3 40 D ad A 0 Puleillenelta

Moasurements and Instrumentation

Solution low reuiatance under

lest (0,97H25 V.
lhedrop across

V
with unknown resiatance- 19uV-0.0000019
ne thermal e.m.f.
unknown rosintarne
in given by,
Hence actual voltage drop acro8s

0.978231 V
VR= 0.97825 0.000019
Thus the unknown resistance is given by,

R VR x Rs
Va
where R= Standard resistor =1.00024
1.02575
Vs Voltage across R, =

R Unknown resistor 0.978231x 0.100024 0.095399 2

1.02575
=

Example 3.18.2 A slide wire potentiometer has a 6 V batitery with negligible internal
resistance. The resistance of the slide wire is 200 SQ and length of slide wire is 200 cm.
A standard cell of 1.018 V is used for the standardizing he potentiometer and rheostat in
adjusted so that the balance is obtained when the sliding contact is at 101.8 cm. Find
i The working current of the slide wire and rheostat setting
i) If the slide wire has divisions marked in mm and each division can be interpolated to
1/5" of a division, calculate resolution of instrument.
Solution :i) A slide wire potentiometer is standardized with an e.m.f. of 1.018 V with
sliding contact at 101.8 cm. This indicates that length of 101.8 cm represents voltage
1.018 V.
Thus resistance of slide wire of length 101.8 cm is,

R = 101.8
R 200 200 =101.8 2
1.018
Hence working current I = 101 8 10 mA

i) The total resistance RT of the circuit is

KT Kslide wire + RRheostatKslide wire + Rh

Battery voltage 6V
But RT
RT = 600 2
Working current 10 mA

Hence rheostat resistance Rh is,

Rh RT - Rslide wire 600-200 = 4002

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge

 strumentation
3 - 41
Mas:suren0N1S
aNd

D.C. and A.C.

Potentiometers
esurement
m e a s
=
Working current x
Resistance
Kange
of
of slide wire
i)
= 10x 10Sx 200 =
2 V
200 Cm
af 20
length of i.e. 2000 m
represents 2 V, hence 1 mm
i ) h e

1mV. But instrument can read

1 th represents
2 upto ,
5
of 1 mm. Hence resolution of
2000

instrument is,

2esolution5(mV) =0.2mV
3 Power is measured
measured with an a.c.
potentiometer. The
Cronple 3.1683

cted in series with load is

sistance connecte
2 voltage across a 0.1
tamáard resistan

(0.35-j01) The voltage across

V.
dioider connected to supply is
setial divider
00
1
potential
(0.8+j015) V. Determine power
umed by
loadand powerfactor.

Saluton:
Current through load =
=I= 0.)= (a 5-i n A
0.1
= 3.642-15.94° A

Voltage across load = V =

300(0.8+j0.15) 300 (0.8139 10.629
=

V 244.182 10.62V
Phase angle of load =
10.62°-(-15.94°) 26.56° ¢ = =

Power factor of load =

cos Ù cos
(26.56)°=0.8944
=

Power consumed by oad =

|VI |I| cos ¢
=
(244.182) (3.64) (0.8944) =
794.96 W
mnle 318.4
Exanpl
Anon-reactive resistor of 1000 S2 s connected in series with
a coil and a
Mritor at 50 Hz. f the voltages acrosS R, coil and C
are (0.6
j 0.24) V, -

(06+j 04) Vand (-0.1-j 04) V respectively. Calculate power

stred in ench component.
dissipated and energy

Solation: The circuit elements in series are as given below.

P Rc C

W0000
R 1000 2

Coil Capacitor
Fig. 3.18.1
Votage
age across
? 1000 Q
resistor =
Vr (0.6 -j 0.24)
=
V

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS -
An up thrust for knowledge
 h en
sipratexd
rd i s s i p a t e n d

non-ractive resi esistor =

P )
A c m w s
1000 =(0.6462 x 103*(1000)
P 0.4175 W
Across coil P (U)RL =(0.6462 x 102(S86.81)
P 0.245 mW
Across capacitor P' ()Re (06462x 10 12(86.26)
P- 0.036 mW
stored,
erergy
meven
he
Coil LI x 2.7167 x (0.6462x 10 2 = 0.567
By 2
) yC a p a c i t o r

acior
= C

CV¢
/ V ?
x
5.035 x10 x(0.4123)2 =0.427 u
3.18.5 During the measuurement ofa low resistance using a potentiometer the
Example
readings were obtained. Voltage drop across the low low resistance
fllowving
im tst 0.4221 V, voltage drop across a 0.1 ohm standard resistance =1.0235 V.

dlate the value of

unknown resistance, current and power lost in it. May-09. Marks 6
unknown resistance under test is given by,
Solution: 1)Value of the
Voltage drop across resistance under testStandard
R Voltage drop across standard resistance resistance

R VsR.Rs
Substituting respective values, get,
we

R 0.422
T0235 0.1 =0.04124 2

2) Current through the unknown resistor under test is given by,

0.4221
I = R = 10.235 A
R 0.04124
3) Power loss in unknown resistor is given by,

PR ()2-R =
(10.235)2 (0.04124) = 4.32 W

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for knowledge

 3
- 48
D.C. and A.C.
M e e s u r e m e n t s a n dI n s t r u m e n t a t i o n

List the
basic
r e q u i r e m e n t s
of
ac
p o t e n t i o m e t e r .

