Module 8 - Diss

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 8 – Soc Sci 11 Subject Teacher:
FILIPINO APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE FILIPINO SOCIAL

THINKERS
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
• Examine the social ideas of Filipino thinkers starting from Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Rizal, and
other Filipin intellectuals.
• Analyze Filipino society by looking and examining the ideas of Filipino intellectuals and social
thinkers in history.
II. DISCUSSION
• Introduction
In the previous chapter, we have learned about the dominant approaches and ideas in the
social sciences which offer different ways of looking at society. In this chapter, we will examine the
social ideas by Filipino thinkers in the 19th century starting from the ilustrados such as Pedro Paterno,
Jose Rizal, and Isabelo delos Reyes. We will also analyze the social ideas of the instigators of the
revolution such as Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto.
Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena
During the latter of the 19th century, educated Filipinos began to emerge in the society
and many of them called for the implementation of immediate reforms to improve the lot of
their fellow Filipinos. The great thinkers of the so-called Reform Movement, such as Jose Rizal,
Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, advocated for the assimilation of the Philippines
to become part of Spain so laws in homeland Spain can be applied equally to the colony and
the natives. The picture above depicts several of our heroes who understood the need of their
times and displayed intense love for the country and concern to fellow Filipinos. This lesson will
introduce us to concepts and ideas of Filipino intellects on social issues as they attempt to
“indigenize” the social sciences and apply them to the local setting.
Time and again, Western models and concepts have continually applied and employed
by social scientists around the world in order to explain the different workings in the society.
Inasmuch as Western theories provide a useful background in the study of most social issues and
problems, we Filipinos have our own way of looking and evaluating social occurrences from the
lens of our culture, experiences, and norms.
This module is an intellectual property of the University of the Cordilleras Senior High School. Unauthorized reproduction, modification, distribution, display or
transmission in any form, medium and manner of any of the contents of the modules (digital or printed) for whatever purpose is strictly prohibited.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
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• FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO

- Was borrowed from the classic Philippine
history book entitled History of the Filipino
people by the eminent Filipino historian FOCUS QUESTIONS
Teodoro Agoncillo.
✓ How do Filipino thinkers view Philippine
- The term indio was a derogatory term used
by the Spaniards to denote the natives society during their time?
living in the archipelago. ✓ Why is a need to explain social
- Initially, the term Filipino was given to those occurrences in the Philippine society
Spaniards born in the Philippines, or the using Filipino perspective?
insulares, as opposed to those born in
Spain called peninsulares.
- The lowly natives were oftentimes depicted in Spanish works as indolent and backward.
Incidentally, the natives were eventually called “Filipinos” only in 1898 when Spanish governor-
general Basilio Agustin tried to win back the indios to support Spanish troops in their fight against
impending American onslaught.
- While racial discrimination continued into the 19th century, this became an important stimulus in
the rise of Filipino nationalism during the same period. Other contributory factors include the
opening of the Philippines to world commerce, the emergence of the middle class or clase
media, the entry of liberal ideas (like the works of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau), and
the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose Burgos
- The eventual execution of the three martyred priests Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose
Burgos on February 17, 1872 ushered in a new era in Philippine history, the Propaganda or Reform
movement. Mostly composed of Filipino liberals and students attending European universities,
these propagandists had imbued in them the liberal ideas of the 19th century as they wanted
Spain to bring about radical changes in governance of its colony, the Philippines.
- In effect, their writings explained the evils of colonialism in the Philippine setting as they began
to apply knowledge they had learned from European universities and indigenized these ideas
to relate to Filipino experiences under Spanish brutalities.
- Despite being divided on many issues, all propagandists advocated for reforms and assimilation
or the application of Spanish laws and rights in the colony so that all residents would equally be
treated as Spanish citizens. They also want representations in the Spanish parliament, the
secularization of the clergy, and the abolition of polo y servicios.
- Their growing aspiration to improve both political and social conditions back in the colony
provided impetus for several propagandists to search for the Filipino past in order to present the
accomplishment of past generations and showcase the innate competence of natives.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

• SOCIAL IDEAS OF FILIPINO THINKERS

- The rise of Filipino nationalism in the 19th century also brought about the production of local
knowledge necessary in redefining the Philippines as a nation and in putting into perspective
the more than 300-year rule of Spanish colonialists in the archipelago.
- Meanwhile, the Filipino educated class, also called the ilustrados or the “enlightened ones,”
expanded during this century and created numerous opportunities for their professional and
personal growth.
1. Isabelo de los Reyes

