8

SCIENCE
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 3
(Week 3)

Genetics: Heredity
and Variation
 What I Need to Know

Are you familiar about the primary roles on how genes are passed
on from parents to offspring? We owe them to the experiments/findings
of Gregor Johann Mendel, who is also known as the Father of Genetics. He
was the first person who describes the manner in which traits are passed
on from one generation to the next.
This module will provide you an information and activities that will
help you learn about genetics. It is self-instructional and allows you to
learn in your own space and pace. It was designed to track and measure
your progress on the given concepts presented and to adjust instruction
accordingly. As you read this, you will learn more about heredity and
variations. Later on, you will be able to predict phenotypic expression of
traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
This module contains lessons on:
Lesson: Mendelian Genetics
- Phenotypic and Genotypic expression of Traits
- Punnett Square

MELC: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns

of inheritance (S8LT-IVf-18).
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify and explain Genetics and the word associated with it;
2. identify the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the possible
offspring; and
3. solve simple problems by using a Punnet square.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
For Items 1-3, refer to the following choices below:
A. dominant C. homozygous
B. heterozygous D. recessive
1. An allele that determines the phenotype of the offspring.
2. A genotype that will not manifest its physical characteristics if
dominant gene is present.
3. Having both recessive and dominant genes.
For Items 4 and 5, refer to the following choices below:
A. dominant C. phenotype
B. genotype D. recessive
4. The genetic makeup of an organism.
5. Appearance of the offspring is referred to as .
6. It is the number of times that the genotype would appear in an
Offspring after a test cross.
A. genotypic ratio C. homozygous
B. heterozygous D. phenotypic ratio
7. How many traits are involved in t h e dihybrid cross?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
8. Which of the following represents a homozygous genotype?
A. AALL B. ccAg C. IiGg D. RRYy
9. How many kinds of gametes can be produced by heterozygous
inflated long (RrLl) Pea plant?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
10. When Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow
Seeds) and a plant with genotype rryy (wrinkled, green seeds),
what is the outcome of F1?
A. RRYY B. rryy C. RrYy D. rrYY
11. The offspring of two plants/animals of different species or
varieties.
A. dominant B. genotype C.hybrid D.phenotype
12. The inheritance of traits is controlled by .
A. chromosomes B. gametes C. genes D. hybrid
13. A cross with two traits is called .
A. dihybrid C. self-fertilization
B. monohybrid D. test cross
14. What are the kinds of gametes formed in a homozygous white
Flower and Short plant wwtt?
A. wt,wt,wt,wt C.WT,WT,wt,wt
B. wt,Wt,wt,wt D.Wt,Wt,Wt,wt
15. Suppose you cross-pollinate a purebred red and purebred white
flowering plant. Red is the dominant trait. Using a Punnet
square, predict the colors of the flowers of the offspring.
A. All flowers will be red.
B. All flowers will be pink.
C. All flowers will be white.
D. All flowers will be combinations of red and white.
Lesson Mendelian Genetics

What’s In

In your previous lesson, you have learned that cells divide and
reproduce in two ways. In both types of cell division, the chromosomes behave
similarly but not identically. In mitosis happens in a somatic cell and
divides into two daughter cells. It is an important process in normal
organism development. In meiosis the type of cell division by which germ
cell (eggs and sperm) are produced. These two are vital processes for the
existence of living things that reproduce sexually.

What’s New
In Genetics, Gregor Mendel described how genes are passed on from
one generation to the next. Mendel's insights greatly expanded scientists'
understanding of genetic inheritance, and they also led to the development
of new experimental methods.
According to this Mendelian concept, the inheritance of a trait
depends on the passing-on of genes. For any given trait, an individual
inherits one gene from each parent so that the individual has a pairing of two
genes. We now understand the alternate forms of these units as ‘alleles’. If the
two alleles that form the pair for a trait are identical, then the individual is
said to be homozygous and if the two genes are different, the individual is
heterozygous for the trait.
What are the chances that you were born tall or short? Would you
say a 100% chance? 50/50? What does really mean? How do hidden genes
pass from one generation to the next? Although an individual gene may
code for a specific physical trait, that gene can exist in different forms, or
alleles. One allele for every gene in an organism is inherited from each of
that organism's parents. In some cases, both parents provide the same
allele of a given gene, and the offspring is referred to as homozygous for
that allele. In other cases, each parent provides a different allele of a given
gene, and the offspring is referred to as heterozygous for that allele. Alleles
produce phenotypes (or physical versions of a trait) that are produced
either dominant or recessive.
The dominance or recessiveness associated with a particular allele is the
result of masking, in which a dominant phenotype hides a recessive
phenotype.

