Structural Design of G 6 Urban Building

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF(G+6) URBAN BUILDING DESIGN 2016
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a day's construction industry plays a great role for the development of a nation in all
aspects. As we all agree, behind every construction activity there must have a structural analysis
and design, from this consideration directly or indirectly structural analysis and design have a
huge application in the development of a nation. A structural design is executed in such a way
that the building will remain fit with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economic way. It
should sustain all the actions and influences during execution and use. Therefore, structural
design focuses on structural safety and serviceability with due durability. It must also optimize
the cost expended in building the structure and maintenance. The project will contain detail
structural analysis of the building, structural design, detail working structural drawings &
statistical report.
This project deals about the structural analysis and design of a G+6 urban building considering
all the external effects according to EBCS, 1995. It has six chapters. The contents and duties
accomplished in each chapter are explained below.
The first chapter deals with the introduction part of this project. The introduction part includes:
objectives of the project, scope, specification &code, and general design data& material
properties.
The second chapter deals about the wind load analysis and design on roofs and roof slabs. The
external wind pressure coming from different directions were collected and transferred to
frames according to EBCS, 1995.We divided the roof of the building into three parts(Duo-
pitched, Mono-pitched and roof slab) and each of its truss members made of steel were designed
to resisting axial forces.
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The third chapter focuses on the analysis and design of slabs and staircases. Most of the slabs
are ribbed slabs and some solid slabs. The depths of all the ribbed slabs are made the same for
construction simplicity and reinforcement of each is determined using EBCS2, 1995.
The Fourth chapter is about the calculation of lateral forces particularly earthquakes loads.
The weight of the building was computed by considering all elements from small to large. The
center of mass and center of stiffness were computed by assuming preliminary sections. The
lateral forces were distributed to each floor and subsequently to frame joints according to their
stiffness.
The fifth chapter deals on the analysis and design of the frame of the structures and shear wall
design. It was analyzed using ETABS as space frame taking combinations for the existing lateral
and vertical loads. Therefore, the beams and columns were designed using the loads obtained
from analysis by taking the worst effect.
Finally, the last chapter focuses on foundation design of the structure. After calculating the
bearing capacity of the soil an isolated square footing is considered by taking two worst load
combinations to support and safely distribute all the actions coming from the super structure.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The prime objective of structural design is structural safety and serviceability. In case the
structure fails, it must be in such a way it will minimize risks and casualty.
The specific objectives of this part of our senior project are:
 To integrate different disciplines such as Urban Engineering, Architecture, Civil

engineering, Construction technology & management & likes.
 To get basic structural design knowledge & minimize the cost of building through
structural design.
 To relate theoretical knowledge with the actual site condition
 To develop the skills of applying different architectural and structural soft wares
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 To Use the courses that we took for required purpose

 To achieve an acceptable probability that structures being designed will perform
satisfactorily during their intended life.
1.2 Scope of the project

The scope of the project is to design a G+6 of urban building typology. It includes the activities
like: roof design, slab design, stair design, beam design, column design, shear wall design &
footing design. And also includes the details of each designs.
1.3 Specification and code

This structural design of our project is executed based on the Ethiopian Building Code of
Standard (EBCS) prepared in 1995 E.C. This code follows the Limit State design approach.
Limit state is a state beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
requirements. It consists of two states namely Ultimate Limit and serviceability Limit states.
Ultimate Limit states are conditions related with collapse or states prior to structural failure. Its
main concern is the safety of structure and people. Serviceability Limit states are those
associated to conditions beyond which a structure does not accomplish specified service
requirements. It is mainly concerned about the function of construction works, comfort of
people, and appearance.
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not became unfit
for the use for which it is intended, that is, it will not reach a limit state
1.4 General design data and material properties

Purpose: Residential urban building G+6 Building in reinforced concrete ribbed slab.
Location: Addis Ababa, Zone 2
Material
Concrete C – 25 and Steel S – 300
3
Steel RHS for roof truss and purloin
EGA-500 for roof cover is used
Loading
Since the site is located in Addis Ababa, which is in the area of seismic zone 2, according to
EBCS-8, 1995 in addition to vertical loading Earthquake and wind loading was considered. The
combination is done based on EBCS-2; 1995 section 3.6.
Combo 1=1.3DL+1.6LL
Combo 2, 3=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQx
Combo 4, 5=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQy
Combo 6, 7=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQx 5%Eccentricity in y direction
Combo 8, 9=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQy 5%Eccentricity in x direction
Combo 10, 11 =0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) wind load 5%Eccentricity
Combo 12 =Envelope
Codes and References
EBCS -1995 and Euro Code 2-1992 (as used by the software), almost similar to EBCS-2-1995
Partial safety factors – concrete γc=1.5(ordinary loading) [EBCS-2, 1995 table 3.1]
Steel γs=1.15
Unit weight of concrete γc=25KN/m3
Supporting ground condition = allowable bearing capacity of 200KPa
Design constants
4
Fc = 25Mpa
fck=fc/1.25=25/1.25=20 Mpa
fyk =300Mpa
γc (partial safety factor for concrete)= 1.5
γs (partial safety factor for steel)=1.15
fcd = 0.8*fck/ γc = 0.8*20/1.5=11.33Mpa
fyd=fyk/γs=300/1.15 =260.87Mpa
m=fyd/0.8*fcd=260.87/0.8*11.33= 28.77
C1= 2.5/m=2.5/28.77= 0.087
C2 =0.32*fcd*m2 =0.32*11.33*28.772 = 3002.34
0.8c * fcd
b 
c  s  * fyd
Es (modulus elasticity of steel) =200Gpa=200000Mpa
εc (Strain of concrete)=0.0035
εs = fyd/Es=260.87/200000= 0.0013
0.8c * fcd 0.8 * 0.0035 *11.33

b  = = 0.025
c  s  * fyd 0.0035  0.0013 * 260.87
ρmax=0.75*ρb=0.75*0.025= 0.0189
ρmin=0.5/fyk=0.5/300= 0.0017
K1=1.6-d ≥1 K1=1.6-0.178=1.422>1 OK!
5
K2= 1+50ρmin≤2 K2= 1+50*0.0017=1.083<2 OK!
0.21 * fck 2 / 3 0.21 * 20 2 / 3

fctd  = =1.03
c 1.5
Design loads
Pd= γf*Fk
Where Fk = characteristics loads
γf = partial safety factor for loads
= 1.3 for dead loads
= 1.6 for live loads [EBCS-2, 1995 table 3.3]
Non structural material

3
HCB wall(ϒh) 14 KN/m
3
terrazo tile 23 KN/m
3
mortar(plastering) 23 KN/m [EBCS-1, 1995 table 2.1 & 2.8]
3
ceramic tile 27 KN/m
3
PVC 16 KN/m
6
CHAPTER TWO
2. Wind Load Analysis and Design
2.1 Roof Analysis and Design

Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should be resisted
by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements like roofs ,walls. The action
of wind can be of the type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally or internally.
However these effects are more magnified for structures with more openings and large surface
areas. Therefore our focus is on the most sensitive part of the building that is the roof.
2.1.1 Method of Analysis

Even though there are two methods for wind load analysis ,namely Quasi static method and
dynamic analysis we prefer Quasi static since our structure is assumed to be less susceptible to
dynamic excitation and from EBCS-1,1995 section 3.9.3 a building which satisfies the criterion:
(For 1.2and building height less than 200m) can be analyzed using quasi static method of
analysis
2.1.1 Design Information

For our case the building variables are:
 Height of the building =22.5m

 Width of the building= 20m
 Coefficient of dynamic=0.98 ……….(from fig 3.7,Ebcs-1,1995)
 Building is going to be built in seismic region-2. From EBCS -8,1995,table 1.3 we select
Addis Ababa
According to EBCS -1 table 3.2 Addis Ababa is categorized as category-2
Category-2 is classified as farmland with boundary hedges, occasional small farm structure,
houses or trees. The variables for terrain category-2 are:
 Terrain factor =0.19

 Minimum height ( ) =4m
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 Roughness length ( ) =0.05

Elevation of Addis Ababa is between 2000 and 3000 from which its air density (ρ)
=0.94Kg/m3Table 3.1, EBCS-1, 1995)
The types of roofs we used are:-
1. Duo-pitched
2. Mono-pitched
3. Roof slab
Fig.1 roof lay out
Analysis and Design of Duo-Pitched Roof
Wind action acts on the roof in two directions
 Wind perpendicular to the ridge (ø=00)

 Wind parallel to the ridge (ø=900)
A) Wind Perpendicular to the Ridge (ø=00)

There are two types of wind pressures acting on the roof
 External wind pressure

 Internal wind pressure
1
8
I. External Wind Pressure

The external wind pressure that acts on the roof is obtained using the following formula
Where:-
 :- External wind pressure

 :- Reference mean wind pressure
 :- Exposure coefficient that takes into account the influence of terrain roughness
 :- External wind pressure coefficient
Where:-
 : - Air density which is a function of altitude. For a site located at an altitude greater
than 2000m above sea level ρ=0.94Kg/m3
 :- Reference wind velocity
Where:-
 :- Is the direction factor to be taken as 1.0

 :-Is the temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1.0
 :-Is the altitude factor as 1.0
 :- The basic volume of the wind velocity to be taken as 22m/s
Pressure Coefficients
According to EBCS-1 figure A.6. , the pressure coefficients for duo-pitched are given as follow:-
9
 Wind direction perpendicular to the ridge (ø=00)
20m
Figure 1 Perpendicular Wind Direction
Where:-
 :- is the exposure coefficient as defined in section 3.8.5 of EBCS - 1

