What Is Discrete Math?

Last Update: 29 June 2013

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1. "Discrete Math" is not the name of a branch of mathematics, like number

theory, algebra, calculus, etc.

Rather, it's a description of a set of branches of math that all have in common
the feature that they are "discrete" rather than "continuous".

2. The members of this set include (certain aspects of):

o logic and Boolean algebra
o set theory
o relations and functions
o sequences and series (or "sums")
o algorithms and theory of computation
o number theory
o matrix theory
o induction and recursion
o counting and discrete probability
o graph theory (including trees)

3. To get a feel for what "discrete" means, here are some rough definitions that
you might find useful:

o A set is countable =def its members can be put into a 1-1

correspondence with the positive natural numbers (i.e., 1,2,3,…);
i.e., a set is countable iff its members can be counted.
 Note that the following sets are all countable:
i. W: the positive natural numbers themselves! (1,2,3…)
ii. N: the natural numbers (0,1,2,3…)
iii. Z: the integers (…–3,–2,–1,0,1,2,3…)
iv. Q: the rational numbers (i.e., fractions, or repeating
decimals)
  However, R, the real numbers (i.e., the rationals plus all the non-
repeating decimals, such as π, e, √2, etc.), is not countable!
 So, one feature of being "discrete" is that discrete objects are
countable.
 The study of the reals is not part of discrete math.

i. But the study of how to represent reals by approximations,

as computers do, could be considered part of discrete
math).

 A set is dense =def:

 it is "totally" (or "linearly") ordered

(i.e., any two members of the set are comparable in terms of an
ordering, such as a less-than relation)

and

 for any 2 members of the set, there is a third member that is

between them.

 Roughly, a totally-ordered set is dense iff, no matter how

close two members are, you can always find another
member squeezed in between them.
 E.g., the reals and the rationals are dense.
i. However, the rational number line has "gaps":
 No matter how closely you find two rationals
"squeezed" together, you'll never find π.
 You can approximate π as closely as you want
(because the rationals are dense), but you'll never
"hit" π.
 But the integers are not dense.
 Some people consider that the study of dense sets
is not part of discrete math

 A set is continuous =def (and this is a very rough definition!!)

 it is dense
 and

 it has no "gaps".

 So…
i. The real number line is continuous.
ii. It is sometimes called "the continuum" (pronounced /con-
tin-you-um/).
iii. In fact, some mathematicians define a continuous set as just
the real numbers.
 There are lots of formal ways to define the continuum;
here's one:

A totally-ordered set is continuous =def any nonempty

subset that has an upper bound also has a least upper
bound.

Here's what this means:

Consider the real number line.

Locate π on it.
Now consider the set of all numbers ≤ π.
Some upper bounds of this set are: π, 3.1415926536, 3.15,
3.2, 4, 4.1, 4.10938571023987, etc.
However, the smallest (i.e., the "least") of these upper
bounds is π.
If we had been considering the subset of rationals that
are ≤ π,

then π would not be a member of this subset

(because it's not a rational).

But if the subset is continuous, then π is a member.

I.e., continuous sets have no gaps.

 The reals are not countable.

 The study of continuous sets is not part of discrete math.

b. The above can be summarized in a chart:

 Has
Set Name Members Countable? Dense? Continuous? Discrete?
gaps?
positive
W 1,2,3… yes yes no no yes
naturals
N naturals 0,1,2,3… yes yes no no yes
Z integers …–3,–2,–1,0,1,2,3… yes yes no no yes
fractions/repeating
Q rationals yes yes yes no ???
decimals
all decimals, including
R reals no no yes yes no
non-repeating

c. From this, we can see that W, N, and Z are clearly "discrete" and that R is
clearly not discrete.
d. But Q stands somewhere in the middle:

 It is countable and "gappy", but also dense.

o There are some intuitive ways of thinking about the discrete-vs.-

continuous distinction:

 A piano makes music in a "discrete" way:

On a piano, there is no note between C and C#.

But a violin makes music in a "continuous" way:

There are (in theory at least) a continuum of notes between C and

C#.

 An analog clock (i.e., a clock with hands) is (at least in theory)

continuous:

The set of times that it can show is not only dense, but it can even
tell you when it is π o'clock!

