Module 4

Illumination
Syllabus
• Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting; Recommended
Lux Levels; Type of Lamps –Incandescent, Discharge Lamps,
Fluorescent, CFL, LED and OLED. Integration of Day lighting
with Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of illumination.
• Techniques, Principles and Applications: Lighting Methods -
Ambient, Task & Accentlighting; Systems of Luminaries - Up-
Lighting, Down-Lighting, Spot Lighting etc.; Street
Lighting,Façade Lighting, Landscape Lighting, Architectural
Typologies; Preparation of Lighting Layout.
QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Quantity of Light
Luminous Intensity(I)

• SI unit – candela
• Origin from brightness of a standard candle
• luminous power per unit solid angle emitted
by a point light source in a particular
direction
Steradian-solid angle Ω
Luminous flux (Φ)

• One Lumen-Luminous flux emitted within

unit solid angle (one steradian ) by a point
source having a uniform luminous intensity of
1 candela, SI unit - lumen
• The lumen (unit lm) gives the total luminous
flux of a light source by multiplying the
intensity (in candela) by the angular span
over which the light is emitted.

Illuminance(E)

• luminous flux per unit area- SI unit lux

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Quantity of Light

Luminance

• is a measure for the amount of light

emitted from a surface (in a particular
direction). The measure of luminance
is most appropriate for flat diffuse
surfaces that emit light evenly over
the entire surface, such as a
(computer) display. Luminance is a
derived measure, expressed in
Candela per square metre (cd/m2). An
alias for the unit cd/m2 (unofficial,
but still commonly used) is "Nit".
• Luminance and illumination ("Lux")
are related, in the sense that
luminance is typically used for light-
emitting surfaces and illumination for
surfaces that are being lit

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QUALITY OF LIGHT
Quality of Light
• Glare- Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction
in the ability to see significant objects, or both, due to an unsuitable
distribution or range of luminance or to extreme contrasts in space
or time.
• Direct glare/reflected glare
• Disability glare
• Glare which impairs the vision of objects without necessarily causing
discomfort.
• Discomfort Glare
• Glare which causes discomfort without necessariiy impairing the vision of
objects.
• CRI colour rendering index
• CCT correlated colour temperature
• Uniform illumination
• Shadow less illumination
Colour Rendering Index- CRI
• Colour Rendering
• general expression for the appearance of surface colours when
illuminated by light from a given source compared consciously or
unconsciously with their appearance under light from some
reference source. Good colour rendering’ implies similarity of
appearance to that under an acceptable light source, such as
daylight.
• Colour Rendering Index
• A measure of the degree to which the colours of surfaces
illuminated by a given light source confirm to those of the same
surfaces under a reference illuminent. Suitable allowance having
been made for the state of chromatic adaptation.
Colour Rendering Index- CRI

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Correlated Colour
Temperature- CCT
The correlated color temperature (CCT) is a specification of the color
appearance of the light emitted by a lamp, relating its color to
the color of light from a reference source when heated to a
particular temperature, measured in degrees Kelvin (K)