Now let’s experience tracking our inherited traits by performing the

activity.

Activity 1. Who Play a Huge Part in Who we are?

Directions: Fill in the table and answer the given questions.
Given in the first column are traits and their corresponding characteristics.
1. Look for the kind of characteristics your father and mother have per
trait.
2. Then take a look at yourself in front of the mirror and find out your
characteristics per trait.

Traits Mother Yourself

Father
Eye color (black, brown, or others)
Skin complexion (Fair, dark, brown,
or others)
Color of Hair(black, brown, or others)
Condition of the Hair
(curly, wavy, or straight)
The shape of the frontal hairline
(straight, pointed, or widow peak)
Presence of freckles
Shape of Nose
(flat, pointed, or aquiline)

Guide Questions:
3. Where did you get most of your traits, from your mother? Or your father?

4. Among the traits enumerated in the first column, are there traits that
you have which both your mother and father do not have? What are
they?
Rubrics Scoring Guide: 5 points each for number 3 and 4 questions.
Score 5 4 3 2
Criteria

Content Covers topic Includes Includes Content is

in-depth with essential essential minimal or
details and knowledge information there are
examples. about the about the several errors.
Subject topic. Subject topic but there
knowledge is knowledge are some
excellent. appears to be errors.
good.

What is It
A phenotype is an observable or measurable characteristic and is the
result of expressed genes.

Phenotypic ratio is a term that describes the probability of finding the

patterns and frequency of genetic trait outcomes in the offspring of
organisms. It pertains to the relative number of offspring manifesting a
particular trait or combination of traits. It can be determined by doing a test
cross and identifying the frequency of a trait or trait combinations that will
be expressed based on the genotypes of the offspring. For example: when a
tall plant is crossed to a short plant, some of its offspring will be tall while
others will be short. To determine the phenotypic ratio, the number of times
the phenotypes (either tall or short) are expressed is counted. In this case,
the phenotypic ratio shall indicate how many of the offspring will be tall and
how many will be short based on the genotype.

Today, scientists use the word "phenotype" to refer to what Mendel

termed an organism's "external resemblance," and the word "genotype" to
refer to what Mendel termed an organism's "internal nature." Thus, to
restate Mendel's conclusion in modern terms, an organism's genotype
cannot be inferred by simply observing its phenotype. Indeed, Mendel's
experiments revealed that phenotypes could be hidden in one generation,
only to reemerge in subsequent generations. Mendel thus wondered how
organisms preserved the hereditary material associated with these traits in
the intervening generation, when the traits were hidden from view.

Mendel used two types of breeding methods to know the working of

gene and analyze how certain traits are inherited from grandparents and
parents. They are monohybrid and dihybrid. A Monohybrid cross is defined
as the cross happening in the F1 generation offspring of parents differing in
one trait only. A dihybrid cross is a cross that happens in the F1 generation
offspring of differing in two traits.

Below are the differences between monohybrid and dihybrid based on

the genotype and phenotype of offspring.

Fig.1. Monohybrid Cross between Tall and Dwarf Plant

Source: easybiologyclass.com

DIHYBRID CROSS
Phenotype of P1 Tall, White X Dwarf Black

Genotype of P1 TTWW ttww

Gametes of P1 TW tw

Genotype of F1

TtWw

Phenotype of F1 Tall white

Fig.2. Dihybrid Cross between Tall, White x Dwarf, Black Plant

 What’s More

A Punnett square is a graphical representation of the possible

genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular cross or breeding event.
Creating a Punnett square requires knowledge of the genetic composition of
the parents. The various possible combinations of their gametes are
encapsulated in a tabular format. Most people are introduced to Punnett
squares through the experiments of Mendel. Among the various traits of the
common Pea plant that he observed, one was the color of the peas. Other
common examples used to elucidate the predictive power of this tool are the
inheritance of blood types and eye color in humans.
Mendel created true-breeding homozygous plants for both the alleles
– yellow and green color seeds. When he cross-pollinated these
homozygotes, he found that all the offspring had yellow seeds. When he
allowed these yellow offspring to undergo self-pollination, he was surprised
to find that nearly twenty-five percent of the second generation of pea plants
contained green seeds. He concluded that the yellow allele was dominant
over the green one. To better understand this phenomenon, he crossed some
of the first-generation plants with yellow seeds with a true-breeding green
plant. This would later be known as a test cross. In every Punnett square,
an allele is represented by the first letter of the dominant phenotype. In this
case, the dominant yellow color allele is denoted by the capital letter ‘Y’ and
the recessive allele by the small letter ‘y’. Each allele is allowed to segregate
independently into a gamete and the gametes are represented just outside
the table.

