand how to
use functions in formulas. It is a primary skill necessary in learning financial modeling.
 CHAPTER EIGHT
Applying Excel 2021 Formulas
If you want to work with numbers and figures, you should master formulas. To apply the
formulas in Excel, tap on a cell. Then, enter the equal symbol (=). As I have said earlier on, in
Microsoft Excel, you begin formulas with an equal symbol.
Click on a cell. Another method is to enter its address in the highlighted cell. You should type in
an operator and click on the Enter icon. Press on the next cell. You can also enter its address in
the selected cell. After this, click on the Enter button.
You can also update your formulas automatically. Go to the spreadsheet and tap on the Formula
bar. Beside Calculation Options, you can click on any options in the dropdown.
You can recalculate all dependent formulas whenever you edit values, name, or formula. Simply,
tap on the Automatic button. It becomes the default setting for your formulas and functions.
Understanding a Formula in Excel
A formula is an expression that works on values within a range of cells. If you have =A1 + A2 +
A3, this locates the sum of the range of values from the first cell to the last cell.
Another way to understand a formula in Excel is to highlight the cell you want to assess. Scroll
to the Formula menu and press Evaluate Formula located in the Auditing section.
Tap on the Evaluate button to check the value of the reference you underlined. Ensure that
every section of the formula is evaluated. You can check the evaluation again by tapping on the
Restart icon.
Adding Formulas
In your worksheet, you can add, subtract, divide, or multiply values. These formulas begin with
an equal sign (=).
Other constants you can find in a formula include asterisk (*), minus (-), forward slash signs (/),
and additions (+).
To add formulas, scroll to the worksheet and tap on the cell you want to enter the formula. Enter
the = sign with the operators and constants you want to use for your calculations. Then, tap on
the Enter bar for windows. But if you are using a Mac, press the Return icon.
Another method of using additions in your worksheet is through AutoSum. This feature helps to
sum up a column or row including other values. Tap on a cell beside the one you want to sum,
press AutoSum on the Home menu.
Then, tap on the Enter bar in Windows devices or Return for Mac.
By tapping on AutoSum, the system will enter a formula automatically. It will use the SUM
function to sum the numbers. Another method is by pressing ALT+ for windows and Excel will
insert the SUM functionality automatically. But if you are using a Mac, tap on ALT + +.
If you want to sum values within a column, tap on the cells immediately under the last number in
the column. But if you want to sum a row of numbers, click on the cell located at the right side.
Copy the formula to other cells than typing them manually.
What is the formula Bar?
In a Microsoft Excel worksheet, the formula bar is the location where formulas or data you typed
into the system appear for any active cell. It is also designed for editing formulas or data in an
active cell. Therefore, within the Formula bar, formulas are displayed for every active cell.
It is represented with (fx). The formula bar can be expanded to incorporate several lines for the
same formula.