CCT<3200K Warm Sources

CCT>4000 K Cool sources

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setting-the-mood-with-cct/
Recommended lux levels
• Refer NBC, IS 3646
Recommended lux levels
TYPE OF LAMPS
Incandescent/Filament Lamps
• When current Is passes through a wire both
heat and light are produced
• When it is red hot emits more heat that
light and when white hot vice versa
• Filament material properties
• High melting point
• High resistivity
• Low temperature coefficient
• Low vapour pressure
• Mechanically strong
• Ductile
• Filament materials- carbon, osmium,
tantalium, tungsten(commnly used)
Incandescent/Filament Lamps
• The glass bulb is filled with a chemically inert gas as nitrogen
or argon at atm pressure to reduce rate of evaporation and to
avoid deterioration due to oxidation
• Halogen Lamp
• Lamps below 40W are not filled with gas
• Filament in helical or coil form to reduce surface area exposed
• 40W, 60W, 100W
• Pros and Cons
• Initial cost is less
• Starts instantaneously
• Low efficiency and short life
• Good colour quality
• Frequency of starts and stops have no effect on life of lamp
High Intensity Discharge
Lamps HID Lamps
• type of electrical gas-discharge
lamp which produces light by means of
an electric
arc between tungsten electrodes house
d inside a translucent or
transparent fused quartz or
fused alumina arc tube.
• This tube is filled with noble gas and
often also contains suitable metal or
metal salts.
• The noble gas enables the arc's initial
strike
• Once the arc is started, it heats and
evaporates the metallic admixture.
High Intensity Discharge
Lamps HID Lamps
• Its presence in the arc plasma greatly increases the intensity
of visible light produced by the arc for a given power input, as
the metals have many emission spectral lines in the visible
part of the spectrum.
• High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp.
• new high-intensity discharge lamps make more visible light
per unit of electric power
consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps, since a
greater proportion of their radiation is visible light in contrast
to infrared. However, the lumen output of HID lighting can
deteriorate by up to 70% over 10,000 burning hours
High Intensity Discharge
Lamps HID Lamps
• Varieties of HID lamp include
• Mercury-vapour lamps
• Metal-halide (MH) lamps
• Ceramic MH lamps
• Sodium-vapour lamps
• Xenon short-arc lamps
• Mercury-vapour lamps were the first commercially available
HID lamps. Originally they produced a bluish-green light,
However, mercury-vapour lamps are falling out of favour and
being replaced by sodium-vapour and metal-halide lamps
High Intensity Discharge
Lamps HID Lamps
• Metal-halide and ceramic metal-halide lamps can be made to
give off neutral white light useful for applications where
normal color appearance is critical, such as TV and movie
production, indoor or nighttime sports games, automotive
headlamps, and aquarium lighting
• Low-pressure sodium-vapor lamps are extremely efficient.
They produce a deep yellow-orange light and have an
effective CRI of nearly zero; items viewed under their light
appear monochromatic
• High-pressure sodium lamps tend to produce a much whiter
light, but still with a characteristic orange-pink cast
HID Lamps- Application
• HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light over
large areas are required, and when energy efficiency and/or
light intensity are desired.
• Gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theaters,
football stadiums, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking
lots, and pathways
• HID lamps, specifically metal-halide and high-pressure sodium,
are a common light source for indoor gardens
• HID lamps have seen applications in automotive headlamps.
Xenon, or high-intensity discharge (HID), lighting provides
brighter headlights and increases visibility of many peripheral
objects
Flourescent tube

• Colours produced by different phosphors

• Zinc silicate- green
• Mangnesium tungstate- bluish white
• Cadmium borate- pink
CFL
• Same principle as fluorescent lamp
• Tubes are bent to reduce its length
• The base of these lamps contain a printed circuit boar(PCB)
• Does not need choke or starter

• 70-80% energy saving, higher light

efficiency
• Compact/light
• 10-12 times more life than incandescent
• No flickering
• 80% less heat generated than
incandescent
LED
• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light
source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated.
When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence,
• An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product that is
assembled into a lamp for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a
lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater
than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than
most fluorescent lamps
• LEDs come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time
• LED chips require controlled direct current (DC) electrical power and
an appropriate circuit as an LED driver is required to convert
the alternating current from the power supply to the regulated
voltage direct current used by the LEDs. LEDs are adversely affected
by high temperature, so LED lamps typically include heat
dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins
OLED- organic light emitting
diode
• emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic
compound that emits light in response to an electric current.
This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two
electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is
transparent.
Lamp bases
Choosing the right bulb
• Light output
• Efficacy
• Colour temperature
• Lamp lifetime
• Dimming

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right-bulb
Integration of Day lighting with
artificial lighting
• Skylight
• Properly positioned windowLight colour walls
• Reflective louvres/venetian blinds
• Tubular lights
Integration of Day lighting with
artificial lighting
Control Systems
• Motion control
• Infrared sensors
• Dimmers
• Time control
• Solar powered outdoor lights
• Cabinet lights that are switched on when doors are open and
switched off when shut

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Laws of Illumination
Inverse Square Law Lamberts Cosine Law
• The illumination of a • The illumination of a
surface is inversely surface at any point is
proportional to the square dependent on the cosine
of the distance of the of the angle between the
surface from the source of line of flux and normal at
light. It is true only if the that point
source is a point source.
TECHNIQUES, PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS
Lighting Methods
• General/Ambient
• Lighting designed to illuminate the whole of an area uniformly,
without provision for special local requirements.
• Radiates a comfortable level of brightness
• Enables one to see and walk safely
• shadowless/glare less
• Task
• Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks and activities such as
reading, writing, sewing, cooking, homework, or balancing your
checkbook.
• Task lighting is usually achieved with recessed and track lighting,
pendant lighting, portable lamps, or desk lamps.
• Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and
should be bright enough to prevent eyestrain.
• It’s useful to have task lighting on controls that are separate from the
general lighting.