Figure 3. Presentation of a Punnett Square

Source: Biologydictionary.net/punnetsquare/

Each of the boxes shows one possible genotype for the offspring. In
this test cross, half the offspring have yellow seeds and are genotypically
heterozygous. The other half is homozygous and has green seeds.

In the following activity, you will learn that Punnett squares can
accurately predict the ratios of various observable traits as well as their
underlying genetic composition.
Activity 2: When the Right One Comes Along!
In rabbits, gray hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black
eyes are dominant to red eyes.
GG=gray hair BB= black eyes
Gg= gray hair Bb= black eyes
Gg= white hair bb= red eyes

1. What are the phenotypes of rabbits that have the following genotypes:
Ggbb ggBB
ggbb GgBb

2. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb is crossed with a female rabbit
with the genotype GgBb. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and
proportions of the offspring in the Punnet square.

GB Gb gB gb
GB
Gb
gB
gb

Guide Questions:

3. How many out of 16 have gray hair and black eyes?

4. How many out of 16 have gray hair and red eyes?
5. How many out of 16 have white hair and black eyes?
6. How many out of 16 have white hair and red eyes?
 What I Can Do

Now that you already know how to interpret the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring form by the crosses made, it is time to solve for
the phenotypic and genotypic ratio.

Activity 3: Count me in...

Directions: Solve the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

1. Dominant and Recessive

(T=Tall & t=short
Cross: Tt x Tt
T t
T
t
Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:

2. Incomplete Dominance
(TT=Tall, Tt=Tall, tt=short
Cross: Tt x Tt
T t
T
t

Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:

3. Codominance
(BB= Black, BW= tan, WW = white
Cross: BW x BW
B W
BW

Phenotypic ratio:
Genotypic ratio:
 Assessment

Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the best
answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. How many traits are involved in the dihybrid
cross? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. Which of the following represents homozygous dominant?
A. AALL B. ccAa C. IiGg D. RRYy
3. When Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow seeds)
and a plant with genotype rryy(wrinkled green seeds), what is the
outcome of F1(first filial generation)?
A. RRYY B. rryy C. RrYy D. rrYY
4. How many kinds of gametes can be produced by purebreds?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. A cross between individuals that involve two heterozygous pairs of genes.
A. dihybrid cross B. genotype C. monohybrid cross D. phenotype
6. Contrasting forms or expressions of a trait that exhibits dominance and
recessiveness.
A. alleles B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. Punnet square
7. The classic Mendelian phenotypic ratio when a heterozygous is self-
crossed is
A. 3:1 B. 1:1 C. 1:2:1 D. 9:3:3
8. A genotype with a symbol Aa is said to be .
A. dominant B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. recessive
9. What information can be obtained from a Punnet square?
A. genotype of offspring
B. phenotype of offspring
C. phenotypic ratio of offspring
D. all of the above
10. Responsible for the inheritance of one gene.
A. dihybrid cross B. genotype C. monohybrid cross D. phenotype
Answer Key
 SCIENCE 8_QUARTER 4_QUIZ 3

Name: Date:

Grade/Section: Score:

Directions: Complete each statement below from the choices given.

Phenotype heterozygous GR
Gregor Mendel homozygous PR
Hybrid probability recessive
Genetics genotype dominant

1. The science that deals with heredity and the factors affecting the transmission of
the characteristics is .
2. The trait that is usually hidden and will just come out on the second generation
is .
3. The appearance of the offspring is referred to as .
4. The genetic make-up of the genes of the offspring is .
5. Having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes is called
6. The father of Science of Genetic is .
7. It is the trait that is being expressed in an organism. .
8. The extent to which something is probable is .
9. The offspring of two plants/animals of different species or varieties are called .
10. It is the number of times that the genotype would appear in an offspring after a
test cross is .
11. The relative number of offspring manifesting a particular trait or a combination
of traits. .
12. Having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes is

Directions: Solved using a Punnett square. Given: TT stands for tall tt stands for
short

1. If a tall plant is crossed to a heterozygous tall plant, what will be the

phenotype and genotype of the offspring?

Male T T
Female
T

T
 SCIENCE 8_QUARTER 4_PERFORMANCE TASK 3

Directions: SELF-CHECK: Solve the following problem using a Punnett square.

TRY THIS:

Given alleles: DD- dark

dd – light
1. DD x DD Phenotypic ratio: _
D D
Phenotype:
D
D Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
2. DD x Dd Phenotypic ratio: _
D D Phenotype:
D
d Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:

3. DD x dd
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
d Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
4. Dd x Dd
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
D Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype:
5. Dd x dd
D D Phenotypic ratio: _
d Phenotype:
d
Genotypic ratio:
Genotype: