PAPER

NEW ARCHITECTURE OF REMOTE LABORATORIES MULTIUSER BASED ON EMBEDDED WEB SERVER

New Architecture of Remote Laboratories

Multiuser based on Embedded Web Server
http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v9i6.2886

F. Yudi Limpraptono, Anak Agung Putri Ratna, Harry Sudibyo

University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Abstract—This paper presents a new architecture for multi- emissions. Each PC generates about a ton of carbon diox-
user remote laboratory based on an embedded web server ide every year[6].
used for experiment with the MCS-51 microcontroller sys- Web technology based on embedded system has grown
tem. The design for the remote lab uses a green computing rapidly in the post PC era [7]. Implementing a web
approach, with the aim of reducing energy consumption, enabled controller to the system replaces the computer as
lowering the cost of procurement systems, improving per- a web server, thus lowering the cost of system [8]. Ap-
formance and use, and also saving space. The remote lab plied embedded system supports the concept of green
system uses multi user and multi device architecture to sup-
computing because the design has addressed several issues
port collaborative work and improve scalability. The design
related to green computing such as reduced power con-
of the remote lab has n modules experiment, and each mod-
sumption, reduced costs and space saving [6].
ule can be accessed by a single user or a group which con-
sists of several user. The prototype of a remote lab that has Various technologies in web programming have been
been realized consists of an embedded web server based on applied to provide a comfortable remote lab environment,
Raspberry Pi as the remote lab gateway and 2 experiment such as socket, applet, ajax, corba, labview, etc.[4]. The
modules that are controlled by an embedded web server work in [4] describes current progress toward the micro-
based on MCS-51 microcontroller. Development of the sys- server AJAX web-based solution. This solution will be
tem is expected to contribute to creating an efficient remote web-based, firewall-safe, more scalable, and support co-
lab that is able to facilitate collaborative work and support operative work among group members. N groups of user
green computing. from any client platform will be able to access simultane-
ously any of the N networked programmable devices. The
Index Terms—Remote Laboratories, Embedded Web Serv- work in [2] describes an approach for the development of
er, Microcontroller, Multiuser, Collaborative Work, Green an embedded web server that facilitates a remote access
Computing for an electronic engineering laboratory experiment for
distance learning. The system architecture developed for
this project allowed use of low cost components.
I. INTRODUCTION
An ideal remote lab must be able to meet the needs of
A remote lab is a web-integrated system that can be ac- users, for example, by providing experience similar to
cessed through a unified interface by a web browser[1]. doing experiments in a conventional laboratory.
By providing distance users a way to share resources and Experiments are usually conducted in a conventional
tools, it may cause cost reduction and access to some more laboratory, usually consisting of a group of students who
specialized learning resources that are not available local- has to be able to experiment with the same module. This
ly [2]. condition is what is known as the concept of collaboration
There are several advantages to the use of remote labor- or teamwork, where one student with other students can
atories, as laboratory performance will be better and more communicate and hold discussions. The concept of
efficient because students can use laboratory equipment collaboration is recommended by ABET [9]. The work in
for 24 hours. A remote laboratory creates autonomous [10] describes a client server architecture based on web
learning [3], allows use by handicapped students [4], and services and .NET remoting services for an integrated
supports resource sharing and collaboration between la- learning environment with remote experimentation that
boratories. In Indonesia, particularly, a remote lab system allows students in disparate locations to simultaneously
needs to be developed to share the laboratory (collabora- and collaboratively complete complex experimental
tion) between colleges. A remote lab can also be used to exercises.
support the implementation of teaching and learning for From the problem above, this research proposes a new
the Open University in Indonesia [5]. architecture of remote labs that is efficient and has high
One published strategy that is often used in building a scalability that can support collaborative work. Remote
remote laboratory, which has been published, is use of a lab architecture is implemented with an embedded system
computer-based server, but investment costs for hardware, technology to improve efficiency. The architecture of the
software and maintenance are very expensive. Further- remote lab uses multiuser-multidevice models to improve
more, the total electrical energy consumption by server, system scalability, where the remote lab has n modules
computer and cooling systems in the remote lab systems and each module can be accessed by a single user or a
are very significant. Energy consumption for a computer group that consists of several users simultaneously.
system contributes to the increase of greenhouse gas This paper is organized as follows: section II contains
the new architecture of remote lab; section III contains a

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NEW ARCHITECTURE OF REMOTE LABORATORIES MULTIUSER BASED ON EMBEDDED WEB SERVER

design hardware involving an embedded web server and The web server remote lab gateway contains several
lab module; section IV contains design software for the software applications such as Apache web server, a
remote lab; section V provides results and discussion; and MySQL database server and a remote lab user
section VI concludes the paper. management application based on PHP. The user
management application functions to handle user requests
II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE REMOTE LAB that will access the remote lab and manage all remote lab
Architecture of the remote lab is an extended and modi- resources.
fied version of a paper presented at the International Con- The experiment module is an evaluation board
ference on Remote Engineering & Virtual Instrumentation AT89SXX microcontroller and is equipped with some I/O
(REV2012), held in Bilbao, Spain, July 4-6, 2012. The modules such as an LED display, a LCD display, keypad
paper published in [11] describes an architecture of the and motor stepper. Users can interact with remote experi-
multiuser remote lab based on a hybrid server. The ment modules such as uploading binary files to the target
system has two kinds of web servers – that is a web server board, observing the changes via a web cam and
remote lab gateway based on a PC server and an interacting with the target board through a virtual I/O.
embedded web server (EWS) based on an MCS-51 The main function of the embedded web server is to
microcontroller for control experiment modules. Each control the experiment module and become the user inter-
experiment module in the remote lab that has been face between the user and experiment modules. Futher-
realized can only be accessed by one user at any time. more, embedded web server can send log report to the
database server and send a message to the chat applica-
A. Design of Remote Lab System tion.
A diagram of the remote lab architecture is shown in In this project the number of modules is limited to only
Figure 1. The system consists of a web server remote lab 2 experiment modules, so every time the remote lab can
gateway based on an ARM 11 embedded System; two serve two groups simultaneously. Each group can consist
experimental modules for an MCS-51 microcontroller of more than 2 users. However the system can be expand-
family, which is controlled by an embedded web server ed to handle a number of n modules.
based on AT89S52; IP camera; and several computers on
the client side. All the equipment is connected to a switch B. Use Case Diagram
hub. The design of the remote lab system can be described
The web server for the remote lab gateway is using use case diagram in Figure 2. There are two main
implemented with an embedded system using the components, namely the use of case diagram defining the
Raspberry Pi pico computer with an ARM1176JZF-S actor and the use case. Actors are people, process or other
processor. The embedded system has 256 MB of RAM, systems that interact with information systems. Use case is
4GB of external memory, available various I/O ports and the functionality provided as a system of units that
an Ethernet port 10/100. The embedded system using the exchanges information.
Raspbian embedded Linux operating system. Raspbian is
an operating system based on Debian Wheezy [12].

Figure 1. Remote Lab Architecture

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View Data
Delete data Delete data Add data View data Delete data
Client Web Server based on ARM 11 with OS Raspbian Wheezy
Add Data

Add data View data Web Browser Apache Web Server MYSQL Database Server
User management

Reservation Edit data Edit data User

Log EWS «uses»
«uses»
«uses»

**
Remote Lab
Login
Delete data
«uses» Embedded Web Server Lab Module
«uses»
Add data «uses»
Teacher Admin
*
Chat *
«uses»
«uses» Figure 3. Deployment Diagram
Schedule Management
View data Module Management
Edit data

Delete data
EWS 7. Module management is a process for managing
experiment modules, including edit module, add
Add data
Edit data Delete data