C.Potanmle
Q.25 that,
is that. at al
basic
r e q u i r e m e n t

the
the with
Ans. must
b e equal
espect
magritud
p o t e n t i o m e t e r s ,

compared
n a.c.
being
1 voltages
both the
it is
necessa
p o t e n t i o m e t e r s

phase both. in a.c.

two
voltages a.c. reference
not avai to
lable eas
as
comparing accurately
While
2. voltage
potentiometer

the
sinusoidal signal. It is
circuit.

The a.c.
s o u r c e
must
supply
exactly
used in
it are necessary
ration galvanometers
vibration galva.

3. the
detectors

of
of.
is the control
potentiometers
as
requirenment stray e.m.is
elimi in t
another
potentiometers,
such e.m.i ust be
In as possible
As far
a.c.
4. as t
circuits.
a.c. voltage being measure
ured.
and coupling with the
vectorically
added
may get ley a.c.
Tinsle a.c. tentiometes
potention
Drysdale
main
components of auil..
some
List the alongwith
Q.26
a.26

Ans.: It
consists of basic
d.c.
shifter and
potentionmeter
electrodynamometer
type a m m e t e r apOnento
such as, Drysdale
phase
a.c. potentiometer.
Gall-Tinsley
components of
Q.27
Q.27 List the main potentiometers e n e l .
elosed
consists of two separate in same
Ans. This potentiometer consists two separate siding contact One o
potentiometers
These two while other is called
common case.

potentiometers is called in-phase

potentiometer
vibration galvanometer
and electro-dvna quadratue
potentiometer. It also
consists yye
ammeter.

Q.28 List various applications

of a.c.
potentiometer.
Maiyl
2. Calibration of
ammeter

Ans.: 1. Caibration of voltmeter, Measurement of self reactance of end

wattmeter, 4.
and
3. Testing of energymeter
circuit. The volta
is used for
measurement of curent in a

Q.29 A simple slhide wire ohm is balanced at 75 cm. Find th

a standard
resistor of 0.1
drop across
standard cel e.mf. of
1.45 V is balanced at
of the current if the
magnitude May-09
50 cm.
length the slide wire balancing the standardoel,
Ans.: From the data about the
on

we can write,
E.M.F. of standard cell
Voltage drop per unit length Length ofslide wire at the balanced condin0n
1.45 0.029 V/cm
Voltage drop per unitlength
=

** *************

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An up thrust for krowledge

 n a dnsdrumentaton 3-49 D.C. and A.C. Potentiometers
5evdgetatt%athiaj se1etseerhe is0 1Ttirtsft
hdenit7ed1n159rtutitTewhrstrarersrttyIT

u e to nown current is balanced at the of slide

drop
drop
d
due
length wire
ze
Mw
Now
voltage

Hence the correspondiny voltage across standard resistor is given by

m.
s standard resistor = 75 (Voltage drop per unit length)
c z m

75

t o Voltageacross
IAal

= 75 (0.029) =
2.175 V

current c a n be
obtained as,
u n k n o w n

Hece
Voltage drop across 0.1 standard resistor 2.175 =21.75 A
I Standard resistor 0.1
What is potentiometer ? List its applications. May-15
Potentiometer:
Refer Q.1.
AS
ADplications ********
of potentiometer: Refer O.16.
useseaussaasas nsesunasassssasausasessssotssseseaeasesns**stsesvesase**sesnginasess*s*ssspsasessessesseasansesesanassesmesesesnssuesnun**sosrsssesesp***
 3- 46 D.C. and AC. Potentiometers
Measurements and Instrumentation

potentiometer
Q.14 Draw neat digram of Brook's deflectional
Ans.: Refer Fig. 3.9.1 on page 3 - 19.

Q.15 What is volt-ratio Box ? When is it

used ? Dec-15, Ma-16
Ans.:A volt-ratio box is basically a potential
divider aircuit which consists a high
where resistances various pairs o
between
resistance with a number of tappings
d.c. potentionmeters, the maximm
tappings are properly adjusted. Generally basic m
to be measured is
So practically when voltage
greator
voltage measured is less than 2 V.
than 2 V, a volt-ratio box is used.

Q.16 What are the applications of dc. potentiometer

? Dec 10, 11 13
OR
electrical measurement ?
What is the used of potentiometer in the field of
May-10
as follows,
Ans. The applications of d.c. potentiometer are
Calibration of voltmeter, i) Calibration
of ammeter, ii) Calibration o
i)
Measurement of power
wattmeter iv) Measurement of resistance, v)
ammeter.
Q.17 Draw the practical set up for calibration of
Ans.: Refer Fig. 3.11.2 on page 3- 24.
Q.18 Draw a next diagram of a setup for
unknouUn resistance measurement using
potentiometer.
Ans. : Refer Fig. 3.114 on page 3-25.

Q.19 What is the principle of a self balancing potentiometer?

unbalance e.m.f produces a deflection
Ans. In general, in normal potentiometers, any
first the e.mf being
through the galvanometer. But in self balancing potentiometers
measured is balanced against known e.m.f. In self balancing potentiometer, the
and then
unbalanced e.mf is applied to the input of an amplifier which amplifies signal
this amplified signal is given to the input of the motor. This drives a motor and thus
the motor moves a sliding contact to balance the potentiometer automatically.
used in
Q20 Explain why is self balancing potentiometer with d.c amplifier not
industrial applications ?

OR

Give the drawback ofself balancing potentiometer?

Ans. Basically the unbalance e.m.f. is of de type. This de. signal is applied to the
to the
dc. amplifier. But output of the dc amplifier is not stable and it may suffer due