POWER POINT PRESENTATION

ON

ELECTRICAL MACHINES - II

2016 - 2017

II B. Tech II semester (JNTUH-R15)

Mr. K DEVENDER REDDY, Assistant Professor

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043
 UNIT -I
Single-Phase Transformers
 Single-Phase Transformers

Objectives:

• Discuss the different types of transformers.

• List transformer symbols and formulas.
• Discuss polarity markings.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• A transformer is a magnetically operated machine.

• All values of a transformer are proportional to its turns ratio .
 Single-Phase Transformers

• The primary winding is connected to the incoming power supply.

• The secondary winding is connected to the driven load.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• This is an isolation transformer. The secondary winding is physically and electrically

isolated from the primary winding.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• The two windings of an isolation transformer are

linked together by the magnetic field.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• The isolation transformer greatly reduces

voltage spikes.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• Basic construction of an isolation transformer.

 Single-Phase Transformers
• Each set of windings (primary and secondary) is formed from loops of wire wrapped
around the core.
• Each loop of wire is called a turn.
• The ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is determined by the ratio of the
number of turns in the primary and secondary windings.
• The volts-per-turn ratio is the same on both the primary and secondary windings.
 Single-Phase Transformers
Transformer Symbols
NP = number of turns in the primary
NS = number of turns in the secondary
EP = voltage of the primary
ES = voltage of the secondary
IP = current in the primary
IS = current in the secondary
Single-Phase Transformers

Transformer Formulas

EP / ES = NP / NS
EP x NS = ES x NP
EP x IP = ES x IS

NP x IP = NS x IS
 Single-Phase Transformers

• The distribution
transformer is a common
type of isolation
transformer. This
transformer changes the
high voltage from the
power company to the
common 240/120 V.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• The control transformer is another common

type of isolation transformer. This transformer
reduces high voltage to the value needed by
control circuits.
 Single-Phase Transformers

• Polarity dots are placed on transformer

schematics to indicate points that have the
same polarity at the same time.
 Single-Phase Transformers
Review:
1. All values of voltage, current, and impedance
in a transformer are proportional to the turns
ratio.
2. The primary winding of a transformer is
connected to the source voltage.
3. The secondary winding is connected to the
load.
 Single-Phase Transformers
Review:

4. An isolation transformer has its primary and

secondary voltage electrically and
mechanically separated.
5. Isolation transformers help filter voltage and
current spikes.
6. Polarity dots are often added to schematic
diagrams to indicate transformer polarity.
 Transformer Regulation

• Loading changes the output voltage of a transformer.

Definition of % Regulation

| Vnoload |  | Vload |
 *100
| Vload |
Vno-load =RMS voltage across the load terminals without load
V load = RMS voltage across the load terminals with a specified load
Maximum Transformer Regulation

V1  V2 '00  I 2 ' 2 0 .Z eq1 eq10

Clearly V1 is max imum when
 2   eq1  0; or  2   eq1
Transformer Losses and Efficiency
•Transformer Losses
•Core/Iron Loss =V12 / Rc1
•Copper Loss = I12 R1+ I22 R2

Definition of % efficiency

V2 I 2Cos 2
 *100
Losses  V2 I 2Cos 2
V2 I 2Cos 2
 *100
/ Rc1   I 2 R2  V2 I 2Cos 2
2 2 2
V1 I1 R1
V2 I 2Cos 2
 *100
/ Rc1  I 2 Req2  V2 I 2Cos 2
2 2
V1
Cos 2 = load power factor

Transformer 20
 Maximum Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency varies as with respect to 2 independent quantities namely, current and
power factor

•Thus at any particular power factor, the efficiency is maximum if

core loss = copper loss .This can be obtained by differentiating the
expression of efficiency with respect to I2 assuming power factor, and
all the voltages constant.

•At any particular I2 maximum efficiency happens at unity power factor.

This can be obtained by differentiating the expression of efficiency
with respect to power factor, and assuming I2 and all the voltages
constant.

•Maximum efficiency happens when both these conditions are satisfied.