How to Locate the Formula Tab

Microsoft Excel highlights the results of formulas by default. If you want to view the formulas
other than the results, tap on the Ctrl + icons.
Additionally, whenever you select a cell, Excel will show the formula of such a cell inside the
formula tab. But if you want to view all the formulas in every cell, tap on Ctrl +. This button is
located over the tab key.
Now, you can double-press the downward arrow. This will cause the system to highlight all the
referenced cells using a formula. If you want to hide all the formulas, tap on the Ctrl + buttons a
second time.
Then, tap on Show Formulas if you can’t see the grave accent on your Formulas Auditing
section, Formulas tab, and keyboard.
Managing How the Formula Bar is Displayed
If you want to manage how the formula bar is shown, go to the Tools menu and click on
Options. Excel will show the Options menu bar. Then, tap on the View tab.
Press the check box of the Formula bar. This will show the Formula bar on the screen. If it does
not show, means that it is not selected properly. Tap on the Ok button.
Different Ways to Insert and Edit Formulas
You can edit formulas the way other contents are edited. Simply, scroll to the Formula bar and
click on cut, paste, copy, or delete. You can also format cells with formulas the way you handle
cell with values and other labels.
To insert formulas in Excel, simply press the cell where you desire to add the formula. Tap on
the Insert Function icon. Locate a function using these procedures. Enter some keywords
representing the function you want and tap on the Go icon.
Choose the desired function and press the OK button. Type in the formula arguments and press
OK.
The Required Data in Excel Formula
Determining the required data for Excel is necessary to avoid mistakes. These formulas include
a. Concatenate – involves a combination of numbers, texts, and dates from various cells. The
formula is =CONCATENATE(Select cells to combine).
b. Len – supplies the number of characters within a cell. Simply, recognize two different kinds of
product. The formula is =LEN (Select Cell)
c. SUMIFs - for adding values. The formula is =SUMIF(Range, Criteria, [sum_range]).
d. Counta – recognizes when a cell is vacant or not. It enables you to examine spaces the dataset
could have without reorganizing the data. The formula is =Counta(Select cell).
e. Days – this is also called Networkdays that determines the number of calendar days between
two dates. This is useful for data analysis. It is relevant for understanding the lifecycle of
contracts, rating revenue, and other products based on the service length.
The formula is =Days(Select Cell). You can also use =Networkdays(Select Cell)
f. AVERAGEIFs = enables you to get an average depending on one or more criteria. The
formula is =AVERAGEIF(Select cell, Criteria, [Average_Range]).
g. VLOOKUP – a useful data analysis function. The formula is =VLOOKUP(LOOKUP_Value,
Table_Array, Col_Index_Num,[Range_LookUp]).
h. FIND/SEARCH – useful for separating particular text in a set of data. The formula is
=FIND(TEXT, WITHIN_TEXT,[START_NUMBER]). You can also use
=SEARCH(TEXT,WITHIN_TEXT,[START_NUMBER]).
i. LEFT or RIGHT – useful for extracting data from cells. Left returns the x number of
characters from the beginning of the cell. Also, right is used to return the x number of characters
from the end part of the cell. You can use the Left to get the area code of a user from their cell
phones while the Right gets the last four digits of the consumer’s mobile number. The formula is
=Left (Select Cell, Number) while =Right(Select Cell, Number).
j. SUMPRODUCT – used for calculating price points, margins, and average returns. You
can use it to multiply a range of values by other alternate values within a given row. The formula
is =SUMPRODUCT (Range1,Range2)/Select Cell.
k. MAXIFS – enables you to tally the maximum number in a row. The formula is
=MAXIFS(Range1, Criteria1, Range2).
l. MINIFS – permits you to get the minimum of a set of numbers. You can locate the lowest
value in a range of numbers. The formula is =MINIFS(Range1, Criteria!, Range2)
m. RANK – useful for data analysis. It helps you to understand the ranking of numbers in a set
of data, either descending or ascending order. The formula is =RANK(Select Cell,
Range_To_Rank_Against, [Order].
n. COUNTIFS = used for counting the number of instances within a set of data. The formula is
=COUNTIFS(Range, Criteria)
o. IFERROR – useful for data presentation and analysis. The formula is
=IFERROR(FIND”Value”, Select Cell, Value_IF_Error).

What is the Order of formula Operators?

The order of formula operators in Excel are based on the following criteria:
1. Operators inside parentheses.
2. Operators with exponential calculations.
3. Multiplication and division depending on the first one.
4. Addition and subtraction depending on the first one.
On the other hand, you can also determine the order of operations for Excel by assessing items in
parentheses, assessing ranges, assessing spaces or intersections, assessing unions, performing
negation, conversion of percentages, performing exponentiation, and performing multiplication,
division, addition, and subtraction.
Applying Calculation Operators in Excel Formulas
To apply calculation operators in Microsoft Excel, enter the Equals to (=) sign within the cell.
This symbol makes Excel know you want to enter a formula and not just numbers or texts.
Then, type in the equation that you want to calculate. In Excel, if you want to add up 8 and 10,
type in =8 + 10. After entering the calculation, press on the Done button.
Ways to Increase and Contract the Formula Tab
If you want to expand the Formula bar, press Ctrl+Shift+U. Press on the down arrow button at
the right corner of the Formula bar. This will cause you to expand the Formula tab. As the
Formula bar increases, the whole worksheet will move down to contain the enlarged formula
menu.