- was a prominent Filipino politician, writer, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He
was the original founder of the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente, an independent Philippine national church.
- He is now known as the "Father of Philippine Folklore", the
"Father of the Philippine Labor Movement", and the "Father
of Filipino Socialism".
- As a young man, de los Reyes followed his mother's footsteps
by initially turning to writing as a career; his works were part
of the 1887 Exposicion General de las Islas Filipinas in Madrid.
- He later became a journalist, editor, and publisher in Manila,
and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities. He
was deported to the Kingdom of Spain, where he was jailed
for his activities until 1898. While living and working in Madrid,
he was influenced by the writings of European socialists and
Marxists.
- Returning to the Philippines in 1901, de los Reyes founded the first labor union in the country. He
also was active in seeking independence from the United States. After serving in the Philippine
Senate in the 1920s, he settled into private life and religious writing. De los Reyes wrote on diverse
topics in history, folklore, language, politics, and religion.
2. Pedro Paterno
- He was a Philippine politician infamous for being a turncoat. He was also a poet and a novelist.
- His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of
the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, an account
of which he published in 1910.
- Among his other works include the first novel written by a native
Filipino, Ninay (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems
in Spanish, Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias ("Jasmines and
Other Various Poems"), published in Madrid in 1880.
- The first novel Ninay embodies spirit of early nationalism against
a backdrop of racism because of Paterno’s narration on the
uniqueness of Filipino culture and the dynamism of Philippine
history with infusions of foreign civilizations.
- Unfortunately, most contemporaries of Paterno, such as Rizal
and de los Reyes give little or no importance to the works of
Paterno because of their absurdity and irrationality.
- However. Despite their insignificant scholarly value and innumerable flaws, Paterno’s works
emphasized that Filipinos had culture and identity long before the arrival of Spaniards in the
archipelago.
3. Jose Rizal
- was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the
Philippines. He is tagged as the national hero (pambansang bayani) of the Philippines.
- An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino
Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

- He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after the
Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke
out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or
conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which
eventually led to Philippine independence.
- In 1887 Rizal published his first novel, Noli me tangere (The
Social Cancer), a passionate exposure of the evils of
Spanish rule in the Philippines. A sequel, El filibusterismo
(1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the
leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He
published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of
Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to
show that the native people of the Philippines had a long
history before the coming of the Spaniards.
- He became the leader of the Propaganda Movement, contributing numerous articles to its
newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program included
integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish
parliament), the replacement of Spanish friars by Filipino priests, freedom of assembly and
expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.
- Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. He founded a nonviolent-reform society, the Liga Filipina,
in Manila, and was deported to Dapitan in northwest Mindanao. He remained in exile for the
next four years.
- In 1896 the Katipunan, a Filipino nationalist secret society, revolted against Spain. Although he
had no connections with that organization and he had had no part in the insurrection, Rizal was
arrested and tried for sedition by the military. Found guilty, he was publicly executed by a firing
squad in Manila.
- His martyrdom convinced Filipinos that there was no alternative to independence from Spain.
On the eve of his execution, while confined in Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote “Último adiós” (“Last
Farewell”), a masterpiece of 19th-century Spanish verse.
• THE REVOLUTION AND BEYOND

- The dissolution of La Liga Filipina resulted in the formation of two groups, the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios and the Katipunan. More of a passive group, the Cuerpo de Compromisarios
only lasted for several months after its inception. On the other hand, the more radical Katipunan
engendered a burning passion among its members in aspiring for complete separation from
Spain instead of waiting for reforms advocated previously by Propagandists.
- On July 7 1892, the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or
simply Katipunan, was officially founded along Azcaraga St. (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) in
Tondo by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,Valentin Diaz, Deodato Arellano and Ladislaw Diwa
among others.
- Realizing that Spain was incapable of effecting the much-needed reforms envisioned by Rizal
and most reformists, the Katipuneros were left with no other choice but to take up arms and start
a revolution that would free the natives from the yoke of Spanish oppression.
- Reflecting its desire to bring about massive social upheaval, this secret society had three-
pronged objectives which are:
1. Political – separation of the Philippines from Spain;
2. Moral – teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals; and
3. Civic – self-help, defense of the poor and the oppressed
- As members began to swell by the thousands, especially with the publication of its newspaper
Kalayaan and the continued suspicions by the authorities, Spanish officials instigated a
crackdown against the Katipuneros that culminated in the discovery of the organization on
August 19, 1896.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

