Netcom Theory Assignment

Nupoor Raj
19BCE2145
Slot:G2+TG2
Faculty:Abdul Gaffar H

Theory Digital Assignment

Topic: Survey the commercially available IEEE 802.11 products

The founders of the IEEE Local Area Network Standards Committee (LMSC) began discussing
standardization opportunities in 1979, submitting a project proposal "Local network for
Computer Interconnection" through the IEEE Computer Society to the IEEE in August 1979 that
was formally approved by the IEEE on 13 March 1980. Today, the IEEE 802 LMSC develops
and maintains networking standards and recommended practices for local metropolitan, and
other area networks using an open, consensus-driven standards development process, and
advocates them on a global basis.
Currently, the IEEE 802 family of standards consists of 71 published standards with 54 under
development. The most widely used IEEE 802 standards are for Ethernet, Bridging and Virtual
Bridged LANs Wireless LAN, Wireless PAN, Wireless MAN, Wireless Coexistence, Media
Independent Handover Services, and Wireless RAN with a dedicated Working Group providing
focus for each area.

IEEE 802 also coordinates with other national and international standards bodies, including ISO
which has published certain IEEE 802 standards as international standards. Moreover, the IEEE
802 LMSC and working groups garner strong international participation with ongoing meetings
and sessions being held throughout the world.

802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)

It indicated two crude information paces of 1 and 2 megabits each
second (Mbit/s) to be communicated through infrared (IR) signals
or by either recurrence jumping or direct-grouping spread range
(DSSS) in the Industrial Scientific Medical recurrence band at 2.4
GHz. IR stayed a piece of the norm until IEEE 802.11-2016, yet
was never implemented.The first standard likewise characterizes
transporter sense various access with impact aversion (CSMA/CA)
as the medium access strategy. A critical level of the accessible
crude channel limit is forfeited (by means of the CSMA/CA systems) to improve the unwavering
quality of information transmissions under different and unfriendly natural conditions.
 IEEE 802.11-1999 likewise presented the paired time unit TU characterized as 1024
µs.At any rate six unique, fairly interoperable, business items seemed utilizing the first
particular, from organizations like Alvarion (PRO.11 and BreezeAccess-II), BreezeCom,
Digital/Cabletron (RoamAbout), Lucent, Netwave Technologies (AirSurfer Plus and
AirSurfer Pro), Symbol Technologies (Spectrum24), and Proxim Wireless (OpenAir and
Rangelan2). A shortcoming of this unique particular was that it offered such countless
decisions that interoperability was now and again testing to figure it out. It is truly to a
greater degree a "beta-particle" than an unbending detail, at first permitting singular item
merchants the adaptability to separate their items yet with practically no between seller
operability.
The DSSS adaptation of inheritance 802.11 was quickly enhanced (and advocated) by the
802.11b amendment in 1999, which expanded the piece rate to 11 Mbit/s. Broad
reception of 802.11 organizations just happened after the arrival of 802.11b which
brought about different interoperable items opening up from numerous sellers. Thus, a
similar couple of organizations were executed on the 802.11-1997 norm.

802.11a (OFDM waveform)

802.11a, distributed in 1999,

utilizes a similar information
connect layer convention and
casing design as the first norm,
however an OFDM based air
interface (actual layer) was added.
It was later relabeled Wi-Fi 2, by
the Wi-Fi Alliance, comparative
with Wi-Fi 1 (802.11b). It works
in the 5 GHz band with a greatest
net information pace of 54 Mbit/s,
in addition to blunder rectification
code, which yields practical net attainable throughput during the 20 Mbit/s.[32] It has
seen boundless overall execution, especially inside the corporate workspace.
Since the 2.4 GHz band is intensely used for the purpose of being packed, utilizing the
moderately unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a critical benefit. In any case, this high
transporter recurrence additionally brings a detriment: the compelling generally speaking
scope of 802.11a is not exactly that of 802.11b/g. In principle, 802.11a signs are
assimilated all the more promptly by dividers and other strong items in their way because
of their more modest frequency, and, accordingly, can't infiltrate similarly as those of
802.11b. By and by, 802.11b commonly has a higher reach at low velocities (802.11b will
 diminish speed to 5.5 Mbit/s or even 1 Mbit/s at low sign qualities). 802.11a likewise
experiences interference,[33] yet locally there might be less motions toward meddle with,
bringing about less impedance and better throughput.

