Astm c140 - 20a

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C140/C140M − 20a
Standard Test Methods for

Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related
Units1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Section
Measurement of Dimensions 6
1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedures Compressive Strength 7
commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete Absorption 8
masonry units and related concrete units. Methods are provided Calculations 9
Report 10
for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive Keywords 11
strength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, Annexes—Test Procedures
flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli- Concrete Masonry Units Annex A1
Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2
cable to all unit types, however. Segmental Retaining Annex A3
Wall Units
1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included in Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4
annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit Concrete Grid Paving Annex A5
types: Units
Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6
Annex A1—Concrete masonry units Dry-Cast Articulating Annex A7
(Specifications C90, C129) Concrete Block
Annex A2—Concrete and calcium silicate brick Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs Annex A8
(Specifications C55, C73, C1634) Worksheet and Test Report for Appendix X1
Annex A3—Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372) Concrete Masonry Units
Annex A4—Concrete interlocking paving units
(Specification C936/C936M) NOTE 1—The testing laboratory performing these test methods should
Annex A5—Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319) be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.
Annex A6—Concrete roof pavers
(Specification C1491)
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and
Annex A7—Dry-cast articulating concrete block footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
(Specification D6684) footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
Annex A8—Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs
(Specification C1782/C1782M)
considered as requirements of the standard.
1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are 1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
test methods, but specific testing and reporting requirements each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
for those units are not included. system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1.4 These test methods include the following sections:
with the standard.
Section
Scope 1 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Referenced Documents 2 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Terminology 3 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Significance and Use 4
Sampling 5 priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as C140/C140M – 20. mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
DOI: 10.1520/C0140_C0140M-20A. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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C140/C140M − 20a
2. Referenced Documents NOTE 2—Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or
other resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 those products not addressed with the annex of this standard.
C55 Specification for Concrete Building Brick
4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirements
C73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime
in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all units
Brick)
covered by these test methods and those applicable to the
C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
specific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units are
C129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry
included in the body of these test methods and those applicable
Units
to the specific unit types are included within the annexes.
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking 5. Sampling
Paving Units 5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:
C1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for 5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be
Masonry selected by the purchaser or authorized representative. The
C1232 Terminology for Masonry selected specimens shall be of similar configuration and
C1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units dimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot
C1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall of units from which they are selected.
Units 5.2 Number of Specimens:
C1491 Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers
5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a
C1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-
set of units shall consist of six full-size units.
lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing
C1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick 5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (including
C1716/C1716M Specification for Compression Testing Ma- the cores) prior to determining the received weight.
chine Requirements for Concrete Masonry Units, Related NOTE 3—An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to remove
Units, and Prisms loose material.
C1782/C1782M Specification for Segmental Concrete Pav-
5.4 Identification—Mark each specimen so that it may be
ing Slabs
identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %
D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—
of the surface area of the specimen.
Sponge or Expanded Rubber
D6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Ar- 5.5 Received Weight—Prior to performing tests, weigh each
ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Systems specimen after sampling and marking, and record as wr (re-
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines ceived weight). Record time and place wr was measured.
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing NOTE 4—Received weights often have direct relationships with other
2.2 Other Documents: unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results or
SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide – Stopwatch for sorting purposes. It is good laboratory practice to separate sampled
and Timer Calibration3 units for strength and absorption testing by received weight, such that the
averages of the subsets of specimens are similar and representative of the
3. Terminology sampled units. Received weight may also be useful in evaluating incon-
sistency in test results or unit production issues. The weight of a concrete
3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6 masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditions,
shall apply for these test methods. primarily as a result of the moisture within the unit. Therefore, to
understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: understand the point in time and the frame of reference when that weight
3.2.1 lot, n—any number of concrete masonry units or was determined. “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the
related units, designated by the producer, of any configuration unit was sampled but when and where the received weights were
determined. In addition to date and time references, it is also important to
or dimension manufactured by the producer using the same know if those weights were determined after units reached equilibrium
materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the
curing method. job site, and so forth. Moisture content is not a physical property
requirement of concrete masonry units, therefore field measurement of
4. Significance and Use received weight is not necessary (unless specifically specified for a
particular job).
4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirements
for application to a broad range of concrete products. Those 6. Measurement of Dimensions
general testing requirements are included in the body of this
standard. 6.1 Apparatus:
6.1.1 Measurement Devices—Devices used to measure
specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
nearest 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] and not greater than 0.01 in.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. [0.25 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest
3
Available at http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdf 0.01 in. [0.25 mm].
2
C140/C140M − 20a
6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to 7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed or
the division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verified required by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall be
at least once annually. Verification record shall include date of performed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting the
verification, person or agency performing verification, identi- specimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamond
fication of reference standard used, test points used during saw blade of proper hardness. Following cutting, residue from
verification, and readings at test points. the cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuing
6.2 Specimens—Three full-size units shall be selected for testing (see Note 9). If the specimen is wetted during sawing,
measurement of dimensions. allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory air
conditions before testing, using the procedures outlined in
6.3 Measurements—Measure specimens in accordance with 7.2.3.
the applicable annex of this standard. For those products not
covered by the annexes of this standard, measure overall NOTE 9—For specimens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean water is
typically sufficient for removing cutting residue. For specimens cut with a
dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on dry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient for
opposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division required removing cutting residue.
to be reported. Document location of each measurement on a
7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut from
sketch or photograph of the specimen.
full-sized units and the net area of the compression test
NOTE 5—Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be used specimens can not be determined by 9.5.1, saw-cut an addi-
in other tests. tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of the
NOTE 6—Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the three compression test specimens. The average net area for the
appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for
these measurements. saw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the average
net area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated as
7. Compressive Strength required in 9.5. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimens
shall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.
7.1 Test Apparatus—The compressive strength testing ma-
chine shall conform to Specification C1716/C1716M. 7.3 Capping—Cap test specimens in accordance with Prac-
tice C1552.
NOTE 7—Previous versions of this standard have contained specific
requirements for compressive strength test machines. These requirements 7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:
have been replaced with reference to Specification C1716/C1716M. 7.4.1 Position of Specimens—Test specimens with the cen-
7.2 Test Specimens: troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the center
7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, of thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of the
test three specimens in compression. testing machine (Note 10). Except for special units intended for
7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, use with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollow
specimens shall be full-sized units except when the units concrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.
cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration or Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollow
testing machine requirements. In these cases, reduce the units intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontal
specimen size in accordance with Annex A1. direction in the same direction as in service. Prior to testing
7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression each unit, ensure that the upper platen moves freely within its
specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. spherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.
[13 mm] on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of NOTE 10—For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,
75 6 15°F [24 6 8°C] and a relative humidity of less than the location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing the
80 % for not less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression dimension perpendicular to that axis (but in the same plane) by two. For
those masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis, the location of
results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same that axis can be determined by balancing the masonry unit on a knife edge
environment described above with a current of air from an or a metal rod placed parallel to that axis. If a metal rod is used, the rod
electric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. shall be straight, cylindrical (able to roll freely on a flat surface), have a
Continue passing air over the specimens until two successive diameter of not less than 0.25 in. [6 mm] and not more than 0.75 in. [19
weighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not mm], and its length shall be sufficient to extend past each end of the
specimen when placed upon it. The metal rod shall be placed on a smooth,
greater than 0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the flat, level surface. Once determined, the centroidal axis shall be marked on
specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any the end of the unit using a pencil or marker having a marking width of not
surface of the unit. Specimens shall not be subjected to greater than 0.05 in. [1.5 mm]. A tamping rod used for consolidation of
oven-drying. concrete and grout for slump tests performed in accordance with Test
Method C143/C143M is often used as a balancing rod.
NOTE 8—In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see
9.5) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres- 7.4.2 Moisture Condition of Specimens—At the time the
sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumption specimens are tested, they shall be free of visible moisture or
that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have dampness.
the same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled split 7.4.3 Speed of Testing—Apply the load (up to one half of the
face units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time
they are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens have expected maximum load) at any convenient rate, after which
a net volume that is visually representative and a weight that is adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform
representative of the compression test specimens. rate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load
3
C140/C140M − 20a
is applied in not less than 1 nor more than 2 min. The results specimen and the bottom of the tank, only the area of the bottom of the
of the first specimen shall not be discarded so long as the actual unit should be used to determine the 10 % limit (not the surface area of the
entire specimen).
loading time for the second half of the actual load is greater
than 30 s. 8.3.2 Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire
NOTE 11—The allowance for a loading rate outside of 1 to 2 min for the
and completely submerged in water and record wi (immersed
first specimen acknowledges that the expected load may be different than weight).
the actual maximum load. The load rate for the remaining two specimens 8.3.3 Remove the specimens from water and allow to drain
should be adjusted based on the first specimen results. by placing them on a 0.375-in. [10-mm] or coarser wire mesh.
7.4.4 Maximum Load—Record the maximum compressive While the specimen is draining and before weighing, remove
load in pounds [newtons] as Pmax. visible surface water with a damp cloth. Weigh specimens 60
6 5 s following removal from water. Record as ws (saturated
8. Absorption weight).
8.1 Apparatus—Unless specified otherwise in the appropri- 8.3.4 Subsequent to saturation, dry all specimens in a
ate annex, the following equipment shall be used: ventilated oven at 230 6 9°F [110 6 5°C] for not less than 24
8.1.1 Balance—A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 % of h and until two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h show
the weight of the smallest specimen tested. Balances shall be an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the last
calibrated in accordance with Practice C1093. previously determined weight of the specimen. Record weight