- When the revolution broke out on August 23, 1896 with the so-called “Cry of Pugadlawin,” what
Rizal had predicted in his previous works about widespread bloodshed in the name of
independence was now underway.
- With the call for arms by the leaders came the numerous works propagated principally by
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto that reflected the social conditions and the pressing needs
of the tumultuous time.
1. Andres Bonifacio
- Was born on November 30, 1863–May 10, 1897
- He was a leader of the Philippine Revolution and the president of the Tagalog Republic, a short-
lived government in the Philippines. Through his work,
Bonifacio helped the Philippines break free from
Spanish colonial rule.
- Unable to finish schooling, Bonifacio was able to
enrich his knowledge on social issues by reading
popular works of his time, including books about the
French Revolution, Life of presidents of the United
States, Les Miserables, The Ruins of Palmyra,
Wandering Jew, Noli Me Tangre and El Filibusterismu.
He also read International Law, Penal and Civil
Codes.
- A member of the defunct la Liga Filipina, Bonifacio
was one of the original founders of the radical group
Katipunan with the objective of overthrowing
Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines.
- Apart from being the Supremo of the Katipunan (the
position he assumed only in 1895), he was also a contributor to the organization’s newspaper.
From his essays and poems, one can appreciated his views with regard the cultural identity of
the pre-colonial natives and his loft ideals of ushering a new dawn to the once great Tagalog
nation.
- The author Reynaldo Ileto considers Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalog
should Know) as the most important issue of January 1896 because the manifesto placed the
Filipino struggle for freedom in a framework of meaning which is traditional in nature (Ileto, 1979).
The first three paragraph of the essay contain Bonifacio’s description of the pre-colonial past of
the Tagalogs until its eventual downfall with the arrival of the Spaniards in the archipelago.
- The Tagalogs were enjoying a life full of abundance and prosperity, had good relations with
neighboring states, possessed good manners, and were literate using their own alphabet.
However, all these came to a halt when the Spaniards lured the natives into submission that
lasted for more than 3 centuries.
- In the succeeding paragraphs, Bonifacio admonishes the readers about the pain and suffering
they are continuously experiencing under colonial rule and persuades them to realize their true
worth. The last paragraphs of the essay read as follows:
“Now is the time that the light of truth must shine; now is the time for us to make it known
that we have our own feelings, have honor, have self-respect and solidarity. Now is the time to
start spreading the noble and great teachings that will rend asunder the thick curtain that
obfuscates our minds; now is the time for the Tagalogs to know the sources of their misfortunes.
This day we must realize that every step we take is taking us closer to the brink of the abyss of
death that our enemies have dug to ensnare us.”
“And so! Oh compatriots! Let us dispel the blindness from our intellects; let us resolutely
dedicate our strength to the triumph of our true and mighty cause, the prosperity and peace of
our native land. “
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

2. Emilio Jacinto
- The so-called “Brain of Katipunan” was born on December 15, 1875 at Trozo, Manila (now
Tondo).
- He was one of the highest-ranking officers in the
Philippine Revolution and was one of the highest-ranking
officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-taasan,
Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan, or simply and more popularly called Katipunan,
being a member of its Supreme Council. He was elected
Secretary of State for the Haring Bayang Katagalugan,
a revolutionary government established during the
outbreak of hostilities.
- He is popularly known in Philippine history textbooks as
the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend, he
should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the
Revolution" (Filipino: Utak ng Himagsikan, a title that is
usually given to Apolinario Mabini).
- Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin (or Cry of Balintawak) with Andrés
Bonifacio, the Supremo (Supreme President) of the Katipunan, and others of its members which
signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the islands.
- He attended San Juan de Letran College, and later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas
to study law. Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmeña and Juan Sumulong were classmates. He did not
finish college and, at the age of 19, joined the secret society called Katipunan. He became the
advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio. He was later known as Utak ng
Katipunan. He and Bonifacio also befriended Apolinario Mabini when they attempted to
continue José Rizal's La Liga Filipina.
- Jacinto also wrote for the Katipunan newspaper called Kalayaan. He wrote in the newspaper
under the pen name "Dimasilaw", and used the alias "Pingkian" in the Katipunan. Jacinto was
the author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan as well.
The Katipunan Code of Conduct