But a digital clock is discrete:

In a typical digital clock, there is no time between 3:14 PM and

3:15 PM.
  Here is an interesting comment on the trade-off between
the discrete and the continuous (also called "analog[ue]"):
i. "A distinction is sometimes made between digital and
analogical signs. Indeed, Anthony Wilden declares that ‘no
two categories, and no two kinds of experience are more
fundamental in human life and thought than continuity and
discontinuity’ (Wilden 1987, 222). Whilst we experience
time as a continuum, we may represent it in either analogue
or digital form. A watch with an analogue display (with
hour, minute and second hands) has the advantage of
dividing an hour up like a cake (so that, in a lecture, for
instance, we can ‘see’ how much time is left). A watch with
a digital display (displaying the current time as a changing
number) has the advantage of precision, so that we can
easily see exactly what time it is ‘now’." (Chandler, Daniel
(2009), Semiotics for Beginners, "Signs".)
 Discrete math concerns sets of objects that are countable.
Continuous math concerns sets of objects that are "measurable".
 A film, with "frames", is discrete.
The real events depicted on the film are continuous.

b. To find other explanations, do a Google search on "discrete math",

"discrete vs. continuous", and "discrete math vs. continuous".

The following are especially good:

 Introduction—Continuous vs. Discrete Data

 An illustration of the film analogy mentioned above.
 Math Forum—Ask Dr. Math
 Discrete Mathematics—from Wolfram MathWorld
 Continuous vs. Discrete Mathematics:
 In case the above link disappears again, here's what it says:

"Continuous vs. Discrete Mathematics

The world of mathematics can be divided roughly into two

realms: the continuous and the discrete. The difference is nicely
illustrated by wristwatches. Continuous mathematics corresponds
to analog watches - the kind with separate hour, minute, and
second hands. The hands move smoothly over time. From an
 analog watch perspective, between 12:02 P.m. and 12:03 P.m.
there are infinitely many possible different times as the second
hand sweeps around the watch face. Continuous mathematics
studies concepts that are infinite in scope, where one object can
blend smoothly into the next. The real-number system lies at the
core of continuous mathematics and - just like the watch -
between any two real numbers, there is an infinity of real
numbers. Continuous mathematics provides excellent models and
tools for analysing real-world phenomena that change smoothly
over time, including the motion of planets around the sun or the
flow of blood through the body.

Discrete mathematics, on the other hand, is comparable to a

digital watch. On a digital watch, there are only finitely many
possible different times between 12:02 P.m. and 12:03 P.m. A
digital watch does not acknowledge split seconds! There is no
time between 12:02:03 and 12:02:04. The watch leaps from one
time to the next. A digital watch can show only finitely many
different times, and the transition from one time to the next is
sharp and unambiguous. Just as the real-number system plays a
central role in continuous mathematics, integers are the primary
tool of discrete mathematics. Discrete mathematics provides
excellent models and tools for analysing real-world phenomena
that change abruptly and that lie clearly in one state or another.
Discrete mathematics is the tool of choice in a host of
applications, from computers to telephone call routing and from
personnel assignments to genetics.

Edward R. Scheinerman, Mathematics, A Discrete

Introduction (Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 2000): xvii–xviii."

 On the differences between discrete/digital and analog, see:

 Haugeland, John (1981),
"Analog and Analog", Philosophical Topics 12(1) (Spring):
213–225.
 Maley, Corey J. (2011), "Analog and Digital, Continuous
and Discrete", Philosophical Studies 155: 117–131
[DOI 10.1007/s11098-010-9562-8].
 Bell, John L. (2005), The Continuous and the Infinitesimal in
Mathematics and Philosophy
  See especially Chapter 1: "The Continuous and the Discrete
in Ancient Greece, the Orient, and the European Middle
Ages"
 Bell, John L. (2005), "Oppositions and Paradoxes in Mathematics
and Philosophy", Axiomathes 15: 165–180.
 Just read pp. 1–16 of the online version.

Tong, David (2012), "The Unquantum Quantum", Scientific
American 307(6) (December): 46–49.
 "Quantum theorists often speak of the world as being
pointillist [i.e., discrete] ast the smallest scales. Yet a
closer look at the laws of nature suggests that the
physical world is actually continuous—more analog
than digital."