How to Enter Data in the Formula Bar

Entering data in the formula bar in Microsoft Excel requires the following procedures:
a. Click on the cell where you want to enter and begin typing.
b. By entering the data, you will see it displayed in the Formula bar.
c. You can accept the data by pressing the Check mark.
d. Another way is to tap on the Enter bar.
e. If you want to delete wrong entries, simply press ESC or the X button.

How to Edit Data in the Formula Bar

If you want to edit data in the Formula bar, select the data you want to edit. Tap anywhere in the
Formula bar. This action will prompt the edit mode and place the cursor where you pressed
within the Formula bar.
Tap on the cell with the data you want to edit. Then, you can press on F2.
Formula Operators and How to manage them
Formula operators are used in specifying the type of calculation you want to perform on
elements within a formula. These operators include multiplications, additions, divisions, and
subtractions.
Different Types of Operators in Microsoft Excel
1. Reference operators – used in referring the ranges from your sheet within a formula.
Examples include
· The space – represented as =SUM(A2:A6 A2:B3). This is known as an
intersection operator. It is used in referencing common cells within two range
arguments.
· The colon (: ) – represented as =SUM(A2:B6). This is also known as a range
operator. It makes all the cells appear as a range beginning from A2 to B6. That
means beginning from the starting point to the closing point in
· The comma (,) – represented as =SUM (A2:A6 A2:B3). It is regarded as a
Union operator. This operator merges two or more references into one reference.

2. Arithmetic operators – this uses the order precedence. The most superior ones are the
percentage and exponential operators,
3. Text concatenation – useful for joining two or more strings of text and producing a single line
of text. The second in that line are the multiplication and division operators. Then, the third
preferred operators are addition and subtraction. With this analogy, in expressions with more
than one arithmetic operator, exponentials and percentages will be evaluated first. This will be
followed by multiplication and division, and lastly, addition and subtraction.
4. Comparison or logical operators – helps in comparing two values logically. It compares two
values within the cells and returns a logical True or False. Examples include
· <> signifies the comparison of two numbers. It returns True when the two values are not
equal to each other. Or it will return False.
· = (Equals to) – compares two numbers and returns True when both values are equal. Or it
returns False.
· <= (Less than or Equals to) - capable of returning True when the first value is less than or
equals to the second value.
· < (Less than) – it returns true when the value in the First value is less than the Second
value.
· > (Greater than) – returns True when the First value is greater than the Second value.
· >= (Greater than or equals to) – it returns True when the value in the First value is greater
than or equals to the Second value.
How to Manage Formula Operators
To manage these operators, click on a cell. Enter the equal sign (=). In Microsoft Excel, formulas
always start with the equal sign. Click on a cell. Also, you can type its address in the highlighted
cell.
You can type in an operator. Choose the next cell. Another way is by typing its address in the
chosen cell. Then, press the Enter bar.
 CHAPTER NINE
An Overview of Compulsory Excel Formulas and Functions
Here, you will see an overview of compulsory Excel formulas and functions that you can use.
Some of the formulas and functions include
a. The Average Function – for determining the average value within a range of cells.
b. The SUM function – useful for adding all the figures in a range of cells.
c. The Max Function – determines the maximum value in a range of cells.
d. The MIN Function – determines the minimum value in a range of cells.
Basic Excel Functions
Some of the basic Excel functions and their descriptions include:
a. Counta Function – it calculates how many values or numbers in the list of arguments. This is
based on statistical records.
b. Count Function – determines how many numbers are located in the list of arguments. This is
based on statistical records.
c. The COTH Function – used for returning the cotangent of an angle. This is based on
trigonometry or Math.
d. ABS function – helps in returning the absolute value of numbers. This is based on Math and
trigonometry.
e. ACCRINTM function – when a security pays interest at maturity, this function helps in
returning the accrued interest. This is based on financial records.
f. ACOS function – for returning the arccosine of a number and is valuable in Math and
Trigonometry.
g. AGGREGATE function – in a list or database, this function returns an aggregate. This
depends on Math and trigonometry.
h. ACCRINT Function – for returning the accrued interest for a security that pays a periodic
interest based on financial records.
i. XLOOKUP function – for searching an array or range and returns items tallying with any
match it can locate in the system. if there is no match, XLOOKUP returns the closest match. This
is based on Lookup and reference.
j. VALUE Function – this changes a text argument to numerals.
There are over one hundred and seventy functions in Microsoft Excel that can assist you in
completing your tasks.