8.1.2 Oven—A ventilated oven of appropriate size capable of dried specimens as wd (oven-dry weight).
of maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 6 9°F
[110 6 5°C]. Ovens shall be verified in accordance with 9. Calculations
Practice C1093. 9.1 Absorption—Calculate absorption as follows:
8.1.3 Timer—A timer readable and accurate to 1 second.
Timers shall be verified in accordance with Practice C1093. Absorption, lb/ft3 5 @ ~ w s 2 w d ! / ~ w s 2 w i ! # 3 62.4 (1)
(See Note 12.) @ Absorption , kg/ m 3 5 @ ~ w s 2 w d ! / ~ w s 2 w i ! # 3 1000#
NOTE 12—Recommended procedures for verifying timers can be found
in NIST Special Publication 960-12 (2009): NIST Recommended Practice Absorption, % 5 @ ~ w s 2 w d ! /w d # 3 100
Guide—Stopwatch and Timer Calibrations.
where:
8.2 Test Specimens: ws = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg],
8.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, wi = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
test three specimens in absorption. wd = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg].
8.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,
tests shall be performed on full-sized units or specimens 9.2 Moisture Content—Calculate the moisture content of the
saw-cut from full-sized units. Calculated values for absorption unit at the time it is sampled (when wr is measured) as follows:
and density of reduced-size absorption specimens shall be Moisture Content, % of total absorption 5
considered as representative of the whole unit. □ @ ~ w r 2 w d ! / ~ w s 2 w d ! # 3 100 (2)
8.2.2.1 When test specimens are saw-cut from full-sized
units, the test specimen shall have an initial weight after cutting where:
of no less than 20 % of the initial received weight of the wr = received weight of unit, lb [kg],
full-sized unit. wd = oven-dry weight of unit, lb [kg], and
ws = saturated weight of unit, lb [kg].
NOTE 13—When performing absorption tests on reduced-sized
specimens, it is preferable to have a test specimen that is as large as NOTE 15—When determining the moisture content of a unit or set of
practically possible and can be accommodated by laboratory equipment. units, the value determined is a measure of the water content of a unit
This helps to reduce any location-specific variability from the absorption based upon the received weight of the unit wr. Thus, the moisture content
results. calculation above is only applicable to the unit moisture content at the
time the received weight, wr, is obtained.
8.3 Procedure:
8.3.1 Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperature 9.3 Density—Calculate oven-dry density as follows:
of 60 to 80°F [15 to 27°C] for 24 to 28 h such that the top Density ~D!, lb/ft3 5 @ w d ⁄ ~ w s 2 w i ! # 3 62.4 (3)
surfaces of the specimens are at least 6 in. [150 mm] below the
surface of the water. Specimens shall be separated from each @ Density ~D!, kg/ m 3 5 @ w d ⁄ ~ w s 2 w i ! # 3 1000#
other and from the bottom of the immersion tank by at least where:
0.125 in. [3 mm], using wire mesh, grating, or other spacers. wd = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg],
The spacer shall not cover more than 10 % of the area of the ws = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
face that is in direct contact with the spacer (see Note 14). wi = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg].
NOTE 14—The intent of the requirement for spacer contact with the 9.4 Net Volume—Calculate net volume as follows:
specimen surface is to limit the possibility of reduced absorption of water
due to blockage by the spacer. In order to determine compliance, only the Net Volume ~ V n ! , ft3 5 w d ⁄ D 5 ~ w s 2 w i ! ⁄ 62.4 (4)
area of the surface of the specimen in contact with the spacer should be
considered. For example, when a spacer is used between the bottom of the @ Net Volume ~ V n ! , cm3 5 ~ w d ⁄ D ! 3 106 5 ~ w s 2 w i ! 3 103 #
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C140/C140M − 20a
where: where:
Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3], Pmax = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and
wd = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg], Ag, avg = average of the gross area values determined for
D = oven-dry density of specimen, lb/ft3 [kg ⁄m3], each of the three specimens, in.2 [mm2].
ws = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
wi = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg]. 10. Report
9.5 Average Net Area—Calculate net area as follows: 10.1 For the purpose of reporting test results, all observed or
Average Net Area ~ A n ! , in.2 5 ~ V n 3 1728! ⁄ H (5) calculated values shall be rounded using the following proce-
dure:
@ Average Net Area ~ A n ! , mm2 5 ~ V n 3 103 ! ⁄ H # 10.1.1 When the digit immediately after the last place to be
where: retained is less than 5, retain unchanged the digit in the last
place retained.
Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3],
An = average net area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], and 10.1.2 When the digit immediately after the last place to be
H = average height of specimen, in. [mm]. retained is greater than or equal to 5, increase by 1 the digit in
the last place retained.
NOTE 16—In SI units, net volume is calculated in terms of cubic
centimetres to be consistent with the reporting requirements of this NOTE 17—As an example, density results are required to be reported to
standard. Net area, however, is calculated in terms of square millimetres the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] in 10.3.7. For inch-pound units, a
in order to facilitate calculation of compressive strength in MPa which is calculated value of 130.85 lb/ft3 should be reported as 130.9 lb/ft3. For SI
defined as N/mm2. units, a calculated value of 2095.85 kg/m3 should be reported as
2096 kg ⁄m3.
9.5.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens, such as those
with split surfaces, calculate the net area of coupons and those 10.2 A complete report shall include the following general
specimens whose net cross-sectional area in every plane information:
parallel to the bearing surface is equal to the gross cross- 10.2.1 Name and address of the testing laboratory,
sectional area measured in the same plane, as follows: 10.2.2 Identification of the report and the date of issue,
Net Area ~ A n ! , in. 2 @ mm2 # 5 L 3 W (6) 10.2.3 Name and address of the client or the identification of
the project,
where: 10.2.4 Description and identification of the test sample,
An = net area of coupon or specimen, in.2 [mm2], 10.2.5 Date of receipt of the test sample,
L = average length of coupon or specimen, in. [mm], and 10.2.6 Date(s) of test performance,
W = average width of coupon or specimen, in. [mm].
10.2.7 Identification of the standard test method used, in-
9.6 Gross Area—Calculate gross area of each specimen as cluding edition, and a notation of any known deviation from
follows: the test method,
Gross Area ~ A g ! , in. 2 @ mm2 # 5 L 3 W (7) 10.2.8 Name of the person(s) accepting technical responsi-
bility for the test report,
where: 10.2.9 Age of test specimens, if known,
Ag = gross area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], 10.2.10 Identification of any test results obtained from
L = average length of specimen, in. [mm], and another laboratory, and
W = average width of specimen, in. [mm]. 10.2.11 A photograph, sketch, or description of the configu-
9.6.1 The gross cross-sectional area of a specimen is the ration of the unit.
total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load, 10.3 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a
including areas within cells and reentrant spaces, unless these complete report shall include the following test results for the
spaces are to be occupied in the masonry by portions of tests performed:
adjacent masonry. 10.3.1 The average width, height and length to the nearest
9.7 Compressive Strength: 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the
9.7.1 Net Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the net average for the three specimens tested.
area compressive strength of the specimen as follows: 10.3.2 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] sepa-
rately for each specimen and as the average for the three
Net Area Compressive Strength, psi @ MPa# 5 P max/A n (8) specimens tested.
where: 10.3.3 The maximum load separately for each specimen and
Pmax = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and as the average for the three specimens tested. Record the load
An, avg = average of the net area values determined for each as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum
of the three absorption specimens, in.2 [mm2]. resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever
is greater.
9.7.2 Gross Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the 10.3.4 The net area compressive strength to the nearest
gross area compressive strength of the specimen as follows: 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the
Gross Area Compressive Strength, psi @ MPa# 5 P max/A g (9) average for the three specimens tested.
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C140/C140M − 20a
10.3.5 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (wi, 10.4 Provide a summary report that includes the information
ws, and wd) to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] separately for each necessary to determine compliance with the applicable product
specimen and as the average for the three specimens tested. specification for the properties evaluated.
10.3.6 The absorption to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3]
separately for each specimen and as the average for the three 10.5 A complete report shall also include the other reporting
specimens tested. requirements from the applicable annex.
10.3.7 The density to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] NOTE 18—This summary report can be included as part of the test
separately for each specimen and as the average for the three report or provided separately as a cover letter. See Appendix X1 for an
specimens tested. example of a test report with summary section for concrete masonry units.
10.3.8 When required, the received weight (wr) to the
nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] and the moisture content to the nearest 11. Keywords
0.1 % separately for each specimen and as the average for the
11.1 absorption; compressive strength; concrete masonry
three specimens tested. The time when the moisture content is
units; density; equivalent thickness; face shell; moisture con-
determined (when wr is measured) shall also be reported.
tent; roof paver; web area; webs; web thickness
10.3.9 The size and configuration of the specimens tested
for compressive strength and absorption.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
A1.1 Scope (3) Length (L) at mid-height on each face. Average the two
A1.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are recorded values to determine the length of the specimen.
particular for concrete masonry units that are manufactured for A1.2.2 For each unit, measure the face shell thicknesses (tfs)
compliance with the following unit specifications: C90, C129. at the thinnest point 0.50 in. [13 mm] down from the top
A1.2 Measurement surface of the unit as manufactured (typically the bottom
surface of the unit as laid) and record to the nearest division
A1.2.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to required to be reported. Disregard grooves, scores, and similar
the nearest division required to be reported (see Fig. A1.1): details in the face shell thickness measurements.
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine A1.2.3 For each unit, when the thinnest point of opposite
the width of the specimen. face shells differ in thickness by less than 0.125 in. [3 mm],
(2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face. Average the two calculate the minimum face shell thickness by averaging the
recorded values to determine the height of the specimen. recorded measurements. When the thinnest points differ by
FIG. A1.1 Diagram Showing Location of Measurements for CMU4
6
C140/C140M − 20a
more than 0.125 in. [3 mm], the minimum face shell thickness figuration or testing machine requirements. When necessary,
shall be taken as the smaller of the two recorded measure- modify specimens as required in A1.3.1.1 through A1.3.1.3.
ments. A1.3.1.1 Unsupported projections having a length greater
A1.2.4 For each unit, measure the web thickness (tw) at the than the thickness of the projection shall be removed by
minimum thickness of each web to the nearest 0.01 in. saw-cutting. For units with recessed webs, the face shell
[0.25 mm]. projecting above the web shall be removed by saw-cutting to
provide a full bearing surface over the net cross section of the
A1.2.5 For each unit, determine the minimum web area
unit. Where the resulting unit height would be reduced by more
using one of the following methods:
than one-third of the original unit height, the unit shall be
A1.2.5.1 For units with rectangular webs, measure the web
coupon tested in accordance with A1.3.1.3.
height (th) at the minimum height of each web to the nearest 0.1
in. [2.5 mm]. For each unit, calculate the minimum web area A1.3.1.2 When compression testing full-sized units that are
for each web (Aw) by multiplying the minimum web thickness too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are
(tw) and minimum web height (th) for measured web dimen- beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units
sions of 0.75 in. [19 mm] or greater. For each unit, calculate the to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the
total minimum web area (Awt) by summing the web area (Aw) testing machine. The resulting specimen shall have no face
of each web. shell projections or irregular webs and shall be fully enclosed
A1.2.5.2 For units with webs that are not rectangular, in a four-sided cell or cells. The compressive strength of the
disregard portions of the web that have a thickness of less than segment shall be considered to be the compressive strength of
0.75 in. [19 mm]. Make necessary measurements to determine the whole unit.
the web area of each web at the minimum area based on the A1.3.1.3 When compression testing units of unusual size
configuration of the web (see Note A1.2). For each unit, and shape where a suitable reduced-size specimen in accor-
calculate the total minimum web area (Awt) by summing the dance with A1.3.1.2 cannot be obtained, (see Note A1.3 and
web area (Aw) of each web. Note A1.4), the specimens shall be saw-cut to remove any face
NOTE A1.1—Webs with minimum heights over their entire length or
shell projections. The resulting specimen shall be a cell or cells
thickness over their entire height of less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] do not containing four sides that will ensure a 100 % bearing surface.
typically contribute to the unit’s structural stability. Such webs should not Where saw-cutting will not result in an enclosed four-sided
be included in the minimum web area calculation. When a web has a unit, the specimen shall be a coupon cut from a face shell of
portion that is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness, the web area should each unit. The coupon shall be cut from the unit such that the
be determined based only on the portions of the web that are larger than
0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness. See Fig. A1.2 and Fig. A1.3. coupon height dimension is in the same direction as the unit’s
NOTE A1.2—It can be difficult on some units to access the minimum height dimension. The compressive strength of the coupon
web area. If necessary, the unit can be saw-cut along the length at the shall be the net area compressive strength of the whole unit.
minimum web area to facilitate measurements. Fig. A1.3 shows an The coupon size shall conform with the following:
example of a non-rectangular web, where the upper portion would be
discarded from the measurement because it is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm]
(1) Targeted coupon width shall be equal to the face shell
in thickness, and the lower portion would be used to determine web area thickness and shall not be less than 0.75 in. [19 mm].
because it is greater than 0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness. (2) Targeted aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws)
of 2.0 before capping.
A1.3 Compressive Strength Testing (3) Targeted length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) of 4.0.
A1.3.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-sized units (4) Actual coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than
unless full-size units cannot be tested due to specimen con- 0.12 in. [3 mm] from targeted dimensions.
NOTE 1—If tw is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] over the entire height of the web, disregard entire area of that web when determining minimum web area.
FIG. A1.2 Example of Web with Irregular Cross-section—Plan View
7
C140/C140M − 20a
NOTE 1—Web Area = tw * h