802.11b

802.11b has a most

extreme crude
information pace of
11 Mbit/s and utilizes
a similar CSMA/CA media access strategy characterized in the first norm. Because of the
CSMA/CA convention overhead, practically speaking the greatest 802.11b throughput
that an application can accomplish is about 5.9 Mbit/s utilizing TCP and 7.1 Mbit/s
utilizing UDP.
802.11b items showed up available in mid-1999, since 802.11b is an immediate
expansion of the DSSS (Direct-succession spread range) balance procedure characterized
in the first norm. The Apple iBook was the principal standard PC sold with discretionary
802.11b systems administration. In fact, the 802.11b standard uses reciprocal code keying
(CCK) as its balance procedure, which utilizes a particular arrangement of length 8
correlative codes that was initially intended for OFDM [1] but on the other hand was
appropriate for use in 802.11b due to its low autocorrelation properties.[2] The emotional
expansion in throughput of 802.11b (contrasted with the first norm) alongside concurrent
significant value decreases prompted the quick acknowledgment of 802.11b as the
complete remote LAN innovation just as to the development of the Wi-Fi Alliance.
802.11b gadgets experience the ill effects of different items working in the 2.4 GHz band.
Gadgets working in the 2.4 GHz range include: microwaves, Bluetooth gadgets, child
screens and cordless phones. Obstruction issues and client thickness issues inside the 2.4
GHz band have become a significant concern and disappointment for clients.
Devices using 802.11b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4
GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth
devices, baby monitors, cordless telephones, and some amateur radio equipment. As
unlicensed intentional radiators in this ISM band, they must not interfere with and must
tolerate interference from primary or secondary allocations (users) of this band, such as
amateur radio.
802.11g

802.11g is the third tweak standard for remote LANs. It

works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) however
works at a most extreme crude information pace of 54
Mbit/s. Utilizing the CSMA/CA transmission plot, 31.4
Mbit/s[1] is the most extreme net throughput feasible
for bundles of 1500 bytes in size and a 54 Mbit/s
remote rate (indistinguishable from 802.11a center, with the exception of some extra
heritage overhead for in reverse similarity). By and by, passageways might not have an
ideal execution and may in this manner not have the option to accomplish even 31.4
Mbit/s throughput with 1500 byte bundles. 1500 bytes is as far as possible for parcels on
the Internet and in this manner an important size to benchmark against. More modest
parcels give even lower hypothetical throughput, down to 3 Mbit/s utilizing 54 Mbit/s
rate and 64 byte packets.[1] Also, the accessible throughput is divided among all stations
communicating, including the AP so both downstream and upstream traffic is restricted
to a common absolute of 31.4 Mbit/s utilizing 1500 byte bundles and 54 Mbit/s rate.
802.11g equipment is completely in reverse viable with 802.11b equipment. Subtleties of
making b and g function admirably together involved a large part of the waiting
specialized cycle. In a 802.11g organization, notwithstanding, the presence of an
inheritance 802.11b member will altogether lessen the speed of the generally speaking
802.11g organization. Some 802.11g switches utilize a back-viable mode for 802.11b
customers called 54g LRS (Limited Rate Support). The adjustment plot utilized in
802.11g is symmetrical recurrence division multiplexing (OFDM) replicated from
802.11a with information paces of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbit/s, and returns to
CCK (like the 802.11b norm) for 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s and DBPSK/DQPSK+DSSS for 1 and
2 Mbit/s. Despite the fact that 802.11g works in a similar recurrence band as 802.11b, it
can accomplish higher information rates on account of its legacy to 802.11a.
The then-proposed 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted in the market starting in
January 2003, well before ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as
reductions in manufacturing costs.By summer 2003, most dual-band 802.11a/b products
became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card or
access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the
lingering technical process; in an 802.11g network, however, the activity of an 802.11b
participant will reduce the data rate of the overall 802.11g network.
Like 802.11b, 802.11g devices also suffer interference from other products operating in
the 2.4 GHz band, for example, wireless keyboards.
802.11n

802.11n is particular for remote LAN (WLAN) interchanges.