User
Remote Lab Access Add data
module and delete module.
Web management
8. Remote Lab access is a process to access the lab
Upload File BIN
Web Cam access
module, including a binary file upload, access virtual
Virtual I/O access
Add data Edit data Delete data I/O and access the webcam.
Registration 9. Chat is a process for communication between actors.
The chat application will be active if the user has
Add data Edit data View data successfully login.
10. EWS log report is a process of storing and
Figure 2. Use Case Diagram
displaying the log event data that sent by the EWS.
Definition of an actor in a remote lab system can be
described as follows: C. Deployment Diagram
1. Admin is an actor (person) who is in charge and has The design of the deployment diagram is shown in
permission to perform operations on user data Figure 3. The deployment diagram shows the
management, web content management, EWS log configuration of components in the execution of the
data management, and can communicate via a chat application. The diagram consists of three packages,
application with remote lab users. namely client, server and remote lab. The client package
2. Teacher is an actor (person) who has permission to contains one node, which is a web browser application;
perform operation to view the EWS log report and al- server package consists of two nodes, namely Apache web
so to perform remote lab access operations for the server and MySQL database server; remote lab package
purpose of learning. The teacher can also consists of two nodes, namely embedded web server and
communicate with the user and admin via a chat lab modules.
application.
D. Activity Diagram
3. Users are actor (person) who have permission to
access the remote lab. Users can access the Remote lab system activity diagram is shown in Figure
experiment module and can communicate with 4. The activity diagram is divided into 4 sections
admin, teacher or other users using chat application. (swimlane) according to the number of actors involved in
the system: admin, teachers, users and EWS.
4. EWS is an actor (system) with permission to send an
event log to the database server, and it is capable of 1. Admin is the user with the highest privileges on the
sending log messages to the chat application. remote lab system. Admin must log in to enter the
system. If the login is successful, then the admin can
The description of use case that has been defined in the access the administrator menu, such as user
remote lab system can be described as follows: management menu, schedule management menu,
1. Login is a process of identifying and authenticating module management menu, remote lab access menu,
the remote lab user. log view menu and chat menu.
2. User management is a process to manage user data. 2. Teacher must login to enter the remote lab system. If
The process includes edit data, add data, view data the login is successful, then the teacher can access
and delete data. the teachers menu, which consists of the chat menu
3. Web content management is a process for managing and log view menu. If the teacher wants to access the
web content of the remote lab. The process includes remote lab, they must make a reservation to set the
edit content, add content and delete content. date, time and experiment modules.
4. Registration is a process of handling the registration 3. User must make the process of registration and
of new users of the remote lab. The process includes reservation to be able to access the remote lab. If the
add data, edit data and view data. login is successful, they can access the remote lab
menu that consists of chat menu, upload BIN file
5. Reservation is a process of booking for the lab
menu and access I/O menu.
activities. The process includes insert data, edit data,
delete data and view data. 4. EWS (embedded web server) is a controller
experimental module. EWS can send messages to the
6. Schedule management is a process for managing the
database server or chat application.
schedule of remote lab. The process includes edit
schedule, add schedule and delete schedule.

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Figure 4. Activity Diagram

users. The maximum number of users in a group is deter-

E. Sequence Diagram mined by the administrator of the remote laboratory. To
A sequence diagram describes the behavior of objects form a group each user must have a reservation on the
in a use case by describing the object’s life time and mes- same date, time and experiment module. If the reservation
sages sent and received between objects. The number se- is successful, then each user in the group will have per-
quence diagram to be described is as many as the defining mission to access the same experiment module on the
use case available within a system. This paper will only same schedule.
discuss the sequence diagram associated with remote la- When a group is going to conduct an experiment, each
boratory access in collaboration. user in the group should do the login process. If the login
Remote lab access sequence diagram is shown in in is successful, the user can access the remote laboratory
Figure 5. This sequence diagram describes the collabora- menu. The system will check the reservation status of the
tive access scenarios performed by two users to access the user. If the user data are valid, the user will obtain access
same of an experiment module. The following is its brief to the experiment module. Each user in the group is grant-
explanation. Each user who will use remote labs has to ed the same access: uploading a binary file to the target
register first. On the registration form, the user must fill in board's microcontroller, interacting with keypads, and
some required data such as user name and password. Once observing the video of the experiment module sent by IP
the user is registered, the user has the permission to log camera on the monitor screen of each user. For coordina-
into a remote laboratory system. The next step that every tion and discussion in running the experiment module, all
user has to do is reservation or booking. To make a reser- users in the group can use the chat application provided.
vation, the user must first complete the login process. If Experimental activities can be carried out during the pe-
the login is successful, then the user can log into the riod specified by the administrator of the remote laborato-
booking menu where the user must specify the date, time ry. To track the time period, countdown of the time is pro-
and experiment module that will be used to conduct the vided on the upper-hand side of the web page. If the allot-
experiment. ted time has expired, the entire session provided will be
Collaborative access is an activity to access the remote closed and a message stating "time is up" will be dis-
laboratory carried out by a group that consists of several played.