FIG. A1.3 Example of Irregular Web Area Calculation—Section View
(5) Coupons shall be solid and not contain voids. A1.4.2.1 Tests shall be performed on full-size units when
A1.3.1.4 If a coupon complying with to A1.3.1.3 is used for test results are to be used to determine moisture content in
compressive strength testing, measure the coupons in accor- accordance with 9.2 or equivalent thickness in accordance with
dance with A1.3.2. A1.5.3.
A1.3.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall A1.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance
be performed to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a with 8.3.
measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25
mm]. Measurements shall be taken as follows: A1.5 Calculations
A1.3.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the cou- A1.5.1 Calculate absorption, moisture content, density, av-
pon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length. erage net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance
Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the with Section 9.
coupon.
A1.5.2 Normalized Web Area—Calculate the normalized
A1.3.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the
web area (Awn) of each unit by dividing the total minimum web
coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face. Average the two
area (Awt) by the nominal length and height of the unit as
recorded values to determine the height of the coupon.
follows:
A1.3.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the
coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face. Average the two A wt
A wn~ in.2 ⁄ ft2 ! 5 3 144 (A1.1)
recorded values to determine the length of the coupon ~ L n 3 H n!
NOTE A1.3—Examples of units having unusual size or shape include,
but are not limited to, bond beam units, open end units, and pilaster units.
NOTE A1.4—A full-size unit should be tested if feasible. If that is not
F A wn ~ mm2 ⁄ m 2 ! 5
A wt
~ L n 3 H n!
3 106 G
feasible, then a reduced-size unit should be tested. If it is not feasible to
test a full-size or reduced-size unit, then a coupon should be tested. where:
A1.3.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with Awn = normalized web area, in.2/ft2 [mm2/m2],
7.3 and 7.4. Awt = total minimum web area, in.2 [mm2] (see A1.2.5),
Ln = nominal length of unit, in. [mm], and
A1.4 Absorption Testing Hn = nominal height of unit, in. [mm].
NOTE A1.5—Minimum web area does not apply to the portion of the
A1.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com- unit to be filled with grout. The portion of the unit to be filled with grout
ply with 8.1. should be deducted from the calculation of the normalized web area.
A1.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or A1.5.3 Equivalent Thickness—Equivalent thickness for
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as concrete masonry is defined as the average thickness of solid
modified in A1.4.2.1. material in the unit and is calculated as follows:
8
C140/C140M − 20a
T e , in. 5 ~ V n / ~ L 3 H !! 3 1728 (A1.2) each specimen and comparing each average to the respective
specified dimension, resulting in three variation results for each
@ T e , mm 5 ~ V n / ~ L 3 H !! # unit and nine results for a set of units. Determine the maximum
where: variation for the set by identifying the maximum of the nine
Te = equivalent thickness, in. [mm], values.
Vn = average net volume of full-size units, ft3 [mm3] (see A1.5.5.2 Specified dimensions shall be obtained from the
9.5), unit manufacturer.
L = average length of full-size units, in. [mm] (see A1.2.1),
A1.6 Report
and
H = average height of full-size units, in. [mm] (see A1.2.1). A1.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
A1.5.3.1 Equivalent thickness shall only be calculated and Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following:
reported for full-size concrete masonry units. A1.6.1.1 The minimum face shell thickness to the nearest
0.01 in. [0.25 mm] separately for each specimen and as the
A1.5.4 Percent Solid—Calculate the percent solid as fol-
average for the three specimens tested.
lows:
A1.6.1.2 The minimum web thickness to the nearest 0.01 in.
Inch-pound units:
[0.25 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for
Percent solid, ~ % ! 5 S ~~
V n 3 1728!
L 3 W 3 H! D
3 100 (A1.3)
the three specimens tested.
A1.6.1.3 The normalized web area to the nearest
SI units: 0.1 in.2/ft2 [500 mm2/m2] as the average for the three speci-
mens tested.
F Percent solid , ~%! 5 S~ V n 3 1000
L 3 W 3 H! D 3 100 G (A1.4) A1.6.1.4 The equivalent thickness to the nearest 0.1 in. [2.5
mm] as the average for the three specimens tested.
where: A1.6.1.5 The percent solid results to the nearest 0.1 %
Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3] (see 9.5), separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
L = average length of specimen, in. [mm] (see A1.2.1), specimens tested.
W = average width of specimen, in. [mm] (see A1.2.1), and A1.6.1.6 Maximum variation from specified dimensions to
the nearest 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] for the set of specimens tested.
H = average height of specimen, in. [mm] (see A1.2.1). A1.6.1.7 The gross area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2]
NOTE A1.6—This calculation determines the percentage of concrete in separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
the gross volume of the unit. It is a useful reference value, but it is not a
requirement of unit specifications. This value is not comparable to the
specimens tested.
definition of a solid unit in C90 and C129, which refers to the net A1.6.1.8 The gross area compressive strength to the nearest
cross-sectional area of every plane parallel to the bearing surface relative 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the
to the gross cross-sectional area of the same plane. average for the three specimens tested.
A1.5.5 Maximum Variation from Specified Dimensions: A1.6.1.9 The net volume to the nearest 0.01 ft3 [250 cm3]
A1.5.5.1 Determine the variation from each specified di- separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
mension by calculating the average width, height, and length of specimens tested.
A2. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE AND CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK
A2.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are recorded values to determine the length of the specimen.
particular for concrete brick that are manufactured for compli- A2.2.1.1 The width (W) is the smaller average lateral
ance with the following unit specifications: C55, C73, and dimension and the length (L) is the larger average lateral
C1634. dimension.
A2.2 Measurement of Dimension A2.2.2 For brick containing cores, measure 0.5 in. [13 mm]
down from the top surface of the unit and record the minimum
A2.2.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to
the nearest division required to be reported: distance from the any edge of each brick to the nearest edge of
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom the nearest core to the nearest division required to be reported.
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine A2.3 Compressive Strength Testing
the width of the specimen.
(2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face. Average the two A2.3.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-sized units
recorded values to determine the height of the specimen. except as modified in A2.3.1.1 and A2.3.1.2.
9
C140/C140M − 20a
A2.3.1.1 When compression testing full-sized units that are A2.5.2 For units tested to determine compliance with Speci-
too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are fications C55 or C1634, calculate net area in accordance with
beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units 9.5 and net area compressive strength in accordance with 9.7.1.
to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the
testing machine. The resulting specimen shall have no projec- A2.5.3 For units tested to determine compliance with Speci-
tions or irregular features and cores shall be fully enclosed. The fication C73, calculate gross area in accordance with 9.6 and
compressive strength of the segment shall be considered to be gross area compressive strength in accordance with 9.7.2.
the compressive strength of the whole unit. A2.5.4 Equivalent Thickness—Equivalent thickness is de-
A2.3.1.2 Test specimens shall have an aspect ratio (height fined as the average thickness of solid material in the unit and
divided by its width, Hs/Ws) of 0.6 6 0.1. The length of the test is calculated as follows:
specimen shall not exceed 2.25 times the specimen width. If T e , in. 5 ~ V n / ~ L 3 H !! 3 1728 (A2.1)
full-size units are not within that dimensional ratio
requirement, the units shall be saw-cut to produce a compres- @ T e , mm 5 ~ V n / ~ L 3 H !! #
sion test specimen with that dimensional ratio prior to capping.
See Note A2.1. When a reduced size specimen is used for where:
compressive strength testing, measure specimens in accor- Te = equivalent thickness, in. [mm],
dance with A2.3.2. Vn = average net volume of full-size units, ft3 [mm3] (see
9.5),
NOTE A2.1—It is preferable that the compression specimen have a L = average length of full-size units, in. [mm] (see A2.2.1),
height of at least 2 in. [50 mm]. For some concrete brick, it may not be and
possible to obtain this minimum height while maintaining the required H = average height of full-size units, in. [mm] (see A2.2.1).
aspect ratio. In these cases, the aspect ratio requirement should be met,
and the specimen should have a height as great as possible. A2.5.4.1 Equivalent thickness shall only be calculated and
A2.3.2 Reduced-size Specimen Measurement—Reduced- reported for full-size concrete brick.
size specimen measurements shall be performed to the nearest A2.5.5 Percent Solid—Calculate the percent solid as fol-
0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a measuring device readable and lows:
accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25 mm]. Measurements shall be taken as
follows: Inch-pound units:
A2.3.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the
reduced-size specimen (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces
Percent solid, ~ % ! 5 S ~~
V n 3 1728!
L 3 W 3 H!
3 100D (A2.2)
at mid-length. Average the two recorded values to determine