The Mod Function and How to Use it

After division, the Mod function in Excel returns the remainder of two numbers. Therefore, the
outcome of MOD bears the same sign as the divisor number. Then, MOD (10,3) = 1.
This function is based on the Math and Trigonometry functions. It is regarded as the modulo
operation. You can also call it modulus. This gives it the name MOD.
The Round Function and How to Use it
The ROUND function returns a number rounded to a given number of digits. It could be rounded
to the left or right of a decimal.
The purpose of rounding numbers is to a specific number of digits. In this case, the return value
is the rounded number. Therefore, the syntax is =ROUND (number, num, digits).
In this syntax above, the argument is that number is the number to round while num_digits is the
number of digits that you want to round your numbers.
If you want to round numbers, it is advisable to use the round functionality. Apply the
MROUND function when you want to round to the nearest multiple.
Also, apply the Rounddown function, if you want to round to the nearest given place. The
FLOOR function is used to round down to the nearest specific multiple.
In Excel, it is possible to truncate decimal places using the TRUNC function. Moreover, you
can round down and return an integer only using the INT function.
The Roundup function is applied to round up numbers to the nearest specified place.
You can round up to the nearest specified multiple using the CEILING function.
The Sort Function and How to Use it
If you want to use the SORT function, click on the range of cells you want to sort. Choose the
data tab on the Ribbon. Then, tap on the Sort command. This will cause the sort dialog box to
be displayed.
Choose either an ascending or descending sorting order for the cells. After sorting the cells
satisfactorily, you should tap on the OK icon. With this, you can sort the cell range according to
the chosen column.
But, if you want to sort data within the grid, use the SORTBY function. This is very flexible,
since you can apply deletion or addition features in the columns. The reason is that it references a
range. However, SORT function references a column index number.
It is useful in rearranging the records and fields in your data list or table of data.

The Sum Function and How to Use it

In a range of cells, the SUM Function is used for totaling one or more numbers. Click on a blank
cell in the row under the cells you want to sum.
Then, scroll to the Home menu on the Ribbon and click on AutoSum button. This will
provide a SUM function in the highlighted cells automatically. It totals one or more numbers in a
range of cells.
Another method is using the keyboard shortcut, which is ALT + =. Then, you will see a SUM
formula in the active cell. Extend the frame of the cells to include cells that are not automatically
added.
Tap on the Enter button to finish the set up.
Another way is entering functions manually in your worksheet. The syntax for SUM function
setup is SUM (number1, [number 2],….).
The manual set up has a required argument, which is number1. Other optional arguments are
enclosed in square brackets such as [number2],…
You can just type them inside the formula or they can exist as cell references.
The RoundUp Function and How to Use it
The Round up function returns a number rounded up to a specified number of the decimal places.
Therefore, you can round up a number up to a specific number of digits. The return value is a
rounded number.
The syntax for this function is =ROUNDUP (number, num_digits). In the arguments, the
number means the number that you want to round up while num_digits stands for the digits you
should round up the functions.
The roundup function is used to round numbers up. Negative numbers round to the left of the
decimal while positive numbers round to the right of the decimal. Then, zero rounds to the
nearest figure to it.
The RandBetween Function and How to Use it
This function is classified under Math and Trigonometry. It returns a random integer between a
user-specified number. Whenever the worksheet is opened or calculated, it will return a random
integer.
Now, if you want to produce a range of random integers in several cells. Tap on the cells and
enter the Randbetween function. Click on Ctrl + Enter buttons.
If you want to get a random number that may not be altered if the worksheet is calculated, go to
the formula bar and enter Randbetween. Then, press F9 and convert the formula into the result.
To handle random numbers in Excel, highlight cell A1. Type RAND() and tap on the Enter
icon. If you decide to generate a list of random numbers, highlight Cell A1. Tap on the lower
right side of Cell A1 and drag it downwards.
Another strategy is copying the random numbers and pasting them as values. Then, select Cell
C1 and view at the formula bar.
With this random function, you can produce random decimal numbers regarded as real numbers
between 0 and 1.
The sign RAND() is a volatile function. It entails that whenever a worksheet is calculated a new
random number is produced.