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Lighting Methods
• Accent
• Accent lighting is the use of a concentrated light on an area or
subject to create a visual point of interest.
• Accent lighting is often used to spotlight architectural features,
paintings, plants, sculptures or collectables.
• Accent lighting adds an extra dimension to a room, and proper
use of accent lighting can help make a room look larger.
• Creating effective accent lighting typically requires at least three
times as much light on the focal point as the general lighting
around it.
• Accent lighting is usually is created by using track, recessed, or
wall-mounted fixtures

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Lighting Methods
Lighting Methods
Systems of luminaries
• Luminaire functions-
• distribute/concentrate light
• Heat sink
• Avoid glare

• Direct lighting- 90-100% downwards

• Indirect lighting- shadowless
• Semi direct- 60-80% down, 20-40% up
• Diffusing- uniform distribution and pleasing
• Indirect- 90% upwards
• Shadows and glare avoided
Preparation of lighting layout
• Provision for adequate illumination levels
• Uniform illumination
• Colour of light
• Shadow less illumination
• Glare Free
• Illumination
• Mount ht-
• 3.75m, ht of lamp not more than 3m
• Space ht ratio-
• 1-1.5
• Utilization factor
• Depreciation factor
• Efficiency of lamp- to convert input power to lumen
Utilization factor
Maintenance Factor

Depreciation Factor
Methods of lighting
calculations
• Watts per square metre method
• Thumb rule method- allowance of watts per square meter of area
is taken according to illumination required on an average figure of
overall efficiency of the system
• Lumen or light flux method
• applied where sources of light have to produce an approximate
uniform illumination over working plane
• Point to point or inverse square law method
• applied where illumination is required at a point due to one or
more sources of light
• Calculated using the laws of illumination
STREET LIGHTING
Street Lighting
• To make roads clearly visible in order to promote safety and
convenience to the traffic and any other obstructions, if any
• To make the street more attractive
• To increase the community value of the street
Principles of designing street
lighting
• The diffusion principle
• Lamps with suitable reflectors – direct light downwards and
spread over road surface uniformly
• 30-45degree to cut off glare- filament not visible
• Road surface appears brighter
• Calculated by point to point method
• Specular Reflection Principle
• Reflectors curved- light hits road at very large angle of incidence
• Motorists should be able to see objects 30m away
• Objects also lighted up
• More economical than diffusion method
• Produces glare
Street lighting
• Spacing-
• 29.31m for cut off type, 31.46 m non cut off type(max 37m)
• Installed on one/both sides(parallel/staggered)
• Type of lamps
• Incandescent- streets with less traffic
• Medium to heavy traffic- fluorescent, mercury , sodium lamps
• Control of street lights
• Lamps in parallel- (constant voltage control)(mercury vapour)
• Lamps in series- (constant current control)(preferred)(sodium
vapour)
• Incandescent- either parallel/series
• Special high voltage transformers are used
FAÇADE LIGHTING
What to light- Elements of a
facade
 Lighting facades with ground
mounted floodlights
Setback Spacing Aiming
• Recommended setback • Not to exceed 2 times The floodlight should be
=3/4th times building ht setback distance aimed at least 2/3 the height
of the building Mounting a
full or upper visor to the
floodlight can reduce
unwanted spill light.
LANDSCAPE LIGHTING
Landscape lighting
• Objectives
• Security
• strategically placed low voltage lights that provide low levels of
illumination strategically distributed around the property. This avoids
the problem of glaring lights and unlit regions that allow intruders to
remain unseen (instead of high voltage floodlights)
• Safety
• illuminating walkways and entrance
• Ensures safe navigation through the property avoiding otherwise
unseen obstacles.
• Usability
• Allows to enjoy usable spaces in the evening-like decks, sitting area,
recreational spaces
• Beauty
• Define textures, shapes
• Highlight features of the structure
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Techniques

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Techniques

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Techniques

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Techniques

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Fixtures

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Light levels
ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES
Lighting for Architectural
Typologies
Office Reception Auditorium Workshop

Museum Restaurant Landscape Drafting table

Art Hotel entrance Conference

Dentist
panels/gallery lobby hall

Parking lot
Architectural typology
• Answer questions incorporating all principles learned
• Basic principles
• General/task/accent
• Uplighting/downlighting/ spotlighting/diffused lighting
• Quantity of light- lux levels, quality- cri, cct, glare
• Incorporating daylight with artificial light
• Control systems you would use
• Type of lamps and luminaries that you would use
Architectural typology
Auditorium lighting
Auditorium lighting
Thank You