SI units:
the width of the reduced-size specimen.
A2.3.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the
reduced-size specimen (Hs) at mid-length on each face. Aver-
F Percent solid, ~ % ! 5 S~ V n 3 1000
L 3 W 3 H! D 3 100 G (A2.3)
age the two recorded values to determine the height of the where:
reduced-size specimen. Vn = net volume of specimen, ft3 [cm3] (see 9.5),
A2.3.2.3 Length—measure and record the length of the L = average length of specimen, in. [mm] (see A2.2.1),
reduced-size specimen (Ls) at mid-height of each face. Average W = average width of specimen, in. [mm] (see A2.2.1), and
the two recorded values to determine the length of the
reduced-size specimen. H = average height of specimen, in. [mm] (see A2.2.1).
NOTE A2.2—This calculation determines the percentage of concrete in
A2.3.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with the gross volume of the unit. It is a useful reference value, but it is not a
7.3 and 7.4. requirement of unit specifications. This value is not comparable to the
definition of a solid unit in C55 and C1634, which refers to the net
A2.4 Absorption Testing cross-sectional area of every plane parallel to the bearing surface relative
to the gross cross-sectional area of the same plane.
A2.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
ply with 8.1. A2.6 Report
A2.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or A2.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following:
modified in A2.4.2.1. A2.6.1.1 For cored units, the minimum distance from the
A2.4.2.1 Tests shall be performed on full-size units when edge of the brick to the nearest core to the nearest 0.1 in.
test results are to be used to determine equivalent thickness. [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for
A2.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance the three specimens tested.
with 8.3. A2.6.1.2 The equivalent thickness to the nearest 0.1 in.
[2.5 mm] as the average for the three specimens tested.
A2.5 Calculations
A2.6.1.3 The percent solid results to the nearest 0.1 %
A2.5.1 Calculate absorption, moisture content, and density separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
in accordance with Section 9. specimens tested.
10
C140/C140M − 20a
A2.6.1.4 The gross area to the nearest 0.1 in2 [50 mm2] A2.6.1.6 The net volume to the nearest 0.01 ft3 [250 cm3]
separately for each specimen and as the average for the three separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
specimens tested. specimens tested.
A2.6.1.5 The gross area compressive strength to the nearest
10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the
average for the three specimens tested.
A3. TEST PROCEDURES FOR SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL UNITS
A3.1 Scope
A3.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are
particular for segmental retaining wall units that are manufac-
tured for compliance with the following unit specifications:
C1372.
A3.2 Sampling
A3.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of three full-size
units, unless freeze-thaw durability testing is required. When
freeze-thaw durability testing is required, a set shall consist of
a minimum of five full-size units.
A3.3 Measurement of Dimensions
the nearest division required to be reported:
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine
the width of the specimen.
(2) Length (L) at mid-height at the front and back of the FIG. A3.1 Height Measurements for SRW Units
specimen. Average the two recorded values to determine the
length of the specimen.
A3.3.2 For each unit, measure and record the height (H) at
the four bearing corners and mid-length at the front and back
of the specimen to the nearest division required to be reported
(see Fig. A3.1). If lips or similar projections are present, the
projection shall be ignored and the height measurements taken
from the bearing surface behind or in front the projection on
the main bearing surface of the unit (see Fig. A3.2). Average
the six recorded values to determine the height of the speci-
men.
NOTE A3.1—When a projection is present, the height can be determined
from the height at the inside of the core (if present) or by taking the total
unit height (including the projection) and subtracting the height of the
projection.
A3.4 Compressive Strength Testing