 :- is the roughness coefficient as defined in section 3.8.3 of EBCS-1
 :- is the topographic coefficient as defined in section 3.8.4 of EBCS-1
For our building no escarpments or hills are located around and therefore =1.00. The
roughness coefficient at a height Z is defined by
For
For
From EBCS-1, table 3.2,
KT = 0.19, ZO = 0.05, Zmin. = 4m
Since Z is 22.5m>Zmin =4m , is given by:-
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Cr(z) = KT*ln(Z/Zo) = 1.16
Therefore,
Ce(z) = Cr2(z)Ct2(z)[1+ 7KT/Cr(z)Ct(z)] =2.89
 External Pressure Coefficient
2000cm
Figure 2 External Pressure Coefficient

e =min (b or 2h),
=min (20 or 2*22.5) =20m
Zones Area of each zone (m2) Remark
F 2*5 = 10
G 2*10 = 20
H 6.5*20 = 130
J 2*20 = 40
I 6.5*20 = 130
Table 1 Zone Area for Duo-Pitched Roof
From EBCS -1 table A-4 two cases where the roof is subjected to wind actions
 Case -1
When F, G, H subjected to suction according to EBCS -1 table A.4
The and values for 150 inclinations are:
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Zones
Pitch F G H I J
Angle
150
-2 -0.9 -1.5 -0.8 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -1.5 -1
Table 1 External Pressure Coefficients (Duo-Pitched) EBCS – 1, 1995
= for
= +( ) for
= for
Zones Area (m2)
F 10 -0.9
G 20 -0.8
H 130 -0.3
I 130 -0.4
J 40 -1
Table 2 External Pressure Coefficients Used
External Wind Pressure (
= 227.48*2.890*
12
= 0.657
II. Internal Wind Pressure
= 227.48*2.890*
= 0.657
According to EBCS -1, 1995 A.2.9 for closed building with internal partition and opening
windows the extreme values are
 0.8 …………………………….. (For pressure)
 -0.5 …………………………….. (For suction)
Therefore, =
 Case 1
The unfavorable condition is when the external wind action is pressure and internal is suction
Figure 3 External Pressure and Internal Suction
0.657*(
F G H I J
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -1.0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
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0.7 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.4
( 0.460 0.460 0.460 0.0657 0.263
Table 3 Wnet for Duo-Pitched Roof, Case 1
0.460
 Case 2
The unfavorable condition is when the external wind action is suction and internal is pressure.
Figure 4 External Suction and Internal Pressure
0.657 *(
F G H I J
-0.9 -0.8 -0.3 -0.4 -1
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
-1.70 -1.60 -1.1 -1.2 -1.8
( -1.117 -1.051 -0.723 -0.788 -1.183
Table 4 Wnet for Duo-Pitched Roof, Case 2
Wnet = -1.183 KN/m
Therefore, when wind is perpendicular to the ridge ( ):
 the largest suction = -1.183 KN/m

 the largest pressure = 0.460 KN/m
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B) Wind Parallel to the Ridge (ø=900)
There are also two types of wind pressures acting on the roof:
a) External wind pressure
b) Internal wind pressure
a )External wind pressure: The external wind pressure that acts on the roof is obtained as
follows:
 Pressure Coefficients:
According to EBCS-1 figure A.6. , the pressure coefficients for duo-pitched are given as follow:
1700=b
Figure 5 Wind Parallel to the Ridge
= min (b or 2h) = (17 or 2*22.5)
e = 17m
Zones Area of each zone (m2) Remark

F 1.7*4.25 = 7.225
G 1.7*4.25 = 7.225
H 6.50*8.50 = 55.25
I 11.50*8.50 = 97.75
Table 5 Zone Areas for Wind Parallel to the Ridge
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The unfavorable condition is only when the external wind action is suction. According to EBCS
– 1, table A-4, the and values for 150 inclinations are:-
F G H I
-2 -1.3 -2 -1.3 -1.2 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5
Table 6 External Pressure Coefficients for 150, EBCS-1, 1995
The external pressure coefficient is given by:
= for
= +( ) for
= for
Zones Area (m2)

F 7.225 -1.399
G 7.225 -1.399
H 55.25 -0.6
I 97.75 -0.5
Table 7 External Pressure Coefficients
I. External Wind Pressure (
= 227.48*2.890*
= 0.657
II. Internal Wind Pressure
= 227.48*2.890*
16
= 0.657
According to EBCS -1, 1995 A.2.9 for closed building with internal partition and opening
windows the extreme values are:
0.8 …………………………….. (For pressure)
-0.5 …………………………….. (For suction
Therefore, =
The unfavorable condition is when the external wind action is suction and the internal is pressure
F G H I
-1.399 -1.399 -0.6 -0.5
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
-2.199 -2.199 -1.4 -1.3
( -1.450 -1.450 -0.9198 -0.854
Table 8 Wnet When the External Wind Action is Suction
= -1.450 (
Therefore, for the duo-pitched roof, when wind direction is parallel to the roof ridge (ø=900) and
0
perpendicular to the roof ridge ( ) the maximum suction and pressure will be:
 maximum suction = -1.450

 maximum pressure = 0.460
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2.2 Analysis and Design of Purlin
2.2.1 Design Information
 Component Material Data

 G-28 CIS
 Weight of G-28 CIS = 0.04KN/m2
 Purlin spacing =1.1m
 From ASTM manual purlin section is taken
 -
 -
 -
 -

Figure 6 Purlin section
2.2.2 Load Cases

The three significant loads which act on purlin are:
A. Dead load
B. Live load
C. Wind load
A. Dead load
 Dead load self-weight of the purlin
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 Dead load from G-28 CIS
 Applying 50% increase for overlapping and fastening for G-28 CIS
 Total Dead load
B. Live load: according to EBCS-1, 1995 slopping roofs are under category H. The
characteristics values of and are given in table 2.13 and 2.14 in EBCS -1, 1995.
 The distributed live load
 The concentrated live load
Therefore the uniformly distributed and concentrated live loads on our roof truss are:
 Uniformly distributed live load
 Concentrated live load
C. Wind load
There are two critical wind loads

Note that the wind load acts perpendicular to the rafter, however the LL and DL acts at angle
0
for Duo-pitched. Therefore DL and LL are resolved into parallel and perpendicular to
the rafter.
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2.2.2.1 Duo-Pitched Roof
Loads parallel to the rafter
 Dead load 0
= 0.03KN/m
 Live load
 Uniformly distributed live load
0
= 0.0712KN/m
 Concentrated live load
0
= 0.2588KN
Loads perpendicular to the rafter
 Dead load 0
= 0.1053KN/m
 Live load
 Uniformly distributed live load
0
= 0.266KN/m
 Concentrated live load
0
= 0.966KN
2.3 Load Combination
According to EBCS-1, 1995 section 2.3

I. Dead load live load
Load parallel to the rafter
= 1.3(0.03) +1.6(0.0712) KN/m
= 0.153 KN/m
Or
= 1.3(0.03) KN/m + 1.6(0.2588) KN
= 0.039 KN/m + 0.414 KN
= 1.3(0.1053) KN/m + 1.6(0.266) KN/m

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= 0.563 KN/m
Or
= 1.3(0.1053) KN/m + 1.6(0.966) KN

= 0.137 KN/m + 1.546 KN
II. Dead load Wind load

Load parallel to the rafter
= 0.9(0.03) KN/m + 1.3(0)

= 0.027 KN/m
= 0.9(0.1053KN/m + 1.3(-1.450) KN/m

= -1.980 KN/m
Or
= 0.9(0.1053KN/m + 1.3(0.460) KN/m
= 0.693 KN/m
III. Dead load Live load Wind load

= 0.8(1.3*0.03 + 1.6*0.2588 + 1.6*0
= 0.0312 KN/m +0.414 KN
Or
= 0.8(1.3*0.03 KN/m + 1.6*0.0712KN/m
= 0.122 KN/m
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= 0.8(1.3*0.03 KN/m + 1.6*0.2588 KN + 1.6*-1.450 KN/m
= -1.825 KN/m + 0.331 KN
Or
= 0.8(1.3*0.03 KN/m + 1.6*0.2588 KN + 1.6*0.460 KN/m
= 0.620 KN/m + 0.414 KN
Or
= 0.8(1.3*0.03 KN/m + 1.6*0.266 KN/m + 1.6*-1.450 KN/m
= -1.484 KN/m
Or
= 0.8(1.3*0.03 KN/m + 1.6*0.266 KN/m + 1.6*0.460 KN/m
= 0.968 KN/m
Then, we are going to select the most critical load combination.
 For critical load combination will be:
= 0.039 KN/m + 0.414 KN

For perpendicular to the rafter
= -1.980 KN/m
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2.4 Determination of Maximum Moment and Shear force
I. Loads Parallel to the Rafter
W = 0.039 KN/m, P = 0.414 KN and L = 2.5m
= 0.039*2.52/8 + 0.414*2.5/4
= 0.289 KN.m
Vmax = WL/2 +P/2 = (0.039*2.5)/2 + (0.414/2)
= 0.256 KN
II. Loads Perpendicular to the Rafter
W = -1.980 KN/m
Mmax = wl2/8 = (-1.980*2.52)/8

= -1.55 KN.m
Vmax = WL/2 = (-1.98*2.5)/2

= -2.475 KN
2.5 Check for Adequacy of Section
According to EBCS-3, 1995 ordinary hot rolled steel with grade of Fe360 is taken.
Hence,
fy = 235Mpa
23
Fu= 360Mpa
I. Section classification according to EBCS-3,1995
Depth = h - 3
= 50-3
= 41mm
C= b – 3t
= 50 – 3*3
= 41mm
Consider the Web part
d/t = 41/3= 13.67mm < 72*1 = 72
So, the web part is classified as class-1
Again consider the Flange
c/tf = 41/3 =13.67mm < 72*1= 72, flange is class-1
Therefore the cross section of the material is classified as class-I
II. Flexural resistance
For load parallel to the rafter
= …………………………..OK
For loads perpendicular to the rafter
= …………………………..OK
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III. Shear resistance

 Shear buckling
If d/ that is
=41/3
=13.667
I.e. shear buckling can be ignored
 Plastic shear resistance
Where:
= 20.203KN
But VII2 V2)
0.292 2.552)
2.56KN
…………………………………….Ok
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2.6 Analysis and Design of Roof Truss
2.6.1 Duo-Pitched Roof
Figure 11 Duo-Pitched Roof Truss
I. Section of Truss Member

From ASTM standard RHS ( is chosen for horizontal, vertical and top (rafter)
members.
Properties
Weight
 For Diagonal member RHS (
Weight
II. Loading Cases in Truss
 Dead load from weight of purlin
26
= 4.39*9.81 = 43.10N/m= 0.0431 KN/m

- Own weight of truss member (weight of all member)
 DL from weight of CIS
 Live Load
According to EBCS-1, 1995, the distributes live load is given by