Math Functions in Excel 2021

In Excel, Math functions are arranged by entering the equal symbol before numeric values.
These are numbers that you intend to calculate including the Math operators you want to apply.
This pattern is strictly for simple formulas.
There are the plus sign (+) for addition and the minus sign (-) for subtraction. The slash (/) is for
division while the asterisk is for multiplication.
Some of the Math functions in Excel include the SUM () function, the SUMIF () function, the
Count ()function, the Syntax function, the Average () function, etc.

The RoundDown Function and How to Use it

The Rounddown function is designed to round a number to zero. The syntax is
Rounddown(number, num_digits).
This syntax comes with arguments such as number, which is required and it is any real number
that you want to round down. The num_digits, which is required is the number of digits that you
want round the number.
When the num_digts are greater than zero, then number is rounded down to the given number of
decimal places. But if num_digits is zero, the number is rounded down to the nearest integer.
However, if the num_digits is less than zero, the number is rounded down to the left side of the
decimal place.

The Sumif Function and How to Use it

This function is used for returning the number of cells that satisfies a given condition. It can be
applied to numbers, dates, and even texts.
The SUMIF function returns incorrect outcomes if you apply it for matching strings longer than
the string value or 255 characters.
The syntax for SUMIF is =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]).
The argument is that the range is necessary, which should be assessed by the criteria. Every
range should have numbers containing arrays, numbers, names, and references.
The criteria are necessary and appear in the form of text, cell reference, function, and number.
You may add wildcard figures such as question marks (?), asterisks (*), etc.
The sum_range is optional and represents the real cells to add.
Handling A Sumif Function with Multiple Criteria
This SUMIF function is applied to sum cells that met several criteria. SUMIFs are used for
summing cells that are adjacent and meet criteria such as numbers, texts, and dates.
Logical operators are suppoted in SUMIF functions. These operators include
· = - equals to
· < - less than
· > - greater than
· <> - not equal to
The syntax for SUMIF is =SUMIF(sum_range, range1, criteria1, [range2], [criteria2], …
From the syntax above, the sum_range is the range to be summed. Range 1 is the first range to be
evaluated. Criteria1 is the criteria to use on range 1. Range 2 is optional for analysis while
criteria 2 is optional to be used on range 2.
SUMIFS involves eight functions that divide logical criteria into two parts, which are range and
criteria. Therefore, the syntax for developing criteria is different while SUMIFs uses a range of
cells for range arguments. It is not possible to use an array.
 CHAPTER TEN
Other Operations in Excel 2021
Now, you may want to know some common operations in Excel 2021. Here are some of them:
1. Adding a row – to add a row, go to the Row header under where you want to insert a new
column. Right-tap on any cell in the selected row. Tap on Insert from the options to add it to the
system.
2. Entering formulas – tap on the cell where you want to enter a formula and type in the
formula.
3. Removing a Row or column operation – select the entire row or column you want to delete.
Go to the selected row or column and right-tap on any cell. Then, tap o Delete from the options.
4. Adjusting the width of Columns – select an entire column by tapping on the column header.
Scroll to the highlighted area and right-tap on any cell. Press on the column width and enter a
value for the column width from the menu.
5. Showing Formulas within the worksheet – press down the Ctrl key and tap the left single
quote button. After this, come back to numbers by repeating this operation.
6. Adjusting the row height – tap on the Row header to select the whole row. Select any cell on