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User 1 User 2 Registration Main Login Reservation Remote Lab Access Module access Chat IP cam

1: registration

3: login validation

2: User and Password

4: true/false valid
5: not valid message
6: reservation/booking
7: (schedule,module)
8: valid data
9:not valid massage
10: remote lab access

11: schedule validation

12:true/false validation
13: not valid message
14: module access

15: chat

16: IP Cam

17: create time slot

18: registration

20: login validation

19: User and Password

21: true/false valid
22: not valid message
23: reservation/booking
24: (schedule,module)
25: valid data
26:not valid massage
27: remote lab access

28: schedule validation

29:true/false validation
30: not valid message
31: module access

32:chat

33: IP Cam

34: create time slot

Figure 5. Sequence Diagram Access Remote Lab Collaborative

III. DESIGN OF HARDWARE

A. Embedded Web Server Remote Lab Gateway

Remote lab design implements the web server remote
lab gateway based on Raspberry Pi embedded systems.
The Raspberry Pi (or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost credit-
card sized Linux computer. It was developed by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity
[13]. This contains an ARM1176JZFS, with floating
point, running at 700Mhz, and a Videocore 4 GPU. The
GPU is capable of BluRay quality playback, using H.264
at 40MBits/s. This computer has 256MB of RAM, 2 USB
Port and a 10/100 Ethernet port. Moreover, the computer
also has an SD card with a maximum capacity of 8Mb. SD
cards are used to store the operating system and Figure 6. Raspberry Pi
application programs. This computer requires a power
supply with a voltage of 5 volt and current (minimum)
700mA [12]. B. Embedded Web Server (EWS) and Experiment
The web server remote lab gateway uses Raspbian Module
Wheezy operating system that comes with the Apache Embedded Web Server for control experiment module
web server and Mysql database server. Figure 6 shows the is built using 8-bit microcontroller MCS-51 family
hardware of the Raspberry Pi embedded system. (AT89S52). AT89S52 facility consists of 8 Kbyte internal

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code memories, 256 Byte internal RAM, a 32-bit I/O, a

serial port and a few interruption hardwares. To meet the
needs of the EWS software, the microcontroller system is
equipped with an external supporting components that
uses external data memory (RAM) for 8Kbyte (6264) and
RS232 chip. In addition, the experiment module requires a
serial to ethernet converter WIZ110SR, so that the exper-
iment modules can be accessed through the computer
network (LAN).
The experiment module consists of a microcontroller
AT89S52 and comes with some input output (I/O)
equipment for the learning and programming a
microcontroller, such as LCD displays, stepper motors,
and LED display. Input port facilities are provided in the
form of the virtual keypad, generated by the embedded
web server. Four virtual keypad buttons are displayed on
EWS web pages. The block diagram of the embedded web
server and experiment module are shown in Figure 7.

Serial to EXPERIMENT MODULE

Ethernet MICROCONTROLLER MCS-51

RS232

Virtual Input
Display LCD
0 1 DRIVER
STEPPER
RAM 2 3
6264

MIKROKONTROLER
AT89S52

TARGET BOARD
MIKROKONTROLER
AT89S51/52/8252

Figure 7. EWS Block Diagram and Experiment Module

Figure 8. Embedded Web Server Flow Chart

IV. DESIGN SOFTWARE OF THE EWS
Embedded web server based on AT89S52 is used to V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
control the experiment module. The flow chart in Figure 8
This research activity has resulted in a prototype of the
gives an overview of the workings of the EWS and can be
remote laboratory multiuser based on embedded web
described as follows:
server used for microcontroller system experiment.
• In active condition, EWS always waits for requests Prototype of a remote lab that has been realized consists of
from client. If there is a request from a client, then an embedded web server based on Raspberry Pi as remote
EWS translates the request type. There are two types lab gateway and two experiment modules that is
of requests: GET and POST instructions. controlled by an embedded web server based on an
• If the instruction is POST, the next step is the EWS AT89S52 microcontroller. Each lab module is equipped
takes the data from memory, where the data are a with an IP camera to observe the experiment module
binary file that is uploaded by the client. Next EWS remotely. The IP camera type is a Planet ICA-type HM
running write binary data procedures and download 100 Series. All the equipment is connected to the network
the data to the flash memory of the microcontroller. via a switch 10/100 Mbps. Figure 9 shows the remote lab
• If the instruction is GET, the EWS will check if there has been realized.
are parameters passed. Parameters are associated The following will discussed some tests performed on
with the command to enable the port I/O and are used the remote lab system that has been realized. The testing
as a virtual button generated by EWS. For example, system included EWS experiment module controller
if the parameter is T0, then the EWS will run the performance tests, web server as remote lab gateway
procedure to activate BIT P1.4 of the performance tests and green computing improvement
microcontroller. tests. Remote lab system testing was performed on the
• If the GET instruction without parameters, it means local area network (LAN) with maximum bandwidth
the client's request to open the EWS web page and 100Mbps.
the EWS will respond by sending the HTML code to
the client.