The distributed live load per meter length equals
 Wind Load
 Case 1 – positive wind load (Pressure)
 Case 2 – negative wind load (suction)
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III. Load Combinations for Limit State Design According to EBCS-1, 1995
 Combination 1= 1.3DL + 1.6LL
 Combination 2 = 0.9DL + 1.3WLpressure
 Combination 3 = 0.9DL + 1.3WLsuction
 Combination 4 = 0.8(1.3DL + 1.6LL + 1.6WLpressure
 Combination 5 = 0.8(1.3DL + 1.6LL + 1.6WLsuction
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CHAPTER THREE
3. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RIBBED SLAB

Ribbed slab is the slab made of pre cast or caste in situ beam system that is used together with
hollow concrete blocks. The pre cast beam is spaced at an interval of 550mm and the toping is a
one way slab that is supported on the pre cast beam. These are economical for building where
there are long spans and light and moderate live loads such as in hospitals or apartment
buildings.
3.1 DETAILING PROVISIONS FOR RIBBED SLABS AS PER EBCS-2, 1995

A) Sizes:
i. Ribs shall not be less than 70mm in width;
ii. The depth of ribs should not exceed four times the minimum width of the rib. Excluding
any topping.
iii. The rib spacing shall not exceed 1.0m, unless calculation requires for rib spacing larger
than 1m.
iv. Thickness of topping shall not be less than 40mm, or less than 1/10 the clear distance
between ribs.
B) Minimum Reinforcement
i. Unless calculation requires, minimum reinforcement to be provided for joist includes two
bars, where one in bent near the support and the other straight.
ii. The topping (slab) shall be provided with a reinforcement mesh providing in both
directions for temperature and shrinkage problems a cross sectional area not less than 0.001of the
section of the rib (0.001*b*tf) or 0.008b*tf at right angle to the joist.
iii. If the rib spacing exceeds 1.0m, the toping shall be designed as a slab resting on ribs,
considering load concentrations, if any.
C) Transverse ribs
i. Transverse ribs shall be provided if the span of the ribbed slab exceeds 6m.
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ii. When transverse ribs are provided, the center to center distance shall not exceed 20times the
overall depth of the ribbed slab.
iii. The transverse rib shall be designed for at least half the values of maximum moments and shear
force in the longitudinal direction spanning ribs.
Construction method
An advantage of such construction systems is either effectiveness in spanning longer openings

and in reducing the dead loads by essentially eliminating concrete in tension in the space
between the ribs below the neutral axis. Near the supports the full depth is retained (the slab is
made solid) to achieve greater shear strength.
Typical 1-6 Ribbed Slab Floor Plan
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Typical 1-6 Ribbed Slab Floor Plan
3.2 General procedures for the design of ribbed slab
Step-1: Determining minimum dimension
1.1 Width of joists and spacing

Assume that bw= 120mm > 70 mm ………………………OK! And consider 510 mm HCB for
filling the void.
 Spacing = 510mm + 120 mm = 630mm
 Spacing between joists should be less than 1000mm.
 Number of joists = Girder length/Spacing
1.2 Minimum depth of serviceability of the joist

Fyk
d > [0.4 + 0.6 ] Le/βa
400
d > 0.85 Le/βa
d - The minimum depth required for deflection
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fyk - characteristic strength of the reinforcing bar

Le - effective length
βa - factor depend on support
condition
[EBCS-2, 1995, Table 5.1]
Member Simply End Interior Cantilever
(βa) 20 24 28 10
Joist depth, Dj for each slab

The depth of joists for each slab or panel can be calculated using the formula:
Fyk
d > [0.4 + 0.6 ] Le/βa
400
Effective depth for critical panels

Panel Width(mm) Length(mm) Span type βa dj(mm) Area
S1 500 500 End span 24 177.08 25
S2 500 400 End span 24 141.67 20
S3 500 500 End span 24 177.08 25
S4 567 500 End span 24 177.08 28.35
S5 400 400 Interior 28 121.43 16
S6 500 400 Interior 28 121.43 20
S7 567 400 End span 24 141.67 22.68
S8 600 500 End span 24 177.08 30
32
S9 600 400 End span 24 141.67 24
S10 600 500 End span 24 177.08 30
SS1 500 500 End span 40 106.25 25
SS2 500 400 End span 37.5 90.70 20
C1 500 150 Cantilever 10 127.50 7.5
C2 200 150 Cantilever 10 127.50 3
C3 200 150 Cantilever 10 127.50 3
C4 200 150 Cantilever 10 127.50 3
Maximum depth 177.08
From the above table, the governing depth (dj) will be the one with maximum depth. That
is:
dj = 177.08 mm
 Consider the reinforcements:

 Ǿ 14mm deformed bar
 Ǿ 6mm stirrup
 15mm concrete cover
Since the governing depth (dj) is = 177.08mm, then
Dj = dj +15 + 7 + 6
= 177.08 +15 +7 + 6
Dj = 205.08 mm
33
To be more sure and safe, Dj = 220 mm
Again, check for EBCS-2 requirement
Dj < 4bj
220mm < 4(120)
220 mm < 480 mm………….OK
1.3 Toping as per EBCS-2
1/10 of clear distance b/n joist

1/10(510) = 51 mm
ht =
min 40mm
Therefore, ht =40mm and total depth of our ribbed slab will be
D = ht +Dj
D =80mm + 220mm
D = 300 mm
1
 Thickness of topping shall not less than 40mm, or not less than of the clear
10
distance between ribs
Assume thickness of toping is 80mm > 40 mm…………….OK!
1.4 Traverse requirements

If the rib span is less than 6m, then we do not need any traverse ribs. Here in our
case, each span is less than 6m.
34
Step -2. LOAD COMPUTATION

Loads may be computed on the bases of rib geometry.
2.1. DESIGN LOAD

The dead load is composed of the self weight of the slab itself, weights of the partition walls,
weight of the finishing and other considerable permanent loads. Self weight of the slab is equal
to the overall depth time’s unit weight of concrete.
2.2. LIVE LOAD
Since the building is residential building we assume the live load to be 2KN/m2 (EBCS-2-1995
sec.2.6.3 table 2.9). The design load is the combination of the live load, the dead load from the
partition walls and finishing. That is area for domestic and residential activities are categorized
under category-A.
 Resident, kitchen, toilet and soon = 2 KN/m2
Stair case = 3 KN/m
Balcony = 4 KN/m2
35
Dead weight
- 20mm thick Terrazzo tile floor finish ………………= 0.63*0.02*23 = 0.0126KN/m

- 30mm thick cement screed ………………………..= 0.63*0.03x24 = 0.454KN/m
- Hollow concrete block(HCB) ……={ [ (0.63*0.3)-[(0.12*0.28)+(0.06*0.63)]}*14= 1.65 KN/m
- Finishing and plastering ...………………………=(0.63*0.025*23) = 0.362 KN/m
Total self weight = 2.4786 KN/m
Dead load due to part ion walls
Dead loads can be also added to each panels due to some part ions available.
Panels Live Part ion Self Total Total design

Load(KN/m2) wall load weight dead load load(factored)
S1 2*0.63=1.26 1.729 2.4786 4.210 7.489
S2 2*0.63=1.26 0.00 2.4786 2.4786 5.240
S3 2*0.63=1.26 1.022 2.4786 3.500 6.566
S4 2*0.63=1.26 1.075 2.4786 3.554 6.636
S5 2*0.63=1.26 1.272 2.4786 3.7500 6.891
S6 2*0.63=1.26 1.172 2.4786 3.650 6.761
S7 2*0.63=1.26 1.320 2.4786 3.798 6.953
S8 2*0.63=1.26 1.163 2.4786 3.640 6.748
S9 2*0.63=1.26 0.952 2.4786 3.430 6.475
S10 2*0.63=1.26 1.614 2.4786 4.090 7.333
36
SS1 3.00 0.00 3.5986 3.5986 9.478
SS2 3.00 0.00 3.5986 3.5986 9.480
C1 3.00 0.00 3.5986 3.5986 9.480
C2 4.00 0.00 3.5986 3.5986 11.08
C3 3.00 0.00 3.5986 3.5986 9.480
C4 3.00 2.413 3.5986 6.010 12.620
 Adjusted Moment and Shear Diagram (SAP- OUTPUT)
 Section F-F and panels (S1 ,S2 ,S3 ,& S4)
Step-3: Flexural design of joists
37
Generally, Ribs (joists) are designed as regular T- beam sections supported by girders.
Typical T- beam section
 Dimension:
d = D – 15- dia.14/2 = 300 -15 -7
d = 278mm
 Checking depth of the section
d ≥ √M/0.2952fcdbw = √(35.41*106)/0.2952*11.33*150
d ≥ 265.70mm So, depth is safe which is d = 278mm
 Checking the moment capacity( Limiting moment)
Limiting moment for 15% moment redistribution
X/d =0.328, x = 0.328d = 0.328*278
X = 91.18mm
 For positive moment
Mlim = 0.8x*fcd*[d – 0.4x]*be = 0.8*91.18*11.33*[278 - (0.4*91.18)]*660
Mlim =131.74 KNm
But, the maximum applied moment at the upper section is 35.41KNm < Mlim =131.74 KNm. So,
the section is safe.
38
 For Negative moment
Mlim = 0.8x*fcd*[d – 0.4x]*bj = 0.8*91.18*11.33*[278 - (0.4*91.18)]*150
Mlim =29.94 KNm
But, again the maximum applied moment at the bottom section is 27.93KNm < Mlim =29.94
KNm. So, the section is safe.
 Checking Neutral Axis position (section F-F)
Assume the Neutral axis in the topping, x < ht =80mm
 For the negative moment(Mapp = 35.41KNm)
Mapp = 0.8x*be*fcd*(d – 0.4x), 0.8*x*660*11.33*[278 – (0.4*x)] = 35.41*106
Rearranging this: x2 - 695x + 14798 = 0,
x = 22mm. So, the assumption is correct.
 Re-enforcement for joists

 For Negative moment(M=23.77KNm @support(F,B)
2 0.
ρ = {1 –[1 -2M/(bed fcd)] 5}fcd/fyd =
= {1 –[1-2*23.77*106/(660*2782*11.33)]0.511.33/260.87
ρ = 0.0018, But, ρmin = 0.6/fyk = 0.6/300 = 0.002
Therefore, we use ρmin =0.002 to calculate the area of re-enforcements
. As = ρbd = 0.002*150*278
= 85mm2
39
Therefore, Provide 2 Ø10 at the support (F, B)
 For Negative moment(M=35.41KNm @support(F,D)
ρ = {1 – [1 -2M/ (bed2fcd)] 0.5}fcd/fyd