the highlighted section and right-tap on it. Scroll to the menu and click on Row Height. Enter a
value for the row height. You can adjust the row height of different rows at the same time by
clicking on multiple rows.
7. Sorting operations – tap on the grey rectangle between the A column header and the I row
header. These are located in the top left side of the worksheet. With these actions, you can
highlight the whole worksheet. Go to the menu bar and tap on Data. Locate the Sort function
and from the options, click on Sort by. Choose the column to sort by and click on either the
Descending or Ascending order.
8. Arithmetic precedence – the rule of arithmetic precedence is followed when evaluating
formulas. These include the + / -, * and /, ^, and ( ).
· + / - are examined from the left to right.
· + / - are examined from the left to right.
· ^ this is called exponentiation.
· ( ) enclosed operations within parentheses are examined before others. Again,
nested parentheses are examined inside out.
9. Adding a column – move to the Column header at the right side of where you want to insert a
new column. Right-tap on any cell in the selected area. Hit on the Insert button from the list on
the screen.
10. Pasting Columns, row, and cells – you can go to the Windows clipboard and choose the row,
columns, and cells where you can paste texts already copied from your worksheet.
11. Justifying an entire column or row – press the row header or column. This will enable you to
select them. Tap on the Justification menu and choose left Justify, Right justify, or Center. This
is located on the Formatting Tool bar.
12. Adjusting the Format of Numerical Data – tap your cursor and drag it over the cells having
the numerical data. Go to the selected area and right-tap on any cell. Press Format Cells and tap
on the Number icon. From the menu, click on Category. This will enable you to choose the type
of data on the cells. You can also adjust the number of decimal places in numerical data by
clicking on Number and typing the number of decimal places to use.
13. Copying rows, columns, and cells – highlight the cells, columns, and rows by selecting
them. Scroll to the highlighted section and click on any cell. Tap on the Copy icon. You will see
the highlighted cells transferred to the Windows clipboard transparently.
14. Justifying the contents of cells – tap on the cell and press on the Justification menu. Select
right Justify, left Justify, or center. This is located on the Formatting Tool bar.
Removing Blanks from a Worksheet
Removing blank rows from a worksheet could be done by selecting the Find and Select buttons
in the Editing section of the Home menu. Tap on Go to Special menu and click on Blanks.
Then, hit on the Ok icon.
In this case, Microsoft Excel will choose the Blank cells. Scroll down to the Home menu in the
Cells section and tap on the Delete icon.
This action will remove blank sheet rows for your workbook.
The Shortcut to Remove Blank Rows
If you want to remove blank rows using a shortcut, apply these steps:
1. Visit the Home menu.
2. Tap on the Delete command.
3. From the list, click on the Delete Sheet rows icon.
4. Another easy keyboard shortcut to delete columns, rows, and even cells is by tapping Ctrl + -
using your keyboard.
5. Then, all the selected row, columns, and cells will be deleted automatically.
Adding Several Rows in Excel
You can add multiple rows in Excel by selecting the row under where you want the new rows to
be displayed. Go to the selected row and right-click on it. Choose the Insert icon from the menu.
Select the same number of rows you want to add, if you want to insert multiple rows. Go to the
selected cells and tap on the Insert icon from the list.
Another process is using shortcuts such as by tapping on Alt-4 as many times as required. Then,
add the first row by tapping Alt-4 once.
To repeat the action above, press Ctrl + Y icons or simply press F4. Now, you can choose
multiple cells by pressing down the Shift key and using the Down arrow key in selecting
multiple cells.