Transformer 21
 Maximum efficiency point

100 pf=1

pf= 0.8

 pf= 0.6

At this load current

core loss = copper loss
0

% full load current

Transformer 22
Transformer Equivalent circuit (1)

I1 I2

INL
E1
E2

Transformer 23
Transformer Equivalent circuit (2)

I2

I1 INL

Transformer 24
Transformer Equivalent circuit (3)

I1 I2
INL

Transformer 25
Transformer Equivalent circuit (4)

I1
INL I2'

Transformer 26
PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
• MAIN TANK
• RADIATORS
• CONSERVATOR
• EXPLOSION VENT
• LIFTING LUGS
• AIR RELEASE PLUG
• OIL LEVEL INDICATOR
• TAP CHANGER
• WHEELS
• HV/LV BUSHINGS
• FILTER VALVES
• OIL FILLING PLUG
• DRAIN PLUG
• CABLE BOX
 UNIT 2
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

• Testing of single phase Transformers

OC Test
SC test
Sumpner’s Test or Back to Back Test
 Open circuit Test
•It is used to determine Lm1 (Xm1)and Rc1

•Usually performed on the low voltage side

•The test is performed at rated voltage and frequency under

no load
• This test gives the values of core losses in a transformer

Transformer 40
Woc= Core loss of the transformer

From the data

Cosø= Woc/(Voc*Ioc)

Iw=IocCosø
Ių = Ioc Sinø

Rcl=Voc/Iw
Xml=Voc/I ų
 Short circuit Test
•It is used to determine Llp (Xeq) and Rp(Req)

•Usually performed on the high voltage side

•This test is performed at reduced voltage and rated

frequency with the output of the low voltage winding
short circuited such that rated current flows on the
high voltage side.

• This test gives copper loss of the transformer.

Transformer 43
Wsc= copper losses of the
transformer.

Zeq=Vsc/Isc
Req=Wsc/Isc²

Xeq=sqrt(Zeq²-Req²)
Efficiency of the transformer

Ŋ = output Power/ Input power

Ŋ = XVICosø/(XVICosø + Pc +x²Pcu)
 Sumpner’s test or back to back test on set of transformers

From this test Losses and Efficiency of the two transformers can be determined
 Parallel operation of transformers

Wrong connections give circulating between the windings that

can destroy transformers.

Transformer 48
To connect the transformers in parallel the following
conditions must be satisfied

i. Transformers must be of same rating.

ii. Transformers should have the same phase sequence.
iii. voltage ratio must be same.
iv. Per unit impedence of the transformers must be same.
 UNIT-III
AUTO AND POLY PHASE TRANSFORMERS
 Autotransformer

•Primary and secondary on the same winding. Therefore there is no

galvanic isolation.

Transformer 51
Features of Autotransformer
 Lower leakage

Lower losses

Lower magnetizing current

Increase kVA rating

 No galvanic Isolation

Transformer 52
Review of balanced three phase circui

• Two possible configurations: Star (Y) and delta ()

•Star has neutral, delta does not

Transformer 53
 Star (Y) connection
•Line current is same as phase current
•Line-Line voltage is 3 phase-neutral voltage
•Power is given by 3 VL-LI Lcos or 3VphIphcos

Transformer 54
 Delta () connection
•Line-Line voltage is same as phase voltage
•Line current is 3 phase current
•Power is given by 3 VL-LI Lcos or 3VphIphcos

Transformer 55
Typical three phase transformer
connections

Transformer 56
Other possible three phase
transformer Connections
• Y- zigzag

•- zigzag

•Open Delta or V

•Scott or T

Transformer 57
How are three phase transformers
made?
• Either by having three single phase transformers connected as three
phase banks.

•Or by having coils mounted on a single core with multiple limbs

•The bank configuration is better from repair perspective, whereas the

single three phase unit will cost less ,occupy less space, weighs less and
is more efficient

Transformer 58
Phase-shift between line-line voltages
in transformers

Transformer 59
 Vector grouping of transformers
• Depending upon the phase shift of line-neutral voltages between primary
and secondary; transformers are grouped. This is done for ease of paralleling.
Usually transformers between two different groups should not be paralleled.

•Group 1 :zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0,Dz0)

•Group 2 :1800 phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6,Dz6)

•Group 3 : 300 lag phase displacement (Dy1, Yd1,Yz1)

•Group 4 : 300 lead phase displacement (Dy11, Yd11,Yz11)

(Y=Y; D= ; z=zigzag)

Transformer 60
Calculation involving 3-ph transformers

Transformer 61
An example involving 3-ph transformers

Transformer 62
Open –delta or V connection

Transformer 63
Open –delta or V connection
Power from winding ‘ab’
is Pab=VabIacos(300+)

Power from winding ‘bc’

is Pcb=VcbIccos(300-)

Therefore total power is

=2VL-LILcos300cos  or 57.7% of total power from 3
phases

Transformer 64
 Harmonics in 3- Transformer
Banks
• In absence of neutral connection in a Y-Y transformers 3rd harmonic current
cannot flow

• This causes 3rd harmonic distortion in the phase voltages (both primary and
secondary) but not line-line voltages, as 3rd harmonic voltages get cancelled out
in line-line connections

• Remedy is either of the following :

a) Neutral connections, b) Tertiary winding c) Use zigzag secondary d) Use star-
delta or delta-delta type of transformers.

a) The phenomenon is explained using a star-delta transformer.