= {1 – [1-2*35.41*106/(660*2782*11.33)]0.511.33/260.87
ρ = 0.003, But, ρmin = 0.6/fyk = 0.6/300 = 0.002
Therefore, we use ρ=0.003 to calculate the area of re-enforcements
. As = ρbd = 0.003*150*278
= 126mm2
Therefore, Provide 2 Ø12 at the support (F, D)
 For Positive moment(M=27.93KNm @span
By considering the maximum moment at span we can design the four panels (s1, s2 s3 &s4) in this
section.
ρ = {1 – [1 -2M/ (bed2fcd)] 0.5}fcd/fyd

= {1 – [1-2*27.93*106/(660*2782*11.33)]0.511.33/260.87
ρ = 0.0022, But, ρmin = 0.6/fyk = 0.6/300 = 0.002
. As = ρbd = 0.0022*150*278
= 92mm2
Therefore, Provide 2 Ø10 at each spans)
40
Section H-H and panels (S8 ,S9 ,& S10)
Typical T- beam section
 Dimension:
d = D – 15- dia.14/2 = 300 -15 -7
d = 278mm
 Checking depth of the section

d ≥ √M/0.2952fcdbw = √(16.58*106)/0.2952*11.33*150
d ≥ 182mm So, depth is safe which is d = 278mm
 Checking the moment capacity( Limiting moment)
Limiting moment for 15% moment redistribution
X/d =0.328, x = 0.328d = 0.328*278
X = 91.18mm
41
 For positive moment
Mlim = 0.8x*fcd*[d – 0.4x]*be = 0.8*91.18*11.33*[278 - (0.4*91.18)]*660
Mlim =131.74 KNm
But, the maximum applied moment at the upper section is 16.58KNm < Mlim =131.74 KNm. So,
the section is safe.
 For Negative moment
Mlim = 0.8x*fcd*[d – 0.4x]*bj = 0.8*91.18*11.33*[278 - (0.4*91.18)]*150
Mlim =29.94 KNm
But, again the maximum applied moment at the bottom section is 16.58KNm < Mlim =29.94
KNm. So, the section is safe.
 Checking Neutral Axis position (section H-H)
Assume the Neutral axis in the topping, x < ht =80mm
 For the P osetive moment(Mapp =16.58KNm)
Mapp = 0.8x*be*fcd*(d – 0.4x), 0.8*x*660*11.33*[278 – (0.4*x)] = 16.58*106
Rearranging this: x2 - 695x + 6929 = 0,
x =12mm. So, the assumption is correct.
 Re-enforcement for joists

 For Negative moment(M=15.99KNm
ρ = {1 –[1 -2M/(bed2fcd)]0.5}fcd/fyd =
= {1 –[1-2*15.99*106/(660*2782*11.33)]0.511.33/260.87
ρ = 0.0012, But, ρmin = 0.6/fyk = 0.6/300 = 0.002

Therefore, we use ρmin =0.002 to calculate the area of re-enforcements
. As = ρbd = 0.002*150*278
= 85mm2
42
Therefore, Provide 2 Ø10 at the support.
 For Positive moment(M=16.58KNm @span
By considering the maximum moment at span we can design the four panels (S8,S9 &S10) in this
section.
ρ = {1 – [1 -2M/ (bed2fcd)] 0.5}fcd/fyd

= {1 – [1-2*16.58*106/(660*2782*11.33)]0.511.33/260.87
ρ = 0.0013, But, ρmin = 0.6/fyk = 0.6/300 = 0.002
. As = ρbd = 0.002*150*278
= 85mm2
Therefore, Provide 2 Ø10 at each spans)
3.5 Solid Slab Analysis and Design
3.5.1 Design Procedure

There are two types of slabs based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one way and two
way slabs.
One-way slabs transmit their load in one direction while two way slabs resist applied load in two
directions. These types of slabs are composed of rectangular panels supported at all four edges by walls
or beams stiff enough to be treated as unyielding. In our case most of the slabs are two way and need to
be analyzed based on the principle of two way actions.
43
Depth for Deflection
The minimum depth of a slab for deflection requirement is computed by:
Where: Le is effective length of the slab
Member Simply End Span Interior Cantilevers

Supported Span
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
Span ratio=2:1 25 30 35 12
Span ratio=1:1 35 40 45 10
Flat slabs(based on longer span) 24
Table15 values from EBCS
Note that: For slabs with intermediate span ratio, linear interpolation can be used.
Loading
Dead and live loads are calculated depending on the service of the slabs and self-weight. Ignoring any
localized effects caused by concentrated load, the partition loads are distributed over the area of the
slab. The design loads are factored according to the following formula.
44
Where
Analysis
The analysis of slab moments of two way slabs is accomplished by the formula:
Where
In the following diagram the symbols stand for:
s = support
f = span
x = direction of shorter span
y = direction of longer span
45
Designation for Slab Moment
Moment Adjustments
Support adjustment
For a continuous support there will be two supports which are different in magnitude. These moments
are usually different in magnitude and must be adjusted to come up with one design moment.
Therefore, the difference is distributed on either side of the support to equalize the different moments.
There are two cases: -
A. If of the larger moment, the design moment is the average of the two or the larger
moment.
B. If , the unbalanced moment is distributed based on the stiffness without any carry
over.
Let:
Therefore the design moment, cab be calculated in eitherof the following formula
46
Span adjustment
If the moment in the adjusted support decreases, the span moment are increased to compensate for the
changes in the support moments. The design moments for the spans are calculated.
Where: - .
5.
Load transfer to frames
Finally loads are transferred to beams as shear. The shear is calculated using the formula (EBCS-2, 1995).
The load transfer coefficients are read from EBCS-2, 1995 of Table A-3.
The design load on a beam determined in the above may be taken as the maximum shear in the slab at
the support which will be distributed on 75% of the span of the beam. For the sake of simplicity the load
is uniformly distributed throughout the length of the beam by multiplying the existing shear by 0.92.
47
Analysis and Design of Floor Slab
Typical floor plan lay out
Depth Determination
48
Panel Type Le(mm) d(mm)
SS1 End panel 5000 40 106.25
Intermediate
SS2 4000 37.5 90.67
panel
C3 Cantilever 1600 12 113.33
Therefore, depth is governed by the maximum that is 113.33mm
Over all depth (D) = 113.33 + 7+15 = 135.33 mm
For safety against any unforeseen considerations, we can consider 150mm overall depth of slab.
Hence, d = 150 -15-7 = 128 mm
Loading
The slab is loaded with both dead load and live load. The dead load comes from the slab self-weight,
floor finish, cement screed, plastering and partition wall, if any is present.
Panel SS2 and C3




Total dead load = 3.75 +0.575 +0.32 +0.69 =5.335 KN/m2

Live Load = 2 KN/m2
Therefore, design load will be:

Pd = 1.3(Dead load) + 1.6(Live load)
Pd = 1.3(5.335) + 1.6(2)
Pd = 6.9355 +3.20 = 10.1355 KN/m2
49
Analysis of Individual Panel Moments
Where,
Pdd is distributed load and
Pdc is concentrated load
Using the above formulas, all the panel moments were computed and are tabulated in the table below.
50
Pane
Type
l
SS2 10.14 4.00 1.3 0.076 0.057 - 0.044 12.33 9.25 0.00 7.14
C1 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 3.3 - - - - - - - 11.41
C2 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 2.0 - - - - - - - 11.41
C3 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 3.1 - - - - - - - 11.41
C4 Cantilever 10.14 2.00 2.5 - - - - - - - 20.28
Unadjusted Moment for Floor Slab
Moment Adjustment
Since panel C3 is cantilever, we can’t adjust the support moment.
Thus, myf = 11.41KN.m
Load Transfer to Beams
51
Pan
Type
el
SS2 10.14 4.0 1.3 0.53 0.35 - 0.3 21.5 19.2 - 12.2
C1 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 3.3 - - - - 11.41 - - -
C2 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 2.0 - - - - 11.41 - - -
C3 Cantilever 10.14 1.50 3.1 - - - - 11.41 - - -
C4 Cantilever 10.14 2.00 2.5 - - - - 20.28 - - -
52
Table Load Transfer to Beams from Floor Slabs
Reinforcement Bars for Slabs
The reinforcements are provided for the design moments based on the formula below
The geometrical main reinforcement ration at any section of a slab where positive reinforcement is
required by analysis shall not be less than that given by:
The required spacing is calculated as:
The table below shows the reinforcements provides for each slab.
53
Steel As
Position Moment Depth Ration Calculated S Required ф of Bar
KN m (mm) (ρ) (mm2) (mm) (mm)
SS2 12.33 128 0.0029 382.00 280.00 3Ф12
C1 11.41 128 0.0028 353.00 300.00 4Ф12
C2 11.41 128 0.0028 353.00 300.00 4Ф12
C3 11.41 128 0.0028 353.00 300.00 4Ф12
C4 20.28 128 0.0051 645.00 175.00 6Ф12
54
CHAPTER FOUR
4. DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

The purpose of stairs is to provide pedestrian access to different levels within the building. The
geometric form of the stair case depending on individual circumstances involved. These are two
main components of stair case. Stair and landing slab. The flight and landing can arrange in
different forms to get different types of stair cases. Rise and going are two terms associated with
a stair. Risers refer to vertical height of a step and going represents the horizontal dimension.
Stair case analysis and design is similar to slabs. It involves the analysis steps followed for slabs.
The inclined configuration is analyzed by projecting the loads on a horizontal plane. The stair
contains three flights with the same configuration.
55
Figure: Stair Lay out
4.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE

Determination of depth for deflection: This is a function of design tensile strength of
steel, effective span length of the shortest span in which more load is expected to transfer and
support condition.
 Loading: - This determines the total load in the stair and landing
 Analysis: - determines moment and shear forces based on the analyzed moment
56
 Check depth for flexure: - this step helps to cross check the design depth as it is safe for
flexure or not, if not revise the depth determined in step 1 and also the loads.
 Reinforcement provision: using the computed moments, number and area of
reinforcement bars determined.
 Detailing: the arrangement of reinforcement bars and their length are determined
and drawn.
Material properties
 Steel grade fyk= 300MPa
 Concrete class fck = 25MPa
 Class one work is used.
Figure Section view of stair A-A
The following information are taken from the above section of stair case
 Effective length Le = 4.8m

