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3 - If Structures, Variables and Assignments

The document discusses if statements and decision making in code. If statements allow a program to choose a course of action based on conditions, and come in simple, else-if, and multi-path forms. The document also covers variables, data types, assignment, and naming conventions.

Uploaded by

Darwin Vargas
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

3 - If Structures, Variables and Assignments

The document discusses if statements and decision making in code. If statements allow a program to choose a course of action based on conditions, and come in simple, else-if, and multi-path forms. The document also covers variables, data types, assignment, and naming conventions.

Uploaded by

Darwin Vargas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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if Structures, Variables

and Assignments
making decisions and memory
What is an if if’s are for decision making.

structure? “conditional” expressions -

choosing a course of action based


on a potentially changing condition
Simple
if this then that
decisions
Syntax

if (this ) {

Do that

Example:

if (x < 9) {

Serial.println(“x is less than 9.”);

}
Flow chart for IFTTT process:

True

Start “x is less than 9”


x<9
False

End
Level 2:
This or That
Decisions
“Fork in the road”
Syntax of if-else decision structure

Example:
if (this ) {
if (x < 9) {
Do that
Serial.println("x is less than 9.");
} else {
} else {
Do something else
Serial.println("x is NOT less than 9.");

} }
Flow chart for This or That process:
True

Start
x<9 “x is less than 9”

One of these two


False actions occurs,
but not both

“x is NOT less than 9” End


Level 3:
Multiple
Mutually Exclusive
Execution Paths
decisions
Syntax - multiple execution paths
Example:
if (this ) {
if (x < 9) {
Do that
Serial.println("x is less than 9.");
} else if ( this ) {
} else if (x > 9) {
Do something
Serial.println("x is greater than 9.");
} else {
} else {
Do something else
Serial.println("x must be 9");
}
}
Flow chart for multi-mutex process:
True

Start
x<9
if (x<9) True
“x is less than 9”

False x>9
else if (x>9)

“x is greater than 9”
False

else
“x must be 9" End
Syntax of an if-block

Start with if if

May have multiple else if’s otherwise if

May finish with an else if all else fails

Think of them as “cases”: If this is the case, then do that


Syntax
if ( conditional expression ) {

action / code to perform and execute

} else if ( another conditional expression ) {

another action

} else {

action to perform if all other cases are false

}
“Simple Reflex” Example
void loop() {

int temperature=getTemp(); // let’s imagine that we get the temp in deg f

if( temperature < 70 ) {

turnOnHeat();

} else {

turnOffHeat();

}
Control Expressions
Relational Operators - compare values

== Equal-to

!= Not Equal-to

< Less than

> Greater than

<= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal to


Boolean or Logic operators

&& AND Returns True if both sides are True,


otherwise False

|| OR Returns False if both sides are


False, otherwise True

! NOT Returns the opposite value, true or


false
Boolean operators examples

GIVEN:
x=5;
y=10;

RELATIONAL EXPRESSIONS:
x<y is True
x>y is False

BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS:
x<10 && y<10 is False
x<10 || y<10 is True
!(x<10 || y<10) is False
Variables
They are not PLACEHOLDERS like in math.

They are CONTAINERS like for lunch.


What is a variable?

A variable is a container. You can put one value in it at a time.

The value must be of the type that the variable holds.

Think sandwich vs. soup lunch containers:

A variable is a named memory location. You utilize and


access computer memory using variables in code.
Variables and 1. create/declare the variable by
type and name
Assignments 2. assign a value using
(in a nutshell) assignment operator =
3. use the variable name
In code, when you want the
anywhere you want its current
program to remember
value
something, you must assign the
value to a variable
Variable Declaration
syntax:

type name;

type name=value;

ex: This line creates a


variable called
int sensorValue;
“sensorValue” of
int myValue=analogRead(A0); type int
int age=26;
Assignment Operator

Looks like equal sign =

Do not call it “equals”

On its left MUST be a variable.

On its right MUST be: a literal value, a variable, or an expression.


If you see a single
= then the thing
on its left IS a (otherwise you’ll get a

variable
syntax error)
Assignment vs. Equal-to

= is the == is the
assignment operator equal-to operator
This slide will upset math thinkers

x=x+1;

What does this line do?

Actually it does two things:

1. x+1 is evaluated and results in the value of the variable x plus 1


2. the resulting value is assigned to x

therefore, following SEQUENCE, if the value of x was 5 BEFORE this


line, its value is 6 after this line.
Using variables as values

Put the variable name where the value would go.

ex:
int age=26;

Serial.println(age); // this will print the value 26


type kind used for range

Variable Type int integer counting -32,768 to 32,767

float decimal dec. values


This is the “kind” of data that can be
stored in a variable.

Some types are compatible and some


are not - sometimes data is lost in a
type conversion.
Variable Naming Rules

1. You may use ONLY letters, numbers, and the underscore _

1. You may NOT begin with a number

1. You may NOT use any reserved words

* remember, they are case sensitive


Valid Names Invalid
Names

abc123 123abc

my_name my name

_hello0 hello!

blahblah for

ThIsIsFiNeToUsE No-Can-Do-Compadre

a1b2c3

for_me

FOR
PRO TIP: Use meaningful variable names

If you’re storing somebody’s age, use age instead of x.

If you’re storing the temperature, use temp instead of t.

If you’re keeping track of an input pin number, use inputPin instead of the literal
value.
Literals

literals are any actual values you see written in code.

For example:

123

4.642

“Hello” name is NOT a literal because that would


be a variable. It doesn’t have quotes
name
around it so it’s not a string literal.

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