Transformer 65
Harmonics in 3- Transformer
Banks(2)

Transformer 66
Harmonics in 3- Transformer
Banks(3)

Transformer 67
 Three-Phase Transformers

Sine wave distortion caused by harmonics.

 UNIT-4

POLY-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

 Introduction
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industry
– simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
– wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
– run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
– Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive
for optimal speed control
 Construction
• An induction motor has two main parts
– a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding

Stator of IM
 Construction
– a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
• Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
– squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both
ends by shorting rings.
– wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as the
stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires are
connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor
circuit is accessible.
 Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
 Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and
the slip rings

Brushe
s
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced
three phase source
• A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
 Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
 Rotating Magnetic Field
Bnet (t )  Ba (t )  Bb (t )  Bc (t )

 BM sin(t )0  BM sin(t  120)120  BM sin(t  240)240

 BM sin(t )xˆ
3
[0.5BM sin(t  120)]xˆ  [ BM sin(t  120)]yˆ
2
3
[0.5BM sin(t  240)]xˆ  [ BM sin(t  240)]yˆ
2
 Rotating Magnetic Field
1 3 1 3
Bnet (t )  [ BM sin(t )  BM sin(t )  BM cos(t )  BM sin(t )  BM cos(t )]xˆ
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
[ BM sin(t )  BM cos(t )  BM sin(t )  BM cos(t )]yˆ
4 4 4 4

 [1.5BM sin(t )]xˆ  [1.5BM cos(t )]yˆ

Rotating Magnetic Field
 Principle of operation
• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields

 ind  kBR  Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
 Induction motor speed
• At what speed will the IM run?
– Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
– If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
– When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
 Induction motor speed
• So, the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and
the synchronous speed is called the Slip
nslip  nsync  nm

Where nslip= slip speed

nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 The Slip
nsync  nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the
above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t
have units
 Frequency
• The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by Pn
fr 
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  (ns  nm )
fr 
120
P  sns
  sf e
120
 Frequency
• What would be the frequency of the rotor’s
induced voltage at any speed nm?
fr  s fe

• When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the

frequency of the induced voltage is equal to
the supply frequency
• On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency will
be zero
 Torque
• While the input to the induction motor is
electrical power, its output is mechanical
power and for that we should know some
terms and quantities related to mechanical
power
• Any mechanical load applied to the motor
shaft will introduce a Torque on the motor
shaft. This torque is related to the motor
output power and the rotor speed
Pout 2 nm
 load  N .m m 
m 60
rad / s
and
 Horse power
• Another unit used to measure mechanical
power is the horse power
• It is used to refer to the mechanical output
power of the motor
• Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with
watts as a unit to measure electrical power,
there is a relation between horse power and
watts hp  746 watts
 Equivalent Circuit
• The induction motor is similar to the transformer
with the exception that its secondary windings
are free to rotate

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can

combine these two circuits in one circuit but there
are some difficulties
 Equivalent Circuit
• When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s
=1, the largest voltage and rotor frequency
are induced in the rotor, Why?
• On the other side, if the rotor rotates at
synchronous speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced
voltage and frequency in the rotor will be
equal to zero, Why?
ER  sER 0
Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced
voltage obtained at s = 1(loacked rotor)
 Equivalent Circuit
• The same is true for the frequency, i.e.
fr  s fe
• It is known that
X   L  2 f L
• So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in
the rotor changes, the reactance of the rotor
circuit also changes X r  r Lr  2 f r Lr
Where Xr0 is the rotor reactance
 2 sf e Lr
at the supply frequency
(at blocked rotor)  sX r 0
 Equivalent Circuit
• Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit
as follows

Where ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR

is the rotor resistance
 Equivalent Circuit
• Now we can calculate the rotor current as
ER
IR 
( RR  jX R )
sER 0

( RR  jsX R 0 )
• Dividing both the numerator and denominator
by s so nothing changes we get
ER 0
IR 
RR
(  jX R 0 )
s