 βa= for simply supported 24
 Number of riser = 6
 Number of tread = 5
57
 Width of tread = 30cm

 Height of riser = 15cm
Check whether the load is transferred to one way or in two ways
Ly/Lx = 4.8/1.5 = 3.2 >2 which is one way
Determination of depth for deflection (Section A-A)

≥ (0.4 + 0.6*300/400)*4800/24 = 170 mm
To provide same depth for all types of stairs compare overall depth and take maximum of all sections.
Determination of depth for deflection (Section B-B)

≥ 0.85* 4800/24 = 170 mm
To determine the overall depth of the stair slab, we consider the following:
 Assume φ14
 Concrete cover = 25mm
Overall depth = d + + concrete cover = 170 + 7 + 25 = 202mm
Use D = 220mm
d = 220 – 7 – 25 = 188mm
Determination of angle of inclination
The angle of inclination for sections is the same.
Angle of section A-A = Angle of section B-B
=
Determination of Dead loads of the stair case

58
 Dead load at Steps( Inclined part)

- Own weight of the slab =1.5*0.22*25 =8.27KN/m
- 30 mm thick cement screed =1.5*0.03*23 = 1.035 KN/m
- 20mm thick floor finish = 1.5*0.02*27 = 0.81 KN/m
- Dead load from steps = 0.5*1.5*0.15*25 =2.81 KN/m
Total = 12.92 KN/m

Total live load on the landing = 3 KN/m2
Design load (Pd) = 1.3(Dead load) + 1.6(Live load)
= 1.3(12.92) + 1.6(3.0)
Design load (Pd = 21.596 KN/m
 Dead load at Landing
- Own weight of slab=1.5*0.22*25 = 8.25 KN/m
- 30mm thick cement screed=1.5*0.03*23 = 1.035 KN/m
- 20mm thick of terrazzo finish=1.5*0.02*27 = 0.81 KN/m
Total dead load on the landing = 10.095 KN/m

Total live load on the landing = 3 KN/m2
Design load (Pd) = 1.3(Dead load) + 1.6 (Live load)

= 1.3(7.475) + 1.6(3)
Design load (Pd) = 17.92 KN/m(Landing)
 Modeling stair case
59
And where clockwise moment is positive
And there are two reactions, R1 and R2 at the supports and R1 = R2
R1 + R2 = (1.5*17.92)*2 + (21.6*1.80) = 92.64 KN
R1 = 46.32 KN and R2 = 46.32 KN
Using design templates we can calculate the design actions.
 Design actions:
 Design moment = 55.142KNm
 Design shear = 46.32KN
 Checking for deflection
5wL4
Since W= 21.6KN/m ,  max =14.64 =14.64 mm
384 EI
L= 4.80m
E = 29Gpa
I = 0.0004m4
But, according to EBCS-2, section 5.2.2, the final deflection shall not exceed the value
Le = 4.8/200 = 24 mm

200
Since the actual deflection is less than the recommended value (14.64mm < 24 mm), then it is safe.
 Check for Shear Capacity
Before we go to reinforcement calculation, it is better to check the shear capacity of the section.
Vc  0.25 f ctd k1k2bwd Where, f =1000Kpa,

ctd k1  1  50 , k2 = 1.6-d ,b=1.5 and
d=0.188
Vc  0.25 f ctd k1k2bwd
60
= 0.25*1000*1.085*1.412*1.5*0.188
= 108 KN > 46.32 KN………….OK! that is no shear reinforcement is required. But it is
recommended to use ɸ8c/c300mm to hold the main reinforcement.
 Check depth for flexure

Considering maximum moment: M = 55.142KNm
Then, D = d + 7 +25 = 104.84+7+25
=136.84 mm < 220mm……………OK!
Reinforcement Calculation
To calculate the reinforcements first we have to calculate steel reinforcement ratio
Where, Rn = Mu/bd2 = 55.142/1.5*0.1882 = 1.04N/mm2

1é 2mRn ù
  ê1  1  ú
m êë f yd úû
m = fyd/fcd = 260.87/11.33 = 23.03
= 1/23.03[1- 1-2*23.03*1040/260.87] = 0.0042

Therefore, the longitudinal reinforcement can be calculated using the calculated raw.
As  bd = 0.0042*1500*188
= 1185 mm2
But, Asmin = where fyk = characteristic yield strength
b = width
d = depth
= mm2 Since As > Amin then it is OK
61
 Spacing: S = 1000as/As =(1000*3.14*49)/1185 = 129.84 mm = 125mm
Smax = min = 2*220=440mm or 350mm, then Spacing will be S = 125 mm
Therefore, provide ɸ14 c/c 125mm
 Minimum reinforcement
Asmin = ρmin.bd
ρmin = =0.4/300 =0.00133
Asmin = 0.00133*1500*188 =375.06mm2 and S = 1000*3.14*36/375.06 = 301.44mm

 Transverse reinforcement
According to EBCS 2, Sec7.2.2.1 the ratio of secondary reinforcement to main reinforcement shall be at
least equal to 20%.
That is 20 % (1185) =237mm2 and use diameter 10mm steel rebar
 Spacing = 1000 *as/As
= (1000*3.14*25) / 237 = 331mm
62
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Earth Quake Analysis
Base Shear Determination
The base shear is given by the following formula
 = (T1) W
Where,
=base shear
W=Total weight of the building
(T1)=ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1 which is given by
 (T1)=αβγ
Where, α= ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity, g. It is
given by:
 α=
Where, = the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone.
=0.1 for earth quake zone-2 (From EBCS-1995, table 1-1)
I=Importance factor of the structure
I=1.2 (EBCS-8, 1995 table 2-4), thus α=0.1*1.2=0.12
Is the design response factor for the site and is given by
 =1.2S/
Where, S=site coefficient of soil characteristics
S=1.2 (for sub soil class B, EBCS-8, 1995, table1-2)
63
T1= the fundamental period of vibration of the structure (in seconds) for translational
motion in the direction of the motion. For structures up to 80m height, the value of T1 may be
approximated by
 T1=C1
Where, H=Height of the structure above the base in meter=22.5m
C1=0.075 for RC moment resisting frames and eccentrically braced steel frame.
T1=0.775sec
β=1.2*1.2/ (0.775(2/3)) =1.71, but β ≤2.5 hence take β=1.71
γ is the behavior factor to account for energy dissipation capacity
 γ= ≤ 0.7
Where,
=basic type of behavior factor, dependent on the structural type (EBCS-8, 1995, table 3-
2) =0.2 (For frame system)
KD=factor reflecting the ductility class
=2 (lower ductility, page 38)
KR=factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation
=1 (frame system)
=factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in the structural system with wall
=1 (frame system)
64
γ = 0.2*2*1*1 = 0.4
Therefore, (T1) = 0.12*1.71*0.4 = 0.082
 =0.082W, which is 8% of the total weight, is acting as a horizontal force.
3.1. Story Shear Determination

The base shear force shall be distributed over the height of a structure concentrated at each floor level
as
( Fb  Ft )Wi hi
Fi  n
W h
i 0
i i
Where,
n= number of stories
Fi=is the concentrated lateral force acting at floor i,
Ft= is the a concentrated extra force (in addition to Fn) at the top of the
structure accounting whiplash for slender structure, which is given by
Ft= 0
0.07 T1Fb ≤ 0.25 for T since T1=0.775sec
Ft=0.07T1
= 0.07*T* fb = 0.07*0.775* Fb
= 0.05425
5.1 Calculation of Weights