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a
shade, if not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct,
acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth
and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who
will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in
her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not
unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color
white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative
that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who
does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to
being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the
wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise
brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy
among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone
before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the
Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will
be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission.
- After Bonifacio's execution, Jacinto pressed on with the Katipunan's struggle. Like general
Mariano Álvarez, he refused to join the forces of general Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the
Katipunan's Magdalo faction.
- Jacinto lived in Laguna and also joined the militia fighting the Spaniards. Jacinto contracted
malaria and died on April 16, 1899 in Brgy. Alipit, Santa Cruz, Laguna. His remains were initially
buried in Brgy.San Juan Santa Cruz, Laguna, and were transferred to Manila North Cemetery a
few years later.
• FILIPINO SOCIAL SCIENCE

- The author Resil Mojares stated that the need to create a Filipino social science was recurring
them at the turn of the 20th century (Mojares, 2006).
- Existing literature about the history of the Philippines as written by Spanish friars and officials had
to be revisited by Filipino intellectuals at the time in order to contradict the negative backlash
thrown by the harsh colonialists against the poor indios. For instance, Isabelo de los Reyes, and
Pedro Paterno attempted to resurface indigenous ideals in most of their works even though
some may appear imprecise and inconsistence at time.
- Rizal’s annotation of Antonio de Morga’s work entitled Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in
the Philippine Islands) published in 1609 was indicative of the need to deconstruct colonialism
and produce modern knowledge. In Rizal’s work that was eventually published in 1890, the
Filipino nation was now being redefined as an autonomous entity.
- Mojares argued that the late 19th century saw the increasing awareness of the Filipinos on their
identity and began laying local foundations on the fields of history, anthropology, linguistics,
political science and sociology. He then added that the rise of Filipino nationalism
simultaneously resulted in the merging production of knowledge in politics, history, literature and
language (Mojares, 2006).
III. ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY
TASK #1: Critical Thinking
Instruction: Answer the following after reading the entire module. 25 points
1. Discuss the contributions of Isabelo de los Reyes in his search for Filipino identity. What are the
different sources he utilized in order to reconstruct the Filipino past?
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

2. In general, how are the works of Pedro Paterno different from those of other Filipino intellects?
Explain the various flaws and weaknesses found in most of his works.
3. Explain how Jose Rizal attempted to indigenize the social sciences and apply them to the local
setting of his time. Why was there a need for Rizal to revisit and rewrite the history of the
Philippines that was written using the lens of the colonialist. Explain your answer.
4. Try reading Bonifacio’s work Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog. Do you consider him as an
effective writer in terms of influencing the readers to act and defend their rights against Spanish
colonialism? Why or why not?
5. What is the main essence of Jacinto’s Manifesto in 1896? For a Katipunero, do you think Jacinto’s
prescribed teachings (or the Kartilla) were possible and doable? Explain your answer.
Rubric for scoring each item:

Content Includes the flow of thought and (3)(1)
organization of ideas
Technicalities Includes grammar and proper punctuations (2)(1)
TASK #2:
Instruction: Examine the works of our Filipino intellectuals. For example, you may examine a work of
Jose Rizal from the list below. Pick one and read (in English) its entirety. Write a reaction paper by
answering the listed guidelines.
Examples:
1. On the Indolence of the Filipinos
2. The Philippines a Century Hence
3. To the Women of Malolos
Guide Questions:
1. What is the main point of the particular work?
2. How did the author support his arguments and claims?
3. Give you own insights on his work in relation to the social issues of his time. What can you say
about his social ideas?
4. Are these articles still relevant in today’s time? Expound.
Rubric for the Reflection paper

Criteria Description Points
Content The student was very informative with regard to the author’s main 10
points and arguments.
Analysis Analysis was clear and concise based on the data presented. 5
Organization The paper was well-written with ideas easily conveyed to readers. 5
TOTAL 20 pts.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

IV. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE:

V. REFERENCES:
• Alejandria-Gonzalez, M.P. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Makati City:
DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
• Arcinas, M. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
• Marsh, D., Stoker G. (2002) Theory and Method in Political Science. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
• Ong, J. (2016) Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.
• Reyes, M. (2004). Social Research: A Deductive Approach. Manila: Rex Book Store

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Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

FILIPINO APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE FILIPINO SOCIAL

Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

• FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO

Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose Burgos

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

• SOCIAL IDEAS OF FILIPINO THINKERS

1. Isabelo de los Reyes

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

• THE REVOLUTION AND BEYOND

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

The Katipunan Code of Conduct

6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.

9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

• FILIPINO SOCIAL SCIENCE

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

Rubric for scoring each item:

Rubric for the Reflection paper

S.Y. 2020-2021 Third Trimester Grade Level/Section:

IV. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE:

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