802.11n, an expansion to the 802.11 group of norms, will
expand remote neighborhood) speed, improve unwavering
quality and broaden the scope of remote transmissions.
802.11n utilizes numerous info/different yield (MIMO)
innovation and a more extensive radio recurrence channel. It
additionally gives an instrument called outline accumulation
to diminish time between transmissions. Current WLAN advances necessitate that the
sending station demand the channel, send one bundle, discharge the channel, and
afterward demand again to send the following parcel. With outline conglomeration, when
a station demands the channel and has the position to communicate, it can send a
progression of edges without delivering the channel and recapture experts for each edge.
With 802.11n, crude information throughput is relied upon to reach as much as 600 Mbps
- that is in excess of multiple times the throughput of 802.11g.
Although the IEEE started work on 802.11n in 2004, progress in endorsing the
determination was slowed down by contending merchant gatherings. Draft 1 of the
standard was delivered in 2006 and "pre-N" hardware opened up not long after. Draft 2
was supported in 2007. Pre-N hardware has exhibited an information rate as high as 540
Mbps with normal rates somewhere in the range of 100 and 200 Mbps. Information rates
are required to increment as involvement in the standard develops.

802.11ad

IEEE 802.11ad is an amendment that defines a new physical layer

for 802.11 networks to operate in the 60 GHz millimeter wave
spectrum. This frequency band has significantly different
propagation characteristics than the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
where Wi-Fi networks operate. Products implementing the
802.11ad standard are being brought to market under the WiGig
brand name. The certification program is now being developed by
the Wi-Fi Alliance instead of the now defunct Wireless Gigabit
Alliance. The peak transmission rate of 802.11ad is 7 Gbit/s.
IEEE 802.11ad is a protocol used for very high data rates (about 8 Gbit/s) and for short
range communication (about 1–10 meters).TP-Link announced the world's first 802.11ad
router in January 2016.
The WiGig standard is not too well known, although it was announced in 2009 and added
to the IEEE 802.11 family in December 2012.
802.11af

IEEE 802.11af, likewise alluded to as "White-Fi" and "Super Wi-Fi",

is an alteration, supported in February 2014, that permits WLAN
activity in TV blank area range in the VHF and UHF groups
somewhere in the range of 54 and 790 MHz. It utilizes intellectual
radio innovation to send on unused TV stations, with the standard
taking measures to restrict impedance for essential clients, like
simple TV, computerized TV, and remote microphones. Access
focuses and stations decide their position utilizing a satellite
situating framework like GPS, and utilize the Internet to question a geolocation data set
(GDB) given by a territorial administrative organization to find what recurrence stations
are accessible for use at a given time and position. The actual layer utilizes OFDM and
depends on 802.11ac. The spread of misfortune just as the lessening by materials, for
example, block and cement is lower in the UHF and VHF groups than in the 2.4 GHz and
5 GHz groups, which builds the conceivable range. The recurrence stations are 6 to 8
MHz wide, contingent upon the administrative domain. Up to four stations might be
reinforced in possibly a couple bordering blocks. MIMO activity is conceivable with up
to four streams utilized for either space–time block code (STBC) or multi-client (MU)
operation.The feasible information rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz
stations, and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.With four spatial streams and four fortified
stations, the greatest information rate is 426.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz stations and 568.9
Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels.

802.11-2016
IEEE 802.11-2016 which was known as IEEE 802.11 REVmc,is a revision based on
IEEE 802.11-2012, incorporating 5 amendments (11ae, 11aa, 11ad, 11ac, 11af). In
addition, existing MAC and PHY functions have been enhanced and obsolete features
were removed or marked for removal. Some clauses and annexes have been renumbered.
802.11ah

IEEE 802.11ah, published in 2017, defines a WLAN system

operating at sub-1 GHz license-exempt bands. Due to the
favorable propagation characteristics of the low frequency
spectra, 802.11ah can provide improved transmission range
compared with the conventional 802.11 WLANs operating in
the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. 802.11ah can be used for
various purposes including large scale sensor networks,
extended range hotspot, and outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic
offloading, whereas the available bandwidth is relatively
narrow. The protocol intends consumption to be competitive with low power Bluetooth,
at a much wider range.
A benefit of 802.11ah is extended range, making it useful for rural communications and
offloading cell phone tower traffic.The other purpose of the protocol is to allow low rate
802.11 wireless stations to be used in the sub-gigahertz spectrum.The protocol is one of
the IEEE 802.11 technologies which is the most different from the LAN model,
especially concerning medium contention. A prominent aspect of 802.11ah is the
behavior of stations that are grouped to minimize contention on the air media, use relay to
extend their reach, use little power thanks to predefined wake/doze periods, are still able
to send data at high speed under some negotiated conditions and use sectored antennas. It
uses the 802.11a/g specification that is down-sampled to provide 26 channels, each of
them able to provide 100 kbit/s throughput. It can cover a one-kilometer radius. It aims at
providing connectivity to thousands of devices under an access point. The protocol
supports machine to machine (M2M) markets, like smart metering.