A3.4.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be a saw-cut cou-
pon. The compressive strength of the coupon shall be consid- FIG. A3.2 Height Measurements for SRW Units with Raised Lip
ered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit. Saw-
cutting shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.4 and 7.2.5.
In the case of a unit with an exposed architectural or other (1) Targeted coupon width shall be as close to 2 in. [50
nonplanar surface, cut the coupon ideally as far as possible mm] as possible, but in no case less than 1.5 in. [40 mm].
from the architectural or other nonplanar face and in no case (2) Targeted aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws)
less than 2 in. [50 mm] from that surface. The coupon size shall of 2.0 before capping.
conform with the following: (3) Targeted length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) of 4.0.
11
C140/C140M − 20a
(4) Actual coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than A3.6 Calculations
0.12 in. [3 mm] from targeted dimensions. A3.6.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area
(5) Coupons shall be solid and not contain voids. compressive strength in accordance with Section 9.
A3.4.1.1 Measure coupons in accordance with A3.4.2.
A3.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall A3.7 Report
be performed to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a A3.7.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25 10.2 and the following:
mm]. Measurements shall be taken as follows: A3.7.1.1 The average width and height to the nearest 0.1 in.
A3.4.2.1 Width—measure and record the width of the cou- [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and as the average for
pon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length. the three specimens tested.
Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the A3.7.1.2 The front length to the nearest 0.1 in. [2.5 mm]
coupon. separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
A3.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the specimens tested.
coupon (Hs) at mid-length on each face. Average the two A3.7.1.3 The rear length to the nearest 0.1 in. [2.5 mm]
recorded values to determine the height of the coupon. separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
A3.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the specimens tested.
coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face. Average the two A3.7.1.4 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2]
recorded values to determine the length of the coupon. separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
NOTE A3.2—The compressive strength of coupons saw-cut from
segmental retaining wall units can be measurably influenced by the unit specimens tested.
configuration and location of the sample. Due to the variety of unit A3.7.1.5 The maximum load separately for each specimen
configurations available, it is not possible to specify exact locations for and as the average for the three specimens tested. Record the
obtaining coupons. In order to compare results within a set or between load as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum
independently performed tests, coupons should be consistently obtained
from the same location for a given unit configuration. Suppliers should be
resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever
consulted for the recommended coupon sample location for a given unit is greater.
configuration. A3.7.1.6 The net area compressive strength to the nearest 10
NOTE A3.3—Split-faced surfaces are the most common surfaces used to psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the average
provide an architectural appearance to segmental retaining walls. for the three specimens tested.
However, other means could be used to obtain similar architectural effects
like tumbling, grinding, and slumping. A3.7.1.7 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights
(wi, ws, and wd) to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] separately for
A3.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with
each specimen and as the average for the three specimens
7.3 and 7.4.
tested.
A3.5 Absorption Testing A3.7.1.8 The absorption to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3]
separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
A3.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
specimens tested.
ply with 8.1.
A3.7.1.9 The density to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3]
A3.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or separately for each specimen and as the average for the three
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2. specimens tested.
A3.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance A3.7.1.10 The size and configuration of the specimens
with 8.3. tested for compressive strength and absorption.
A4. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE INTERLOCKING PAVING UNITS
A4.1 Scope (1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom
A4.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine
particular for concrete interlocking paving units that are the width of the specimen.
manufactured for compliance with the following unit specifi- (2) Thickness (T) at mid-length on each side. Average the
cations: C936/C936M. two recorded values to determine the thickness of the of the
specimen.
A4.2 Measurement of Dimensions (3) Length (L) at mid-width across the top and bottom
A4.2.1 For each full-sized unit sampled for compressive bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine
strength testing, measure and record the following using a the length of the specimen.
caliper readable and accurate to 0.002 in. [0.1 mm]:
12
C140/C140M − 20a
A4.2.1.1 Disregard spacer tabs when performing length and (2) Thickness (Ts) at mid-length of each side.
width measurements. (3) Length (Ls) across the top and bottom surfaces at
A4.2.1.2 The width (W) is the smaller average lateral mid-width.
dimension and the length (L) is the larger average lateral When full-size specimens are tested in compression, con-
dimension. sider Ts, Ws, and Ls to be T, W, and L, respectively, as measured
A4.2.2 For pavers with chamfers, disregard the chamfer and in A4.2.1.
measure thickness from the bottom surface to the top surface of A4.3.2 Capping—Cap test specimens in accordance with
the specimen along the portion of the top surface without the Practice C1552 except as modified below.
chamfer. See Fig. A4.1.
A4.3.2.1 Use high strength gypsum cement capping mate-
A4.3 Compressive Strength Testing rial only.
A4.3.1 Test Specimens—Test full size units that comply A4.3.2.2 The average cap thickness for each unit shall not
with all the requirements of A4.3.1.2. If full size units do not exceed 0.06 in. [1.5 mm].
comply with all of the requirements of A4.3.1.2, then cut a A4.3.2.3 Determine the average thickness of the cap as
rectangular full-height specimen from the units by reducing the follows: after capping both sides of the specimen, measure and
width or length or both to meet all of the requirements of record the thickness of the capped specimen to the nearest
A4.3.1.2. If the smoothness or the aspect ratio required in 0.002 in. [0.1 mm] at the same two points where thickness of
A4.3.1.2 cannot be achieved with a full-height specimen, cut the uncapped specimen was measured in accordance with
the specimen height to achieve the required smoothness and either (1) A4.2.1 if the pavers were not cut to reduce thickness
aspect ratio. If saw-cutting is required to achieve specimen size or (2) A4.3.1.1 if the pavers were cut to reduce thickness.
or configuration requirements in A4.3.1.2, follow the proce- Calculate the difference in thickness for each point and divide
dures in 7.2.4. by 2 to determine the calculated cap thickness at each point.
A4.3.1.1 For any cuts that reduce the thickness of the Calculate the average cap thickness for the whole specimen by
pavers, cut off the top of the paver and discard. Verify the taking the average of the calculated cap thickness at each of the
accuracy of cut by measuring and recording as Tc the thickness two points.
of the cut specimen at mid-length of each side. Discard any
NOTE A4.1—An important factor in producing high-quality gypsum
specimen if the difference in Tc at the two different points is caps is to use a water-to-cement ratio that yields a capping material that is
greater than 0.08 in. [2.0 mm]. fluid enough to spread while being viscous enough to allow the paver to
A4.3.1.2 Compression specimens shall (1) have a cross- be pushed into it forming a consistent thin cap.
section about any principal axis that is a rectangle; (2) have a A4.3.3 Testing—Test specimens in accordance with 7.4.
face area with a length no greater than 2.1 times the width; (3)
have no grooves, chamfers, or dummy joints on the top face, A4.4 Absorption Testing
except those intentionally manufactured on the edges of the
specimen; (4) have no texture on the top surface where the A4.4.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
difference in height between the highest and lowest point ply with 8.1 except as modified in A4.4.1.1 and A4.4.1.2.
across the surface face is greater than 0.06 in. [1.5 mm] except A4.4.1.1 The balance used shall be readable and accurate to
for chamfers intentionally manufactured on the edges of the 0.05 % of the smallest specimen tested.
specimen; and (5) have an aspect ratio (thickness divided by A4.4.1.2 Record the immersed, saturated, and oven dry
width of the compression specimen, Ts / Ws) of 0.58 to 1.20. weights (wi, ws, and wd) to the accuracy required in Table A4.1.
A4.3.1.3 If saw-cutting is required to achieve specimen size
A4.4.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or
and configuration requirements, measure and record the fol-
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2.
lowing to the nearest 0.002 in. [0.1 mm] for each specimen:
(1) Width (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at A4.4.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance
mid-length. with 8.3.
FIG. A4.1 Measuring Thickness of Paver with Chamfer (Section view from end of paver)
13
C140/C140M − 20a
TABLE A4.1 Required Accuracy for Recording and Reporting A4.6 Report
Specimen Weights
A4.6.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
Absorption Specimen Required Accuracy
Less than 10 lb [4 kg] 0.002 lb [0.001 kg] Section 10.2 and the following:
10 to 20 lb [4 to 10 kg] 0.005 lb [0.002 kg] A4.6.1.1 The average width, W, thickness, T, and length, L,
Greater than 20 lb [10 kg] 0.01 lb [0.005 kg] to the nearest 0.002 in. [0.1 mm] separately for each full-sized,
sampled unit and as the average for the three units tested.
A4.6.1.2 The dimensions of the compression specimens
A4.5 Calculations (Ws, Ts, and Ls), to the nearest 0.002 in. [0.1 mm], if different
A4.5.1 Calculate the absorption and density in accordance from the full-size units, including the difference in Tc value
with Section 9. across the face of the paver if the specimen was cut to reduce
thickness.
A4.5.2 Calculate net area compressive strength of the speci- A4.6.1.3 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2]
men as follows: separately for each compression specimen and as the average
Net Area ~ A n ! in.2 @ mm2 # 5 L s 3 W s (A4.1) for the three specimens tested.
Aspect Ratio ~ R a ! 5 T s ⁄ W s (A4.2) A4.6.1.4 The average cap thickness to the nearest 0.002 in.
[0.1 mm] for each compression specimen and as the average
Aspect Ratio Factor ~ F a ! 5 ~ 2 0.374 ⁄ R a ! 11.611 (A4.3)
for the set of three specimens tested.
Net Area Compressive Strength, psi @MPa# =~ P max ⁄ A n ! 3 F a A4.6.1.5 The maximum load separately for each specimen
(A4.4) and as the average for the three specimens tested. Record the
where: load as indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum
resolution of the test machine as used during testing, whichever
An = average net area of specimen, in.2 [mm2], is greater.
Ls = average length of the final test specimen, in. [mm],
A4.6.1.6 The aspect ratio, Ra, and aspect ratio factor, Fa, for
Ws = average width of the final test specimen, in. [mm],
Ra = aspect ratio, each compressive strength test specimen.
Ts = average uncapped thickness of the final test A4.6.1.7 The net area compressive strength to the nearest
specimen, in. [mm], 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and as the
Fa = aspect ratio factor (see Note A4.2), and average for three specimens tested.
Pmax = maximum compressive load, lb [N]. A4.6.1.8 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights
NOTE A4.2—The aspect ratio factors are normalized so that a common (wi, ws, and wd) to the accuracy required in Table A4.1
2.36-in. [60-mm] thick rectangular 3.86 × 7.80 in. [98 × 198 mm] paver separately for each specimen and as an average for the three
with an aspect ratio of 0.612 has an aspect ratio factor of 1.00. Based on specimens tested.
Eq A4.3, the aspect ratio factors for rectangular 3.86 × 7.80 in. [98 × 198
mm] pavers of various thicknesses are shown in the following table:
A4.6.1.9 The absorption results to the nearest 0.1 % and
density results to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft3 [1 kg/m3] separately for
Thickness, in. [mm] Aspect Ratio (Ra) Aspect Ratio Factor (Fa)
2.36 [60] 0.612 1.00 each unit and as the average for the three specimens tested. If
2.76 [70] 0.714 1.09 absorption tests are performed on specimens other than full-
3.15 [80] 0.816 1.15 size units, report the reason for testing reduced-size units.
3.54 [90] 0.918 1.20
3.94 [100] 1.020 1.24 A4.6.1.10 Two sample test reports showing examples of
4.33 [110] 1.122 1.28 reports that meet all of the requirements of this section are
4.72 [120] 1.224 1.31 shown in the nonmandatory Appendix X2.
A5. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE GRID PAVING UNITS
A5.1 Scope (1) Width (W) across the top and bottom bearing surfaces at
the maximum width of the unit. Average the two recorded
A5.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are
values to determine the width of the specimen.
particular for concrete grid paving units that are manufactured
for compliance with the following unit specifications: C1319. (2) Thickness (T) at mid-length of each face. Average the
two recorded values to determine the thickness of the speci-
A5.2 Sampling men.
(3) Length (L) across the top and bottom bearing surfaces
A5.2.1 Sampling—A minimum of six specimens shall be
at the maximum length of the unit. Average the two recorded
selected for each test set.
values to determine the length of the specimen.
A5.3 Measurement of Dimensions NOTE A5.1—Fig. A5.1 shows a representative example of how to
properly measure and obtain specimens from a common unit shape. There
A5.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to are many other shapes and sizes of grid paving units available which may
the nearest division required to be reported (see Fig. A5.1). require different procedures for measuring and obtaining specimens.
14
C140/C140M − 20a
(4) Actual coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than
0.12 in. [3 mm] from targeted dimensions.
(5) Coupons shall be solid and not contain voids.
NOTE A5.2—An example of a unit that will require coupon testing
would be one that has depressions in some of the webs that prevents
obtaining a fully enclosed cell with a full bearing surface.
A5.4.1.3 If a coupon complying with to A1.3.1.3 is used for
compressive strength testing, measure the coupons in accor-
dance with A1.3.2.
A5.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall
be performed to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a
measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25
mm]. Measurements shall be taken as follows:
A5.4.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the cou-
pon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length.
Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the
coupon.
FIG. A5.1 Typical Grid Paver Configuration A5.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the
recorded values to determine the height of the coupon.
A5.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the
Suppliers should be consulted for recommended specimen sampling coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face. Average the two
procedures. recorded values to determine the length of the coupon.
A5.3.2 For each unit, measure the width of each web at the
A5.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with
thinnest point. Record the minimum value measured. For the
7.3 and 7.4.
web with the minimum thickness, measure and record two
additional web readings. The two additional readings shall be A5.5 Absorption Testing
at the maximum width of the web and at mid-thickness of the
web. Measure and record all web width measurements to the A5.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
nearest division required to be reported. Disregard grooves, ply with 8.1.
scores, and similar details in the measurements. A5.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as
A5.4 Compressive Strength Testing modified by A5.5.2.1.
A5.4.1 Test Specimens—Three units shall be tested for A5.5.2.1 When compression specimens are other than full-
compressive strength. Specimens shall be full-sized units or size units, absorption testing shall be performed on specimens
reduced-size units as modified in A5.4.1.1 or A5.4.1.2. saw-cut from full-size units with the same configuration as the
A5.4.1.1 When compression testing full-sized units that are reduced-size units used for compression testing.
too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are A5.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance
beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units with 8.3.
to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the
testing machine. The resulting specimen shall be symmetrical, A5.6 Full Size Net Area Testing
have no projections or irregular features, and shall be a fully A5.6.1 Three full size units shall be tested for net area.
enclosed cell or cells with a full bearing surface. The compres-
sive strength of the segment shall be considered to be the A5.6.2 Determine the net cross-sectional area of full-size
compressive strength of the whole unit. units by performing absorption testing on full-size units in
A5.4.1.2 If it is not possible to obtain a specimen that is accordance with 8.3.
symmetrical with no projections or irregular features and a
A5.7 Calculations
fully enclosed cell or cells, the specimen shall be a coupon cut
from the unit. The compressive strength of the coupon shall be A5.7.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area
considered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit. compressive strength in accordance with Section 9. For deter-
Saw-cutting shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.4 and mination of net area, absorption, and density, use data collected
7.2.5. The coupon shall conform with the following: from testing in accordance with A5.5.1.
(1) Targeted coupon height shall not be less than the A5.7.2 Calculate the full-size net area (An,full) in accordance
minimum height of the webs. with Section 9 using the data collected from the testing in
(2) Targeted aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws) accordance with A5.6.
of 2.0 before capping.
(3) Targeted length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) between 2.0 and A5.7.3 Calculate the percent solid as follows:
4.0. Percent solid 5 ~~ A n,full! /L 3 W ! ! 3 100 (A5.1)
15
C140/C140M − 20a
where: determined by A5.3.1 The average web width is calculated
An,full = full-size net area, in.2 [mm2] (A5.7.2) from the three readings of the web with the minimum width.
L = full-size unit length, in. [mm], and A5.8.1.2 The full-size net area to the nearest
W = full-size unit width, in. [mm]. 0.1 in.2 [50 mm2] as the average of the set of three specimens
A5.8 Report as determined by A5.7.2.
A5.8.1.3 The average percent solid for the set of three units
A5.8.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
to the nearest 0.1 % as determined by A5.7.3.
Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following:
A5.8.1.1 The minimum web width and average web width
to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] of each specimen as
A6. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE ROOF PAVERS
A6.1 Scope A6.6 Flexural Load Testing