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Figure 11. Accessibility Test of the Remote Lab

Figure 9. The Remote Lab has been realized

Figure 12. Bandwidth Test

er, Google Chrome and Opera. Figure 11 shows the acces-

sibility test of the remote lab.
Bandwidth testing was needed to access an
experimental module, which was performed using
Networx applications. Testing was done with a video
streaming IP cam resolution of 320X240, and the test
results provided a bandwidth of 150kbps. Bandwidth test
Figure 10. EWS Testing Diagram results are shown in Figure 12.
Performance test of the Raspberry Pi embedded web
The first test was a test of the performance of EWS server was conducted using the software Webserver Stress
module experiments. Testing was done by programming Tool 7. The test type is RAMP and run test for 5 minutes.
the flash memory of the target board 100 times. The User Simulation: ramp test with up to 10 simultaneous
results showed a success rate of 98%. Figure 10 shows users, 10 seconds between clicks (Random). The result of
testing of embedded web server diagram. the test average click time for all URLs is 121ms. Figure
The accessibility test of the EWS experiments module 13 shows the performance test of web server remote lab
on embedded the web server can run well on some types gateway.
of web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explor-
Click Time, Hits/s, Users/s (all URLs)
Active Users
0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8
1.200 7
1.000 6

800 5
4
600
3
400
2
200 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
Time Since Start of Test [s]

� Click Time [ms] � Clicks per Second � Hits per Second

Test Ty pe: RAMP (run test f or 5 minutes)
User Simulation: ramp test with up to 10 simultaneous users - 10 seconds between clicks (Random)

Figure 13. Test Result Click Time

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Testing of several parameters related to green

computing in web server remote lab gateway includes
1. Raspberry Pi webserver power consumption is 3.5
watts, which can provide power savings of 96%
when compared with the use of computer server.
2. The size of Raspberry Pi is 78cm3, when compared to
the size of the computer; it saves 99% of space.
3. The price of Raspberry Pi is about $35, so when
compared to the average price of a computer, it saves
88% of overall cost. Figure 14. Testing of Green Computing Improvement
4. Remote labs can be used for 24 hours, so the system
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT org, 2013.
The authors would like to thank the University of
Indonesia, which provided the funds for the remote AUTHORS
laboratory project, and thank the University de Haute F. Yudi Limpraptono is doctoral student in the De-
Alsace, France, which has given us the opportunity to do a partment of Electrical Engineering, University of Indone-
research visit for 3 month. The authors also thank the sia, Kampus Baru UI Depok, West Java, Indonesia and as
National Institute of Technology Malang, which funded full time lecturer in Department Electrical Engineering,
the publication of the paper. National Institute of Technology Malang, East Java, Indo-
nesia (e-mail: [email protected])
REFERENCES A.A. Putri Ratna is lecturer in the Departement of
[1] G. Tokdemir and S. Bilgen, “Remote Lab Effectiveness Assess- Electrical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Kampus
ment Model,” in 11th International Conference on Optimization of Baru UI Depok, West Java, Indonesia (e-mail: rat-
Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2008. OPTIM 2008, 2008,
pp. 234 –239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2008.4639517
[email protected])
[2] E. Otoakhia, T. Jenmanachaiyakun, A. Afaneh, S. Alzebda, M. Harry Sudibyo, is a Professor in the Departement of
Mani, O. Sonbul, and A. N. Kalashnikov, “Embedded web server Electrical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Kampus
for remote laboratory access for undergraduate students studying Baru UI Depok, West Java, Indonesia (e-mail: hari-
electronic engineering,” in 2011 IEEE International Symposium
on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2011, pp. 337 –340. [email protected])
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2011.5937571
Submitted 07 June 2013. Published as re-submitted by the authors 05
November 2013.

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