Where ER0 is the induced voltage and XR0 is the rotor

reactance at blocked rotor condition (s = 1)
 Equivalent Circuit
• Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit
 Equivalent Circuit
• Now as we managed to solve the induced
voltage and different frequency problems, we
can combine the stator and rotor circuits in
one equivalent circuit
Where
X 2  aeff
2
X R0
R2  aeff
2
RR
IR
I2 
aeff
E1  aeff ER 0
NS
aeff 
NR
 Power losses in Induction
machines
• Copper losses
– Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
– Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
• Core loss (Pcore)
• Mechanical power loss due to friction and
windage
• How this power flow in the motor?
Power flow in induction motor
 Power relations
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 Vph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1

PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )

PRCL  3I 22 R2
Pconv  PAG  PRCL
Pconv
Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )  ind 
m
 Equivalent Circuit
• We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as
follows

Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load
 Power relations
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 Vph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1
R2 PRCL
PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )  Pconv  PRCL  3I 2
2 
s s
PRCL  3I 22 R2
PRCL (1  s)
Pconv  PAG  PRCL  3I 22 R2 (1  s) 
s s
Pconv  (1  s) PAG
Pconv (1  s) PAG
Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )  ind  
m (1  s)s
 Power relations
PAG Pconv
1 1-
s

PRCL
s
PAG : PRCL : Pconv
1 : s : 1-s
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

• Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform

the network to the left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’
into an equivalent voltage source VTH in series
with equivalent impedance RTH+jXTH
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

jX M XM
VTH  V | VTH || V |
R1  j ( X 1  X M ) R12  ( X 1  X M )2
RTH  jX TH  ( R1  jX1 ) // jX M
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem

• Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1

XM
VTH  V
X1  X M

• Because XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R

2 1
 XM 
RTH  R1  
 X1  X M 
X TH  X 1
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
VTH VTH
I2  
ZT  R2 
2

 TH
R    ( X TH  X 2 ) 2

 s 
Then the power converted to mechanical
(P )2 R2 (1  s )
P  3I
conv
conv 2
s
And the internal mechanical torque (Tconv)
R2
Pconv Pconv 3I 22
 ind    s  PAG
m (1  s)s s s
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
2
 
 
3  VTH   R2 
 ind     s 
s 
  
2
 R  R2   ( X  X ) 2
  TH s  TH 2 
 

2  R2 
3V  
TH
 ind 
1  s 
s  R2 
2

 RTH    ( X TH  X 2 ) 2
 s 
Torque-speed characteristics

Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

 Comments
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous
speed. Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load
and full load. In this range, the rotor
resistance is much greater than the
reactance, so the rotor current, torque
increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that
can’t be exceeded. This torque is called
pullout torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated
full-load torque.
 Comments
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly
higher than its full-load torque, so the motor
will start carrying any load it can supply at
full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip
varies as the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous
speed it will run as a generator, converting
mechanical power to electric power.
Complete Speed-torque c/c
 Maximum torque
• Maximum torque occurs when the power
transferred to R2/s is maximum.
• This condition occurs when R2/s equals the
magnitude of the impedance RTH + j (XTH + X2)
R2
 RTH
2
 ( X TH  X 2 )2
sTmax

R2
sTmax 
2
RTH  ( X TH  X 2 )2
 Maximum torque
• The corresponding maximum torque of an
induction motor equals

1  2
3VTH 
 max   
2s  RTH  RTH
2
 ( X  X ) 2 
 TH 2 

The slip at maximum torque is directly

proportional to the rotor resistance R2

The maximum torque is independent of R2

 Maximum torque
• Rotor resistance can be increased by inserting
external resistance in the rotor of a wound-
rotor induction motor.
The
value of the maximum torque remains
unaffected
but
the speed at which it occurs can be controlled.
 Maximum torque

Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed

characteristic
 Determination of motor
parameters
• Due to the similarity between the induction motor
equivalent circuit and the transformer equivalent circuit,
same tests are used to determine the values of the motor
parameters.
– No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
– Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in
Transformers).
 UNIT-5

CIRCLE DIAGRAM AND SPEED CONTROL OF

INDUCTION MOTORS
 No-load test

1. The motor is allowed to spin freely

2. The only load on the motor is the friction and
windage losses, so all Pconv is consumed by
mechanical losses
3. The slip is very small
 No-load test