A6.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are A6.6.1 Three full-sized units shall be tested.
particular for concrete roof pavers that are manufactured for
compliance with the following unit specifications: C1491. A6.6.2 Capping—Units with wearing (top) surfaces con-
taining recesses or other irregularities shall have such recesses
A6.2 Sampling capped flush with the uppermost surface in accordance with
A6.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of nine full-size Practice C1552.
units.
A6.6.3 Testing—The testing arrangement shall be as shown
A6.3 Measurement of Dimensions in Fig. A6.2. The load from the upper bearing block of the
testing machine shall be applied through the centroid of the
the nearest division required to be reported: concrete roof paver by the bearing assembly illustrated. The
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom flexural length of the paver unit is taken as the end-to-end plan
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine dimension of the units. Loading shall be applied at a uniform
the width of the specimen. rate such that the total load is applied in not less than 1 min and
(2) Thickness (T) at mid-length on each face. Average the not less than 3 min.
two recorded values to determine the thickness of the speci-
A6.7 Calculations
men.
(3) Length (L) at mid-thickness on each face. Average the A6.7.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area
two recorded values to determine the length of the specimen. compressive strength in accordance with Section 9.
A6.4 Compressive Strength Testing A6.7.2 Ballast Weight—For concrete roof pavers, calculate
A6.4.1 For concrete roof paver compressive strength tests, ballast weight as follows:
cut three test specimens from three whole paver units. Each w b ,lb/ft2 5 ~ w d ! / ~ A g ! 3 144 (A6.1)
specimen shall consist of a strip of paver with specimen
thickness equal to specimen width. The length of the specimen @ w b , kg/m 2 5 ~ w d ! ⁄ ~ A g ! 3106 #
shall be equal to the length of the unit or 8 in. [200 mm], where:
whichever is less. Where a unit contains supporting ribs, obtain
wb = ballast weight, lb/ft2 [kg ⁄m2],
specimens by cutting perpendicular to the direction of the ribs wd = oven-dry weight of unit, lb [kg] (see 8.3.4), and
so as to avoid inclusion of beveled or recessed surfaces at top Ag = gross area of unit, in.2 [mm2] (see 9.6).
or bottom edges (see Fig. A6.1).
A6.4.2 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with A6.8 Report
7.3 and 7.4. A6.8.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
A6.5 Absorption Testing Sections 10.2, 10.3, and the following:
A6.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com- A6.8.2 The flexural load to the nearest 1 lb [5 N] required to
ply with 8.1. fail a specimen separately and as the average for the set of three
A6.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or units tested.
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2. A6.8.3 Ballast weight to the nearest 1 psf [5 kg/m2] sepa-
A6.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance rately for each specimen and as the average for the set of three
with 8.3. specimens tested.
16
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. A6.1 Compressive Strength Test Setup for Concrete