Removing Duplicated Content from Excel Workbook

If you want to remove duplicates from Workbooks in Excel, follow these procedures:
1. Tap on any single cell within the set of data.
2. Navigate to the Data Tools section and click on the Data menu.
3. From the options, you can select Remove duplicates.
4. Ensure that you assess all check boxes.
5. Then, tap on the Ok icon.
6. If you want to delete rows with identical country and last name.
7. Examine the country and last name you entered.
8. Then, click on the OK button to conclude.
Removing Duplicates without Deleting Rows
You can simply remove duplicates in a row without deleting the rows. This is done using filter.
Click on a blank cell beside the data range such as D2. Enter a formula such as =A3=A2.
Then, drag auto fill handle down to the cells you want. Choose all data range including the
formula cell. Tap on the Data menu and click on Filter icon. This will activate the Filter
function on your spreadsheet.
Another method to remove duplicates involves entering this formula =IF(LEN(TRIM(A1)) =0,
ROW(), ‘’’’).
Now, A1 is the first data of the list you want to remove duplicates. Drag the auto fill handle over
the cells to get all the numbers of blank rows.
The Remove Duplicates tool permanently removes identical or repeated records. To avoid
complications, you should copy or backup your data before deleting the duplicates.
Highlighting Cells with Formulas
Reviewing the rules for conditional formatting could be done in an active worksheet using the
Quick Analysis tool. This will enable you to format the cells with duplicated text
unconditionally.
But you can conditionally format cells in a row based on a text in one of the cells. Follow these
steps to handle it:
1. Tap on the Home menu on the Ribbon.
2. Press on the Conditional formatting icon.
3. Select Manage Rules bar.
4. Click on the Worksheet from the menu in the Conditional Formatting rules Manager
section
In this menu, every rule is labeled with its unique formula. They have peculiar ranges, formats,
and check boxes for Stop if True conditions.
Highlighting Numbers and Texts in Excel 2021
To make Excel highlight cells automatically, choose the cells you want to apply conditional
formatting to. Tap on the first cell within the range and drag it to the last cell.
Go to your worksheet and select Home button. Tap on Conditional Formatting icon and select
Highlight cells Rules.
Move to the Text that Contains section and on the left side, click on the text you want to be
highlighted.
After this, choose a color format for the text and tap on the Ok icon.
How to Transpose on your Worksheet
If you want to transpose or rotate data from columns to rows or rows to columns, follow these
procedures:
a. Choose the range of data you want to rearrange.
b. You can also highlight row and columns.
c. Then, tap on Ctrl + C buttons.
d. Navigate to a new location in the worksheet to paste the transposed data.
e. But ensure that there is enough space to paste your information.
Another way is to select the new cell where your transposed data will be copied. Right-tap on
that cell and highlight the Transpose button. This is located under Paste.
Now, you can change the rows and columns using paste and transpose. Simply, open the
worksheet you want to change and tap on the first cell of your data range such as A1.
Then, you can shift-tap the last cell within the range.
Inserting Multiple Rows
Inserting multiple rows in Excel can be done by selecting the row under the point you want the
new row to show. Scroll to the highlighted row and right-tap on it. Go to the menu and click
Insert button from the options.
But if you want to insert multiple rows, choose the number of rows you want to insert. Then, you
can right-tap within the selected section and tap Insert button from the options.

Using a Shortcut to Insert Multiple Rows

If you want to insert multiple rows in an excel worksheet, here are the various options to use:
1. Enter Alt-4 as required.
2. Press Alt-4 once to insert the initial row.
3. Click on F4 or Ctrl Y buttons to repeat this action.
4. Press down the Shift key.
5. Select multiple cells using the downward arrow.

Adding Text to Columns

When you want to add text to columns in Microsoft Excel, use these procedures:
a. Launch Excel software.
b. Open a new blank workbook.
c. Enter texts to the first column.
d. Highlight all of them.
e. Go to the upper part of the ribbon and click on the Data bar.
f. From the list, tap on Text to Columns.
g. Click on Delimited and tap on the Next icon.
h. Scroll to the Delimiters menu and clear all the boxes.
i. You can also select comma and space.
j. Then, tap on the Finish icon.
Adding Screenshot to Workbook in Excel
Screenshots can be added to your files in Excel to stress information and make it more readable.
You can use this feature to capture images on your PCs.

Here are the methods for adding screenshots to your worksheets:

1. Press your cursor on the place where you want to insert the image.
2. Go to the Insert menu and tap on Screenshot in the Illustrations section.
3. A menu appears tagged Available. It highlights all the windows that you have opened.
4. Hit on the Thumbnail picture of that screen to insert a screenshot on the whole window.
5. If you want to insert any part of the screen showing on the Available windows menu, tap on
the Screen clipping icon.
6. If the screen becomes white with the pointer changed to a cross symbol, simply press down
the cursor and drag it to anywhere you want to capture.
7. Any section of the screen, you chose and clipped is inserted to your worksheet automatically.
8. For editing, use the items on the Picture Tools menu.
9. Click on the Edit icon and customize the snapshot as you like.
 CONCLUSION
Now that you have read this book, you can handle all tasks and projects on your Excel
worksheet. No matter the sector where you work, in corporate organizations, financial
institutions, agricultural sectors, or a private business enterprise, it is a veritable tool, which you
can apply to handle your records properly.
Study the chapters and read the subtitles carefully. This will enable you to use Microsoft Excel
2021 with its multiple tools, features, functions, and formulas to improve your record keeping
skills.