4. At this small slip

R2 (1  s) R 2 (1  s)
R2 & X2
s s

The equivalent circuit reduces to…

 No-load test

5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

 No-load test
6. At the no-load conditions, the input power
measured by meters must equal the losses in the
motor.
7. The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely
small because R2(1-s)/s is very large.
8. The input power equals
Pin  PSCL  Pcore  PF &W
 3I12 R1  Prot

Prot  Pcore  PF &W

Where
 No-load test
9. The equivalent input impedance is thus
approximately

V
Z eq   X1  X M
I1,nl

If X1 can be found, in some other fashion, the

magnetizing impedance XM will be known
 Blocked-rotor test
• In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so
that it cannot move, a voltage is applied to
the motor, and the resulting voltage, current
and power are measured.
 Blocked-rotor test
• The AC voltage applied to the stator is
adjusted so that the current flow is
approximately full-load value.
• The locked-rotor power factor can be found as
Pin
PF  cos  
3Vl I l

• The magnitude of the total impedance

V
Z LR 
I
 Blocked-rotor test
Z LR  RLR  jX LR
'

 Z LR cos   j Z LR sin 

RLR  R1  R2
'
X LR  X 1'  X 2'
Where X’1 and X’2 are the stator and rotor
reactances at the test frequency respectively
R2  RLR  R1

f rated '
X LR  X LR  X 1  X 2
ftest
 Blocked-rotor test
X1 and X2 as function of XLR

Rotor Design X1 X2

Wound rotor 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

Design C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

Design D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

 Speed Control of Induction Motor

1- Variable Terminal Voltage Control

2- Variable Frequency Control
3- Rotor Resistance Control
4- Injecting Voltage in Rotor Circuit
 m
1- Variable Terminal Voltage Control

TL
ms V decreasing

T
variable terminal voltage control variable frequency control
Low speed range Wide speed range
Lower rated speed Lower & higher rated speed
 2- Variable Frequency Control
a  f / f rated Per-Unit Frequency

1- Operation Below the Rated Frequency a <1

Erated Erated 1
Im   *
f rated 2 Lm
At rated frequency
Xm
E E 1
Im   * At any frequency, f
aX m a * f rated 2 Lm

Comparing of the above equations, Im will stay constant at a value equal to its rated
value if
f E Erated
E  a Erated  Erated 
f rated f f rated

The above equation suggests that the flux will remain constant if the
back emf changes in the same ratio as the frequency, in other ward,
when E/f ratio is maintained constant.
 The rotor current at any frequency f can be obtained from the following equation:

aErated Erated
I r  
2 2

 Rr   aX  2 
 Rr    X  2
  r   r
 s   as 
ams  m sl ms Synchronous Speed at rated frequency f rated
s 
ams ams m Angular Speed at frequency f
ams  m sl
sa   sl  ams  m
ms ms
 
 2 
3  R   3 E
 rated * R  / as  Torque at frequency f
T I r2  r   r
ams  s  ms   Rr  
2

     X r  
2

  as  
3  Erated
2 
Rr Tmax 
sm    
At a given f and E
aX r 2ms  X r 
  
 2  Rr
3 
2 Rr  
3  Erated * Rr / as 
T 
Ir  
    X r
ams  s     r
2
 as
     X r  
ms R 2

  as  

2
3Erated
T as   consta nt sl 
ms Rr (6-51)
 m

ms

ams

T
Braking Motoring
 V/f Control
Rs Xs X r Rr / s

Is Im I r
V Xm E

Rs Xs X r Rr / s

Im Is I r
V Xm E
 V/f Control
At rated frequency

3  R   3  V 2
* R  /s 
T I r 
2 r  rated r
ms  s  ms  R  R / s 2   X  X  2 
   s r s r 
3  2
Vrated 
Tmax   
2ms  R  R   X  X   
2 2
 s s s r 

At any frequency, f, a 1

3  2
Vrated * Rr / as 
T  
ms  Rs / a  Rr / as    X s  X r  
2 2

3  2
Vrated 
Tmax   
2ms  R / a  R / a    X  X   
2 2
 s s s r 
V/f Control
m

ms

ams

T
 Operation above the rated frequency a>1
The terminal voltage has to be constant = Rated Volatge= Vrated

V  consta nt  Flux  when a 

At any frequency, f, a 1
3  2
Vrated * Rr / as 
T  2
ms  Rs  Rr / s   a  X s  X r  
2 2

3  2
Vrated 
Tmax   
2ms a  Rs   Rs   a  X s  X r  
2  2
 m

Constant torque
locus

ms f rated

ams Constant torque

locus

T
THANK U….