Roof Pavers
FIG. A6.2 Flexural Strength Test Setup for Concrete Roof Pavers
A7. TEST PROCEDURES FOR DRY CAST ARTICULATING CONCRETE BLOCK
A7.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements for dry cast recorded values to determine to determine the length of the
articulating concrete block that are manufactured for compli- specimen.
ance with the following unit specification: D6684. A7.4 Compressive Strength Testing
A7.2 Sampling A7.4.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be a saw-cut cou-
A7.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of three full-size pon. The compressive strength of the coupon shall be consid-
units, unless freeze-thaw durability testing is required. When ered to be the compressive strength of the whole unit. Saw-
freeze-thaw durability testing is required, a set shall consist of cutting shall be performed in accordance with 7.2.4 and 7.2.5.
a minimum of five full-size units. The coupon size shall comply with the following:
(1) Targeted coupon width shall be as close to 2 in. [50
A7.3 Measurement of Dimensions mm] as possible, but in no case less than 1.5 in. [40 mm].
A7.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to (2) Targeted aspect ratio (height divided by width, Hs/Ws)
the nearest division required to be reported: of 2.0 before capping.
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom (3) Targeted length to width ratio (Ls/Ws) of 4.0.
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine (4) Actual coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than
the width of the specimen. 0.12 in. [3 mm] from targeted dimensions.
(2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face. Average the two (5) Coupons shall be solid and not contain cable holes or
recorded values to determine the thickness of the specimen. other voids.
17
C140/C140M − 20a
A7.4.1.1 Measure coupons in accordance with A3.4.2. consulted for the recommended coupon sample location for a given unit
configuration.
A7.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall
be performed to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a A7.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with
measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25 7.3 and 7.4.
mm]. Measurements shall be taken as follows: A7.5 Absorption Testing
A7.4.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the cou-
pon (Ws) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length. A7.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the ply with 8.1.
coupon. A7.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or
A7.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2.
recorded values to determine the height of the coupon. A7.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance
A7.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the with 8.3.
coupon (Ls) at mid-height of each face. Average the two A7.6 Calculations
recorded values to determine the length of the coupon.
NOTE A7.1—The compressive strength of coupons saw-cut from A7.6.1 Calculate absorption, density, net area, and net area
articulating concrete blocks can be measurably influenced by the unit compressive strength in accordance with Section 9.
configuration and location of the sample. Due to the variety of unit
configurations available, it is not possible to specify exact locations for A7.7 Report
obtaining coupons. In order to compare results within a set or between
independently performed tests, coupons should be consistently obtained A7.7.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
from the same location for a given unit configuration. Suppliers should be Sections 10 and 10.3.
A8. TEST PROCEDURES FOR SEGMENTAL CONCRETE PAVING SLABS
A8.1 Scope mm]. Spacer bars, if applicable, shall not be measured, but a
A8.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are measurement adjacent to the spacer bars may be taken.
particular for segmental concrete paving slabs that are manu- A8.3.3 Thickness Measurement—The thickness of the
factured for compliance with the following unit specifications: specimen shall be taken at four points equidistant along the
C1782/C1782M. perimeter. Each measurement shall be taken 0.2 in. [5 mm]
from any edge of the specimen, excluding all chamfered areas.
A8.2 Sampling Thickness measurements shall be measured as the distance
A8.2.1 A set shall consist of a minimum of three full-size between the flat surface and the top of the specimen to the
units. nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm]. The thickness of the product shall
be calculated as the average of the four values.
A8.3 Measurement for Dimensional Accuracy
NOTE A8.1—The paving unit can be measured while inverted on a flat
A8.3.1 Apparatus: surface or while resting on its edge.
A8.3.1.1 Measurement Devices—Devices used to measure A8.3.4 Warpage shall be measured as follows:
specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.01
A8.3.4.1 Concave Warpage—Place the unit with the con-
in. [0.25 mm].
cave surface to be measured facing upwards so the opposite
A8.3.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate side is in contact with a plane surface. Place the straightedge
to the division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be lengthwise or diagonally along the surface to be measured,
verified at least once annually. Verification record shall include selecting the location that gives the greatest departure from
date of verification, person or agency performing verification, straightness. Select the greatest distance from the unit surface
identification of reference standard used, test points used to the straightedge. Using the measuring device, measure this
during verification, and readings at test points. distance to the nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 mm], and record as the
A8.3.1.3 Flat Surface, of steel or glass, at least 1 in. [25 deviation from flat as shown in Fig. A8.1.
mm] larger than the specimen and plane to within 0.01 in. [0.25
A8.3.4.2 Convex Warpage—Place the convex surface facing
mm].
upwards so the opposite side is in contact with a plane surface,
A8.3.1.4 Straightedge made of steel at least 1 in. [25 mm] and with the corners approximately equidistant from the plane
longer than the specimen and straightness within 0.01 in. [0.25 surface. Place and level the straightedge on steel blocks having
mm]. equal heights within 0.001 in. [0.025 mm]. Place the straight-
A8.3.2 Length and Width Measurements—Length and width edge lengthwise or diagonally along the surface to be
measurements shall be measured and recorded across the top measured, selecting the location that gives the greatest depar-
and bottom surfaces at the mid-point to the nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 ture from the straightedge. See Fig. A8.2. The straightedge
18
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. A8.1 Concave Warpage Measurement
FIG. A8.2 Convex Warpage Measurement
shall be above the slab surface at least 0.4 in. [10 mm] and curing for a minimum of three to a maximum of seven days at
extend at least 1 in. [25 mm] beyond each side of the unit while 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C] at a minimum 40 % relative humidity
resting on the steel blocks. Measure the vertical distance from before start of the test procedures.
the bottom of the straightedge to the unit surface at each end of A8.4.1.1 Moist curing shall be carried out in a moist
the unit and record the greater of the two measurements. chamber (cabinet or room), which shall maintain a controlled
Measure the smallest vertical distance between the bottom of air temperature of 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C] and a relative humidity
the straightedge and the unit surface. Subtract the smallest of at least 90 %. Alternatively, the units shall be stored,
vertical distance measured from the greater of the two end submerged in a saturated lime solution which shall be main-
measurements to obtain the convex warpage measurement. All tained at a temperature of 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C].
vertical measurements from the bottom of the straightedge to
the unit edge and surface shall be measured and recorded to the A8.4.2 The producer shall have the option to waive curing
nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 mm]. and conditioning for the modulus of rupture tests. When curing
is waived, allow the specimens to air cure for a minimum of 48
A8.4 Modulus of Rupture h at 24 6 8°C [75 6 15°F] at a maximum 80 % relative
humidity.
A8.4.1 Cure and condition test specimens as follows: cure
all specimens in a moist chamber, or submerge for 28 6 1 days A8.4.3 Test specimens shall be full size units unless the
as specified in A8.4.1.1. Moist curing shall be followed by air units do not fit in the testing machine or do not comply with the
19
C140/C140M − 20a
configuration requirements of A8.4.3.1. If full size units cannot A8.4.4.7 The steel platen, hardwood fillet and flexible
be tested, cut a rectangular specimen from the units by expanded rubber strip all shall be centered in the span of the
reducing the width or length or both to meet all the require- slab and shall extend the entire width of the slab.
ments of A8.4.3.1.
A8.4.3.1 Specimens shall: NOTE A8.2—The purpose of the flexible expanded (closed cell) rubber
strip is to accommodate any texture on the surface of the slab and to
(1) have a cross section about any principal axis that is a distribute the load evenly across the slab while minimizing point loading.
rectangle; The flexible expanded (closed cell) rubber can be manufactured from a
(2) have a minimum length of 10 in. [250 mm]; variety of synthetic rubbers and is commonly available in approximately
(3) have a minimum width equal to the actual width of the 3 by 6 ft [1 by 2 m] rolls to be used as gasket, sealing or cushioning
unit or no less than 10 in. [250 mm] if the unit is reduced in material. Classification 2A1 signifies Closed Cell (Type 2), no particular
size in accordance with A8.4.3; resistance to petroleum base oils required (Class A), with a compression-
deflection range from 2 to 5 psi [15 to 35 kPa] (Grade 1). Classifications
(4) have a minimum length to thickness ratio of 3 to 1. 2B1, 2C1 or 2D1 can also be used although these classifications have oil
A8.4.4 Tests shall be conducted on full-size specimens or temperature resistance that is not required in this application. The strip
when possible in accordance with following procedure: can be used for a number of tests but should be replaced if it shows
excessive wear on the surface, tears greater than 0.375 in. [10 mm] in
A8.4.4.1 Each specimen shall span two steel supporting length, or if it does not return to at least 75 % of its original thickness.
rollers each 1.5 6 0.12 in. [38 6 3 mm] in diameter. See Fig.
A8.3. The span length (spacing of the rollers) shall be: A8.4.5 Each specimen shall be tested with the finished face
(1) 8 in. [200 mm] for units having a maximum length of upwards in the testing machine. The load shall be uniformly
12 in. [300 mm], applied without shock starting from zero to a rate not exceed-
(2) 10 in. [250 mm] for units having a length between 12 ing 4 lbf [18 N] per second for each 4 in. [100 mm] of width
in. [300 mm] and 20 in. [500 mm], tested until the specimen fails. The accuracy of the applied load
(3) 12 in. [300 mm] for units having a length of greater shall be 62 %.
than 20 in. [500 mm].
A8.4.6 Calculation of Modulus of Rupture—Modulus of
A8.4.4.2 A pivot shall be required at the center of one of the
rollers to counteract any twisting in the slab during the test. rupture of a concrete paving slab shall be defined by the
A8.4.4.3 The rollers shall be level in all directions and shall following formula:
support the slab throughout its entire width during testing. 3Pl
R5 (A8.1)
A8.4.4.4 Cover the rollers with leather or similar compress- 2bd 2
ible material of uniform thickness, not less than 1⁄4 in. [6 mm]
where:
thick and 1 to 2 in. [25 to 50 mm] in width. This material shall
be placed between the rollers and specimen, and extend the full R = modulus of rupture, psi [MPa],
width of the rollers. P = failing load, lb [N], l = span length between rollers, in.
A8.4.4.5 The load shall be applied axially through a spheri- [mm],
b = width of the slab along the fracture, in. [mm], and
cal seated bearing block in the testing machine without
d = thickness of the slab, in. [mm].
inducing torsion on the specimen.
A8.4.4.6 A 2 in. [50 mm] wide by a minimum 2 in. [50 mm] A8.5 Report
thick steel platen and a hardwood fillet 2 in. [50 mm] wide
shall be placed under the spherical seating and parallel to the A8.5.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
rollers. Place a 2 in. [50 mm] wide by nominal 0.5 in. [13 mm] 10.2 and the following:
thick strip of flexible expanded (closed cell) rubber between A8.5.1.1 The average width, thickness, and length to the
the hardwood fillet and the slab. The rubber shall meet the nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 mm] separately for each full-sized,
classification 2A1 requirements of Specification D1056. sampled unit and the average for the three units tested.
FIG. A8.3 Modulus of Rupture Test
20
C140/C140M − 20a
A8.5.1.2 The maximum convex and concave warpage to the A8.6 Precision and Bias
nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 mm] separately for each full-sized, A8.6.1 Precision:
sampled unit and the average for the three units tested.
A8.6.1.1 Repeatability testing was performed by a single
A8.5.1.3 The dimensions of the modulus of rupture speci-
laboratory by making three replicate measurements on seven
mens to the nearest 0.02 in. [0.5 mm], if different from the
sets of paving slabs, three slabs per set. The single-operator
full-size units.
coefficient of variation of the modulus of rupture was found to
A8.5.1.4 The span length for modulus of rupture testing to
average 6.8 %. The coefficient of variation within each set of
the nearest 1.0 in [25 mm].
the seven sets ranged from 0.7 % to 11.2 %.
A8.5.1.5 The maximum modulus of rupture load separately
for each specimen and the average for the three specimens A8.6.1.2 The multi-operator variability data has not been
tested to the nearest 5 lb [25 N]. developed.
A8.5.1.6 The modulus of rupture to the nearest 5 psi [0.05 A8.6.2 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias
MPa] separately for each specimen and the average for three of the procedure for measuring modulus of rupture because no
specimens tested. material having an accepted reference value is available.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. WORKSHEET AND TEST REPORT FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
X1.1 Included in this section is a sample laboratory work- guidelines only. Users of these test methods may use or modify
sheet and a test report form. These samples were developed for these forms to suit their purposes and to address the require-
use in recording and reporting test information for conven- ments of the test methods as they apply to the specific
tional concrete masonry units to determine their compliance specimens being tested.
with Specification C90. These forms are to be used as
21
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. X1.1 Example CMU Worksheet
22
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. X1.2 Example CMU Test Report
23
C140/C140M − 20a
X2. TEST REPORT FOR CONCRETE INTERLOCKING PAVING UNITS
X2.1 Included in this section are two sample test report before testing for compressive strength and the second being
forms for concrete interlocking paving units (Fig. X2.1 and for a textured paver that does require cutting to remove the
Fig. X2.2). These samples were developed for use in reporting textured surface prior to compressive strength testing. These
test information for concrete interlocking paving units to forms are to be used as guidelines only. Users of these test
determine their compliance with Specification C936/C936M. methods may use or modify these forms to suit their purposes
These forms meet all of the requirements of A4.6 with the first and to address the requirements of the test methods as they
being for a rectangular paver that does not require and cutting apply to the specific specimens being tested.
24
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. X2.1 Sample Test Report Form
25
C140/C140M − 20a
FIG. X2.2 Sample Test Report Form
26
C140/C140M − 20a
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C140/C140M – 20) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2020)
(1) Subsection A3.4.1 was modified to require compression (2) Subsection A5.4.1.1 was modified to require a length/width
specimens be taken at least 2 inches from a surface with an ratio between 2.0 and 4.0 for compressive strength coupons for
architectural feature. grid pavers.
Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C140/C140M – 18a) that may impact the use of this standard. (February 1, 2020)
(1) Revised 5.5 to require received weight measurement prior (3) Added A8.5 on reporting requirements for paving slabs.
to performing tests. (4) Modified the compressive load and strength on the Sample
(2) Revised A8.3.2, A8.3.4.1, and A8.3.4.2. Worksheet (Fig. X1.1) and Test Report (Fig. X1.2).
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
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What are concrete masonry units and related units?