The following tables give the mass of each element (column, beam, slab, partition walls, roof, windows
and doors etc.). They also give the x and y – coordinates of each elements
65
The lumped mass at each floor level was calculated by taking half portion from above and half from
below of the floor.
1. Ground Floor
Height
Designat Unit or Moment
ion Weight/PD Width Length Area Volume Weight Arm Moment
Mx(KN My(KN
3) 2 3
(KN/m (m) Lx Ly (m ) (m ) (KN) Xm Ym m) m)
COLUMN
C1 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 60.00
C3 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 108.00
C4 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.0 0.00 0.00 168.00
C5 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 6.00 72.00 0.00
C6 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 6.00 72.00 60.00
C7 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 6.00 72.00 108.00
C8 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 6.00 72.00 168.00
C9 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 6.00 72.00 240.00
C10 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 10.00 120.00 0.00
C11 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 10.00 120.00 60.00
C12 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 10.00 120.00 108.00
C13 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 10.00 120.00 168.00
C14 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 10.00 120.00 240.00
C15 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 15.00 180.00 0.00
C16 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 15.00 180.00 60.00
66
C17 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 15.00 180.00 108.00
C18 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 15.00 180.00 168.00
C19 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 15.00 180.00 240.00
SUM 228.0 1860.0 2064.0
GROUND BEAMS
1-1 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 15.00 900.00 600.00
2-2 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 10.00 600.00 600.00
3-3 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 6.00 360.00 600.00
4-4 25 14.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.68 42.00 7.000 0.00 0.00 294.00
A-A 25 16.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.98 49.50 0.00 10.00 495.00 0.00
B-B 25 16.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.98 49.50 5.00 10.00 495.00 247.50
C-C 25 15.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.80 45.00 9.00 7.50 337.50 405.00
D-D 25 15.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.80 45.00 14.00 7.50 337.50 630.00
E-E 25 10.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.26 31.50 20.00 7.50 236.25 630.00
GROUND SLAB
S1 20.00 0.12 5.00 5.00 25.00 3.00 60.00 2.50 16.50 990.00 150.00
S2 20.00 0.12 4.00 5.00 20.00 2.40 48.00 7.00 16.50 792.00 336.00
S3 20.00 0.12 5.00 5.00 25.00 3.00 60.00 11.50 16.50 990.00 690.00
S4 20.00 0.12 6.00 5.00 30.00 3.60 72.00 17.00 16.50 1188.00 1224.00
S5 20.00 0.12 4.00 4.00 16.00 1.92 38.40 7.00 8.00 307.20 268.80
S6 20.00 0.12 5.00 4.00 20.00 2.40 48.00 11.50 8.00 384.00 552.00
67
S7 20.00 0.12 6.00 4.00 24.00 2.88 57.60 17.00 8.00 460.80 979.20
S8 20.00 0.12 5.00 6.00 30.00 3.60 72.00 2.50 3.00 216.00 180.00
S9 20.00 0.12 4.00 6.00 24.00 2.88 57.60 7.00 3.00 172.80 403.20
S10 20.00 0.12 5.00 6.00 30.00 3.60 72.00 11.50 3.00 216.00 828.00
PARTITION WALL
W1 14 1.40 0.2 9.95 13.93 2.79 39.06 0.00 8.25 322.25 0.00
W2 10 1.40 0.10 3.80 5.32 0.53 5.30 3.33 1.90 10.07 17.65
W3 10 1.40 0.20 5.75 8.05 1.61 16.10 7.00 0.00 0.00 112.70
W4 10 1.40 0.10 2.00 2.80 0.28 2.80 4.00 2.50 7.00 11.20
W5 10 1.40 0.10 3.80 5.32 0.53 5.30 5.00 1.90 10.07 26.50
W6 10 1.40 0.10 3.80 5.32 0.53 5.30 6.50 1.90 10.07 34.45
W7 10 1.40 0.10 1.40 1.96 0.20 2.00 7.60 2.50 5.00 14.90
W8 10 1.40 0.10 1.40 1.96 0.20 2.00 8.00 2.50 5.00 15.68
W9 10 1.40 0.10 3.80 5.32 0.53 5.32 13.00 1.90 10.11 69.16
W10 10 1.40 0.10 3.80 5.32 0.53 5.32 15.00 1.90 10.11 79.80
W11 14 1.40 0.20 5.60 7.84 1.57 21.95 14.00 2.80 61.46 307.30
W12 10 1.40 0.10 2.26 3.16 0.32 3.16 1.13 3.76 11.88 3.57
W13 10 1.40 0.10 2.00 2.80 0.28 2.80 3.33 4.76 13.33 9.32
W14 14 1.40 0.20 17.20 24.08 4.82 67.42 6.00 8.60 579.8 404.52
W15 14 1.40 0.20 16.24 22.74 4.55 63.66 8.12 8.00 509.3 516.92
W16 14 1.40 0.20 2.00 2.80 0.56 7.84 5.00 7.00 54.88 39.20
68
W17 10 1.40 0.10 2.00 2.80 0.28 2.80 3.70 9.00 25.20 10.36
W18 10 1.40 0.10 1.60 2.24 0.22 2.24 5.00 9.20 20.61 11.20
W19 10 1.40 0.10 2.97 4.16 0.42 4.16 1.49 10.00 41.60 6.20
W20 14 1.40 0.20 2.10 2.94 0.59 8.26 3.00 11.95 98.71 24.78
W21 10 1.40 0.10 3.95 5.53 0.553 5.53 1.96 13.00 71.89 10.84
W22 14 1.40 0.20 5.20 7.28 1.46 20.38 2.60 16.50 336.3 52.99
W23 14 1.40 0.20 1.50 2.10 0.42 5.88 5.00 15.75 92.61 29.40
W24 10 1.40 0.10 2.00 2.80 0.28 2.80 11.38 9.00 25.20 31.86
W25 10 1.40 0.10 1.60 2.24 0.22 2.24 14.00 8.80 19.71 31.36
W26 10 1.40 0.10 1.10 1.54 0.15 1.54 12.55 10.00 15.40 19.33
W27 14 1.40 0.20 8.20 11.48 2.29 32.14 15.90 12.10 388.9 511.03
W28 10 1.40 0.10 3.00 4.20 0.42 4.20 18.10 9.50 39.90 76.02
W29 10 1.40 0.10 5.10 7.14 0.71 7.14 15.60 11.00 78.54 111.38
W30 10 1.40 0.10 2.78 3.89 0.39 3.89 13.18 13.61 52.94 51.27
W31 14 1.40 0.20 5.50 7.70 1.54 21.56 10.00 15.00 323.4 215.60
SUM 12729.
1408.2 3 12442.8
69
Table Mass Calculation for Ground Floor
First floor to Sixth floor

Height
Mx(KN My(KN
3) 2 3
COLUMN
C1 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 60.00
C3 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 108.00
C4 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.0 0.00 0.00 168.00
C5 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 6.00 72.00 0.00
C6 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 6.00 72.00 60.00
C7 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 6.00 72.00 108.00
C8 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 6.00 72.00 168.00
C9 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 6.00 72.00 240.00
C10 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 10.00 120.00 0.00
C11 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 10.00 120.00 60.00
C12 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 10.00 120.00 108.00
C13 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 10.00 120.00 168.00
C14 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 10.00 120.00 240.00
C15 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 0.00 15.00 180.00 0.00
C16 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 5.00 15.00 180.00 60.00
C17 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 9.00 15.00 180.00 108.00
C18 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 14.00 15.00 180.00 168.00
C19 25 3.00 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.48 12.00 20.00 15.00 180.00 240.00
SUM 228.0 1320.0 1896.0
70
GIRDER BEAMS
1-1 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 15.00 900.00 600.00
2-2 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 10.00 600.00 600.00
3-3 25 20.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 2.40 60.00 10.00 6.00 360.00 600.00
4-4 25 14.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.68 42.00 7.000 0.00 0.00 294.00
A-A 25 16.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.98 49.50 0.00 10.00 495.00 0.00
B-B 25 16.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.98 49.50 5.00 10.00 495.00 247.50
C-C 25 15.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.80 45.00 9.00 7.50 337.50 405.00
D-D 25 15.00 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.80 45.00 14.00 7.50 337.50 630.00
E-E 25 10.50 0.30 0.40 0.12 1.26 31.50 20.00 7.50 236.25 630.00
SUM 442.5 3761.3 4006.5
RIBBED SLAB
S1 20.00 0.22 5.00 5.00 25.00 5.50 110.00 2.50 16.50 1815.00 275.00
S2 20.00 0.22 4.00 5.00 20.00 4.40 88.00 7.00 16.50 1452.00 616.00
S3 20.00 0.22 5.00 5.00 25.00 5.50 110.00 11.50 16.50 1815.00 1265.00
S4 20.00 0.22 6.00 5.00 30.00 6.60 132.00 17.00 16.50 2178.00 2244.00
S5 20.00 0.22 4.00 4.00 16.00 3.52 70.40 7.00 8.00 563.20 492.80
S6 20.00 0.22 5.00 4.00 20.00 4.40 88.00 11.50 8.00 704.00 1012.00
S7 20.00 0.22 6.00 4.00 24.00 5.28 105.60 17.00 8.00 844.80 1795.20
S8 20.00 0.22 5.00 6.00 30.00 6.60 132.00 2.50 3.00 396.00 330.00
S9 20.00 0.22 4.00 6.00 24.00 5.28 105.60 7.00 3.00 316.80 739.20
S10 20.00 0.22 5.00 6.00 30.00 6.60 132.00 11.50 3.00 396.00 1518.00
C1 25.00 0.15 5.00 1.50 7.50 1.125 28.125 2.50 15.75 442.97 70.31
C2 25.00 0.15 2.00 1.50 3.00 0.45 11.25 14.00 15.75 177.19 157.50
71
C2 25.00 0.15 2.00 1.50 3.00 0.45 11.25 -0.75 14.00 157.50 -8.44
C2 25.00 0.15 2.00 1.50 3.00 0.45 11.25 -0.75 5.00 56.25 -8.44
C2 25.00 0.15 2.00 1.50 3.00 0.45 11.25 1.00 -0.75 -8.44 11.25
C2 25.00 0.15 2.00 1.50 3.00 0.45 11.25 11.00 -0.75 -8.44 123.75
C4 25.00 0.15 5.00 2.00 10.00 1.50 37.50 9.00 2.50 93.75 337.50
SUM 1195.5 11391.58 10695.63
PARTITION WALL
W1 14 2.80 0.2 9.95 27.86 5.57 77.98 0.00 8.25 643.34 0.00
W2 10 2.80 0.10 3.80 10.64 1.06 10.60 3.33 1.90 20.14 35.30
W3 10 2.80 0.20 5.75 16.10 3.22 32.20 7.00 0.00 0.00 225.40
W4 10 2.80 0.10 2.00 5.60 0.56 5.60 4.00 2.50 14.00 22.40
W5 10 2.80 0.10 3.80 10.64 1.06 10.60 5.00 1.90 20.14 53.00
W6 10 2.80 0.10 3.80 10.64 1.06 10.60 6.50 1.90 20.14 68.90
W7 10 2.80 0.10 1.40 3.92 0.40 4.00 7.60 2.50 10.00 29.80
W8 10 2.80 0.10 1.40 3.92 0.40 4.00 8.00 2.50 10.00 31.36
W9 10 2.80 0.10 3.80 10.64 1.06 10.64 13.00 1.90 20.22 138.32
W10 10 2.80 0.10 3.80 10.64 1.06 10.64 15.00 1.90 20.22 159.60
W11 14 2.80 0.20 5.60 15.68 3.14 43.90 14.00 2.80 122.9 614.60
W12 10 2.80 0.10 2.26 6.32 0.64 6.32 1.13 3.76 23.76 7.14
W13 10 2.80 0.10 2.00 5.60 0.56 5.60 3.33 4.76 26.66 18.65
W14 14 2.80 0.20 17.20 48.16 9.68 134.84 6.00 8.60 809.0 809.04
W15 14 2.80 0.20 16.24 45.48 9.10 127.32 8.12 8.00 1018 1033.8
W16 14 2.80 0.20 2.00 5.60 1.12 15.68 5.00 7.00 109.8 78.40
W17 10 2.80 0.10 2.00 5.60 0.56 5.60 3.70 9.00 50.40 20.72
72
W18 10 2.80 0.10 1.60 4.48 0.44 4.48 5.00 9.20 41.22 22.40
W19 10 2.80 0.10 2.97 8.32 0.84 8.32 1.49 10.00 83.20 12.40
W20 14 2.80 0.20 2.10 5.88 1.18 16.52 3.00 11.95 197.4 49.56
W21 10 2.80 0.10 3.95 11.06 1.11 11.06 1.96 13.00 143.8 21.68
W22 14 2.80 0.20 5.20 14.56 2.92 40.76 2.60 16.50 672.6 105.98
W23 14 2.80 0.20 1.50 4.20 0.84 11.76 5.00 15.75 185.2 58.80
W24 10 2.80 0.10 2.00 5.60 0.56 5.60 11.38 9.00 50.40 63.72
W25 10 2.80 0.10 1.60 4.48 0.44 4.48 14.00 8.80 39.42 62.72
W26 10 2.80 0.10 1.10 3.08 0.30 3.08 12.55 10.00 30.80 38.66
W27 14 2.80 0.20 8.20 22.96 4.58 64.28 15.90 12.10 777.8 1022.1
W28 10 2.80 0.10 3.00 8.40 0.84 8.40 18.10 9.50 79.80 152.04
W29 10 2.80 0.10 5.10 14.28 1.42 14.28 15.60 11.00 157.1 222.76
W30 10 2.80 0.10 2.78 7.78 0.78 7.78 13.18 13.61 105.9 102.54
W31 14 2.80 0.20 5.50 15.40 3.08 43.12 10.00 15.00 646.8 431.20
W32 10 2.80 0.10 2.00 5.60 0.56 5.60 18.28 9.00 50.40 102.37
SUM 765.64 6200.6 5796.8
73
Roof
Description Unit Weight Length or Width Area Volume Weight Xm Ym Mx My
2 3
(Dead load) (m) (m ) (m ) (KN) (m) (m) (KNm) (KNm)
DUO-PITCHED
TRUSS 0.0524KN/m 415.66 - - 21.78 10.00 7.50 163.35 217.80
PURLINE 0.043KN/m 360.00 - - 15.48 10.00 7.50 116.10 154.80

