ECE 3143: -

Computer Architecture
and Organization

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Organization and architecture

Why we study computer organization and

architecture?
 Evaluate computer system performance.
 Understand time, space, and price
tradeoffs.
 Design better programs, including system
software such as compilers, and
operating systems.

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 Organization and…cont’d

Computer architecture
 Functional operation of the individual HW units within a
computer system.

 How do I design a computer with the needed

functionality?

 The structures of a computer family not the specific

implementation, just like the architecture of a house
might be described as Gojo, villa, etc.

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 Organization and…cont’d
Computer organization
 The internal arrangements of a computers, or
how features are implemented.
 Ways in which these components are
interconnected
 Includes all physical aspects of computer systems.
 E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory
types.

 How does a computer work?

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 Organization and…cont’d
Example, Including multiply instruction
It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will
have a multiply instruction.

It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will

be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a
mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of
the system.

The organizational decision may be based on the relative

speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size
of a special multiply unit.

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 Function of a computer
A computer can
perform four basic
functions:

● Data movement
● Data storage
● Data processing
● Control

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Operations(a) Operations(b)
Data movement Data storage

• The computer as a data • It can also function as a data

movement device. storage device.
 simply transferring data from  Data transferred from the
one peripheral or external environment to
communication line to computer storage (read) and
another. vice versa (write).

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Operations(c)
Data Operations (d)
processing Control

• Data processing, on data in • Every operation between storage

storage and the external environment

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The internal structure of a
computer
 CPU – controls the operation
and performs its data
processing.

 Main Memory – stores data

 I/O – moves data between the

computer and its external
environment

 System Interconnection – some

mechanism that provides
communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O

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 CPU
Major structural Control Unit
 Controls the operation of the CPU
components:
and hence the computer

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

 Performs the computer’s data
processing function

 Registers
 Provide storage internal to the CPU

 CPU Interconnection
 Some mechanism that provides for

communication among the control

unit, ALU, and registers

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 COMPUTER EVOLUTION
The First Generation: Vacuum Tube
Computers (1945 - 1953)
 Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC)
 Solved systems of linear equations.
 The ENIAC was the first general-
purpose computer.
 Shorten a computational time from
20hrs to 30secs of pascal.
 impractical because the vacuum
tubes would burn out frequently.

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ENIAC Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem required
many days labor by skilled technicians.

Major
drawback
Memor was the
Occu y
need
pied consist
Containe ed
1500 d
140 Capable Decim for
of 20
kW of al accumu
Weig squar more
lators,
manual
hed e than Pow 5000 rather
each program
feet 18,000 er additi than
30 ming
vacuu cons ons binary capable
tons of
m per machi by
floor umpt of
setting
second ne holding
tubes ion
spac a switches
e 10 digit and
number plugging/
unplugging
cables
 Evolution cont’d

The Second Generation: Transistorized

Computers (1954 - 1965)

 CDC 6600 the world first computer

 10 million instructins/sec =
10MHZ
 128kilowords of main memory

$10 million
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 Evolution cont’d
The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit
Computers (1965 - 1980)
• Small scale integration (SSI), Medium scale integration
(MSI)- Large scale integration (LSI)
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip

 CDC 6600 version – Cray-1 produced

 Execute 160 million ins/sec = 160 MHZ
 8MB of memory

 $ 8.8million

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 Evolution cont’d

The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers

(1980 - ????)

 Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have

more than 100,000 components per chip.

 Enabled the creation of microprocessors.

 Versions, such as the 8080, 8086, and 8088
produced the idea of “personal computing.”

 home computing
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