What are concrete masonry units and related units?

What testing procedures are commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete masonry units and related concrete units?

What testing procedures are commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete masonry units and related concrete units?

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: C140/C140M − 20a

Standard Test Methods for

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

A1. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

FIG. A1.1 Diagram Showing Location of Measurements for CMU4

NOTE 1—Web Area = tw * h

A2. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE AND CALCIUM SILICATE BRICK

at mid-length. Average the two recorded values to determine

A3. TEST PROCEDURES FOR SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL UNITS

A3.4 Compressive Strength Testing

A4. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE INTERLOCKING PAVING UNITS

A5. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE GRID PAVING UNITS

A6. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE ROOF PAVERS

A6.1 Scope A6.6 Flexural Load Testing

FIG. A6.1 Compressive Strength Test Setup for Concrete

A7. TEST PROCEDURES FOR DRY CAST ARTICULATING CONCRETE BLOCK

A8. TEST PROCEDURES FOR SEGMENTAL CONCRETE PAVING SLABS

FIG. A8.1 Concave Warpage Measurement

FIG. A8.2 Convex Warpage Measurement

FIG. A8.3 Modulus of Rupture Test

X1. WORKSHEET AND TEST REPORT FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

FIG. X1.1 Example CMU Worksheet

FIG. X1.2 Example CMU Test Report

X2. TEST REPORT FOR CONCRETE INTERLOCKING PAVING UNITS

FIG. X2.1 Sample Test Report Form

FIG. X2.2 Sample Test Report Form

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