2
G-28CIS 0.04KN/m - 300.00 - 12.00 7.50 7.50 90.00 90.00
MONO PITCHED
TRUSS 0.0524KN/m 98.91 - - 5.14 2.50 7.50 38.55 12.85
PURLINE 0.043KN/m 56.00 - - 2.41 2.50 7.50 18.08 6.03

2
G-28CIS 0.04KN/m - 47.40 - 1.896 2.50 7.50 14.22 4.74
SUM 58.71 440.3 486.22
TOP TIE BEAMS

1-1 25 20.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.80 20.00 10.00 15.00 300.00 200.00
2-2 25 20.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.80 20.00 10.00 10.00 200.00 200.00
3-3 25 20.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.80 20.00 10.00 6.00 120.00 200.00
4-4 25 14.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.56 14.00 7.000 0.00 0.00 98.00
A-A 25 16.50 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.66 16.50 0.00 10.00 165.00 0.00
B-B 25 16.50 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.68 17.00 5.00 10.00 170.00 85.00
C-C 25 15.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.60 15.00 9.00 7.50 112.50 135.00
D-D 25 15.00 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.60 15.00 14.00 7.50 112.50 210.00
E-E 25 10.50 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.42 10.50 20.00 7.50 78.75 210.00
SUM 148.0 1258.75 1338.00
74
COLUMN
C1 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 5.00 0.00 0.00 11.25
C3 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 9.00 0.00 0.00 20.25
C4 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 14.0 0.00 0.00 31.50
C5 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 0.00 6.00 13.50 0.00
C6 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 5.00 6.00 13.50 11.25
C7 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 9.00 6.00 13.50 20.25
C8 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 14.00 6.00 13.50 31.50
C9 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 20.00 6.00 13.50 45.00
C10 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 0.00 10.00 22.50 0.00
C11 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 5.00 10.00 22.50 11.25
C12 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 9.00 10.00 22.50 20.25
C13 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 14.00 10.00 22.50 31.50
C14 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 20.00 10.00 22.50 45.00
C15 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 0.00 15.00 33.75 0.00
C16 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 5.00 15.00 33.75 11.25
C17 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 9.00 15.00 33.75 20.25
C18 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 14.00 15.00 33.75 31.50
C19 25 1.50 0.20 0.30 0.06 0.09 2.25 20.00 15.00 33.75 45.00
SUM 42.75 348.75 387.50
75
Table Mass Calculation for Roof Level

FOUNDATION
Height
Mx(KN My(KN
3) 2 3
COLUMN
C1 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
C2 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 5.00 0.00 0.00 36.00
C3 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 9.00 0.00 0.00 64.80
C4 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 14.0 0.00 0.00 100.80
C5 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 0.00 6.00 43.20 0.00
C6 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 5.00 6.00 43.20 36.00
C7 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 9.00 6.00 43.20 64.80
C8 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 14.00 6.00 43.20 100.80
C9 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 20.00 6.00 43.20 144.00
C10 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 0.00 10.00 72.00 0.00
C11 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 5.00 10.00 72.00 36.00
C12 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 9.00 10.00 72.00 64.80
C13 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 14.00 10.00 72.00 100.80
C14 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 20.00 10.00 72.00 144.00
C15 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 0.00 15.00 108.00 0.00
C16 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 5.00 15.00 108.00 36.00
C17 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 9.00 15.00 108.00 64.80
C18 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 14.00 15.00 108.00 100.80
C19 25 1.80 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.288 7.20 20.00 15.00 108.00 144.00
SUM 136.8 1116.0 1238.4
76
 The lumped/ total mass at each floor level will be:

 Ground = 1636.20KN
 First to Sixth Floor = 2631.94 KN
 Roof = 249.46 KN
 Foundation = 136.80KN
 Total weight = WT = 1632.20 +( 2631.94*6) +249.46 +136.80
= 17810.10KN
From the weight calculated above the value of and Ft are

WT = 17810.10KN
=0.082W
= 0.082*17810.10
= 1460.42 KN
Ft=0.05425
= 0.07*0.775* ≤ 0.25 = 0.07*0.775*1460.42 ≤ 0.25*712.404
= 79.23 ≤ 178.10
Therefore, we take Ft =79.23 KN
77
5.2 Story Shear

5.2.1 Story Shear from Earth Quake
- Ft
Foundation 1381.20 1.80 136.80 246.24 1.33
Ground 1381.20 4.80 1636.20 7853.76 42.35
1st 1381.20 7.80 2631.94 20529.132 110.70
2nd 1381.20 10.80 2631.94 28424.952 153.30
3rd 1381.20 13.80 2631.94 36320.772 195.85
4th 1381.20 16.80 2631.94 44216.592 238.40
5th 1381.20 19.80 2631.94 52112.412 281.00
6th 1381.20 22.80 2631.94 60008.232 323.60
Roof 1381.20 25.80 249.46 6436.068 34.70
sum 17814.10 256,148.16
Table Story Shear Force for Earth Quake
5.3 Center of Mass

The center mass of the plan can be determined using the following formula:
Xm=∑ wi*Xi/ (∑ w)
Ym=∑ wi*Yi/ (∑ w)
Therefore the following table gives Xm and Ymof each floor
78
Foundation 136.80 1238.40 1116.00 9.05 8.16
Ground 1636.20 14506.80 14589.30 8.87 8.92
1st 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
2nd 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
3rd 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
4th 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
5th 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
6th 2631.94 22394.93 22673.48 8.51 8.62
Roof 249.46 2211.72 2048.80 8.87 8.21
Table Calculation of Center of Mass
DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL FOR BUILDING ELEVATOR

Dan Techno Craft Technical Specification
Standard lift shaft and car sizes for center opening electrical traction
Load Shaft Shaft Car Car Clear Pit Over

width(mm depth width opening depth head
(kg) (mm) (mm) Depth (mm) (mm) height
(mm)
persons
min max min max
320 4 1500 1650 1500 1700 1000 900 700X2000 1500 3600
480 6 1700 1850 1700 1800 1050 1200 800X2000 1500 3600
640 8 1700 1850 1780 1950 1100 1400 800X2000 1500 3600
Table Dan Techno Craft Shear Wall Technical Specification
79
From the above table data, we have just selected the following dimensions.
Capacity of lift =480 Kg
No of person to accommodate =6
Shaft width =1700mm
Shaft depth =1700mm
Car width =1200mm
Clear opening =800*2000
Pit depth =1500mm
Overhead height =3600mm
80
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF (G+6) URBAN BUILDING DESIGN 2016
Design of Shear Wall
The wall is designed as isolated sway elements of a frame using the second –order theory of columns.
/refer: EBCS-2, 1995.section 4.4 /
The lateral load due to seismic action and the vertical loads from self-weight of the elevator car, top slab
& from live load can be determined.
Lateral Load Determination

Mostly earth quake is the governing lateral load for frame analysis. In the case of frame system
lateral forces are resisted by frame action of beams, columns and the rigid joints. While in the shear
walls the lateral force is resisted by the wall itself in its major axes.
Base Shear Determination

The base shear is given by the following formula:
= (T1) W
Where:
=base shear
W=Total weight of the shear wall
(T1)=ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1 which is given by
(T1)=αβγ
Where: α= ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity, which is given by: α
=
Where:
= The bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone.
=0.1 for earth quake zone-2 (From EBCS-1995, table 1-1)
I=Importance factor of the structure
I=1 (EBCS-8, 1995 table 2-4), thus α=0.1*1=0.1
81
Is the design response factor for the site and is given by
=1.2S/
Where:
S=site coefficient of soil characteristics
S=1.2 (for sub soil class B, EBCS-8, 1995, table1-2)
T1= the fundamental period of vibration of the structure (in seconds) for translational motion in the
direction of the motion. For structures up to 80m height, the value of T1 may be approximated by:
T1=C1
Where:
H=Height of the structure above the base in meter=25m
b=0.15m
for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls, the value of may be taken as:
Where:
82
=combined effective area of the shear in the first story of the building, in m2
Ai=X-sectional area of the shear wall-I in story of the building, in m2
=length of the shear wall in the first story in the direction parallel to the applied forces, in meters
with the restriction that Lwi/H shall not exceed 0.9. =2m
Case-1: When the lateral force acting in the Y-axis:

Lwi = 1.80m
AB= 0.15*1.8 = 0.270m2
AD= AE = 0.4*0.15 = 0.06 m2
= 0.27*[0.2+ (1.8/3)2] + 2*0.06*[0.2+ (1.8/3)2]
Ac = 0.218m2
Then C1 = 0.075/√Ac = 0.075/√0.218 = C1 = 0.161
T1= C1 = 0.161*(25)0.75 = 1.794sec.
= 1.2S/ = 1.2*1.2/ (1.794)0.67≤ 2.5
=0.9733 ≤ 2.5 …… Ok!
Case-1: When the lateral force acting in the X-axis
Lwi = 1.80m
AA = AC = 0.15*1.5 = 0.225m2
= 2*0.225*[0.2+ (1.8/3)2] = 0.336 m2
Ac=0.252 m2
Again, C1=0.075/ (0.252)0.5= 0.1494
T1= 0.1494*(25)0.75 = 1.670sec.
83
=1.2*1.2/ (1.670)0.67≤ 2.5
= 1.022 ≤ 2.5………Ok!
To be conservative the maximum value from the two cases is taken
= 1.022 and T1= 1.794sec.
γ is the behavior factor to account for energy dissipation capacity
γ= ≤ 0.7
Where:
=basic type of behavior factor, dependent on the structural type (EBCS-8, 1995, table 3-2)
= 0.2 (For core system)
KD=factor reflecting the ductility class =1
KR=factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation =1 (frame system)
=factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in the structural system with wall= 1
γ= ≤ 0.7 = 0.2*1*1*1 ≤ 0.7
γ = 0.2 ≤ 0.7………Ok!
Therefore, (T1) =αβγ
= 0.1*1.022*0.2= 0.0204
And, Fb = (T1)*W = 0.0204W
W=seismic DL, obtained as the total permanent load plus 25% of the floor live load, for storage and
ware house occupancies. In other occupancies, no allowance for live loads need be made. In our case we
assumed that the elevator car is being there throughout & it always serves, hence it can be considered as
storage occupancies to account the 25% allowance for live loads.
Ft= 0 for T<0.7
0.07 T1Fb ≤ 0.25 for T
84
Since T1=1.554sec
Ft=0.07 T1
= 0.07*1.794*fb ≤ 0.25
= 0.126*fb
Permanent load calculation for shear walls

FOUNDATION
designatio Unit height t b area volume weight x y Mx My

n Wt.
SW1(A) 25 1.80 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.54 13.5 0.90 1.725 23.30 12.15
SW2(B) 25 1.80 0.15 1.80 0.27 0.65 16.3 0.075 0.90 14.67 14.67
SW3(C) 25 1.80 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.50 13.5 0.825 0.075 1.01 1.01
SW4(D) 25 1.80 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.144 3.60 1.725 0.20 0.72 6.21
SW5(E) 25 1.80 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.144 3.60 1.725 0.02 0.72 6.21
Total 50.5 40.4 40.3
GROUND FLOOR
designation Unit height t b area volume weight x y Mx My

Wt.
SW1(A) 25 3.00 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.69 17.3 0.90 1.725 29.84 15.57
SW2(B) 25 3.00 0.15 1.80 0.27 0.81 20.3 0.075 0.90 18.27 1.53
SW3(C) 25 3.00 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.69 17.3 0.825 0.075 1.30 14.27
SW4(D) 25 3.00 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.18 4.50 1.725 0.20 0.90 7.76
SW5(E) 25 3.00 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.18 4.50 1.725 0.02 0.90 7.76
Total 63.9 51.21 46.89
85
FIRST TO Sixth FLOOR

Wt.
SW1(A) 25 3.00 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.69 17.3 0.90 1.725 29.84 15.57
SW2(B) 25 3.00 0.15 1.80 0.27 0.81 20.3 0.075 0.90 18.27 1.53
SW3(C) 25 3.00 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.69 17.3 0.825 0.075 1.30 14.27
SW4(D) 25 3.00 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.18 4.50 1.725 0.20 0.90 7.76
SW5(E) 25 3.00 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.18 4.50 1.725 0.02 0.90 7.76
Total 63.9 51.21 46.89
ROOF FLOOR

Wt.
SW1(A) 25 2.2 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.51 12.75 0.90 1.725 22.00 11.48
SW2(B) 25 2.2 0.15 1.80 0.27 0.59 14.75 0.075 0.90 13.28 11.06
SW3(C) 25 2.2 0.15 1.50 0.23 0.51 12.75 0.825 0.075 0.96 10.52
SW4(D) 25 2.2 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.13 3.25 1.725 0.20 0.65 5.61
SW5(E) 25 2.2 0.15 0.40 0.06 0.13 3.25 1.725 0.02 0.65 5.61
Total 46.75 37.54 44.27
Therefore, total weight will be:
W = Total permanent load + 25% of floor live load
Live load for storage = 5KN/m2
W = 544.35KN + 5KN/m2*(1.5m*1.5m)*25%
W = 547.16KN
86
And base shear will be:
Fb = (T1)*W = 0.0204W
= 0.0204*547.16 = 11.162KN
Ft=0.07 T1
= 0.07*1.794*fb ≤ 0.25
= 0.126*fb = 0.126*11.162 = 1.41 KN
 Distribution of horizontal seismic forces to each story
The base shear force is distributed over the height of the structure at each floor level according to the
following formula:
( Fb  Ft )Wi hi
Fi  n
W h
i 0
i i
Story Shear
- Ft
Foundation 9.752 1.80 50.50 90.90 0.12
Ground 9.752 4.80 63.90 306.72 0.41
1st 9.752 7.80 63.90 498.42 0.66
2nd 9.752 10.80 63.90 690.12 0.91
3rd 9.752 13.80 63.90 881.82 1.16
4th 9.752 16.80 63.90 1073.52 1.41
5th 9.752 19.80 63.90 1265.22 1.66
6th 9.752 22.80 63.90 1456.92 1.91
Roof 9.752 25.00 46.75 1168.75 1.53
sum 544.55 7432.39
Table: Story Shear Force
87
 Determination of vertical loads

Shaft roof slab design
d= , where Le = 1500mm
= 33
d = 38.64mm
Therefore, D will be:
D = d + concrete cover + half dia. Of reinforcement
D =38.64 +15 + 7 = 60.64mm
Use D = 100mm to be certain due to un foreseen reasons.
 Effective depth off the shorter direction for normal slab
dused =D- 7-15 = 100-7-15 = 78mm
 Effective depth in the longer direction for normal slab
dused = 100-14-7-15 = 64mm
 Load calculation
Dead load




 From self-weight of elevator car =(2*320*9.81*10-3)/(1.8*1.8) =1.938KN/m2
Total dead load excluding self weight of the elevator car = 3.75 +0.575 +0.32 +0.69 =5.335 KN/m2
Pd = 1.3*5.335 + 1.6*5 = 14.94 KN/m2(excluding elevator car weight)
88
20% of pd will be: 0.2*14.94 = 2.988 KN/m2
And factored dead load for elevator will be:
= 1.3*1.938 = 2.519 KN/m2 ≤ 20% Pd = 2.988 KN/m2
Therefore, we simply distribute the load from the elevator car on the area of the slab
Total dead load = 5.335KN/m2 + 1.938 KN/m2 = 7.273 KN/m2
Live load for storage = 5.0 KN/m2
 Design load and load combination
We have only dead load and live load to be combined
Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6 LL = 1.3*7.273 + 1.6*5.0 = 17.50 KN/m2
 Analysis of the slab
The slab is two way slab (Ly/Lx = 1.8/1.8 = 1.0

The analysis of slab moments of two way slabs is accomplished by the formula
Where
And for slabs simply supported in all four sides (PCT = 1) and with span ratio of 1.0 and the value of
moment coefficients will be as follows:
 = 0.024

= 0.024
89
And the moments will be:
= 0.024*17.50*1.82 = 1.40KN.m
= 0.024*17.50*1.82 = 1.40KN.m
 Check depth for flexure
Depth requirement for ultimate flexural strength of concrete compression stress capacity
d ≥ √M/0.2952fcdbw = √(1.40*106)/0.2952*11.33*1000
d ≥ 20.5 mm but dused = 78mm ≥ 20.5mm
 Flexural reinforcement design
ρ = {1 – [1 -2M/ (bd2fcd)] 0.5}fcd/fyd
= {1 – [1 -2*1.4*106/(1000*782*11.33)]0.5 = 0.0009
But, ρmin = 0.50/fyk =0.5/300 = 0.0017
Therefore, αAs = ρbd = 0.0017*1000*78
= 132.60mm2
Assume dia. 10 mm deformed bar
 Spacing: S = 1000as/As =(1000*3.14*25)/133 = 590.22 mm = 590mm
 Smax = min = 2*100=200mm or 350mm, then Spacing will be S = 200 mm
Therefore, provide Ø10c/c200mm the same in both directions
 Load transfer to the wall
Based on the coefficient method for two way solid slabs the values of shear distribution factors are as
given below:
= 0.33*17.50*1.80 = 10.395KN/m
= 0.33*17.50*1.80 = 10.395KN/m
90
Hence the total vertical loads at the bottom of shear walls become:
Nsd = Pd + wall weight at the bottom
And Pd for each wall is determined as follows:
 Wall-A : Pd = 10.395KN/m*1.5m = 15.59KN
 Wall-B: Pd = 10.395KN/m*1.8m = 18.71KN
 Wall-C: Pd = 10.395KN/m*1.5m = 15.59KN
 Wall-D: Pd = 10.395KN/m*0.4m = 4.16KN
 Wall-E: Pd = 10.395KN/m* 0.4m = 4.16KN
designation Area Volume Weight Pd Nsd
A 0.225 5.625 140.625 15.59 156.215
B 0.270 6.750 168.750 18.71 187.460
C 0.225 5.625 140.625 15.59 156.215
D 0.06 1.500 37.500 4.16 41.660
E 0.06 1.500 37.500 4.16 41.660
91
 Design of individual wall section

 Design Wall-A
b = 0.15 and h = 1.80
Determination of design eccentricity in both directions
etot = ea + eo + e2
Accidental (additional) eccentricity due to various imperfections
ea = Le/300 ≥ 20mm …….EBCS-2/1995 Section 4.4.3
Where: Le = is effective buckling length of the wall and assuming the top end of the shear wall to be
simply supported.
Le = 0.7L where L is the wall height
= 0.7*25 = 17.50m
Then, ea = Le/300 = 17.50/300 = 0.058*1000 = 58.33mm
 Determination of design eccentricity in H- direction
92
 First order eccentricity:
eo = Md/ Nsd = 173.15KN.m/156.215KN = 1.11m

 Second order eccentricity:
e2 = 0.4h (Le/10h) 2 = 0.4*1.8(17.5/10*1.8)2 = 0.681m
 Total eccentricity:
etot = ea + eo + e2 = 58.33 + 1110 + 681 = 1849.33mm = 1.85m

 Relative eccentricity: the relative eccentricity for the given direction is the ratio of the total
eccentricity to the column width in the same direction
erel = etot/h = 1.85m/1.80 = 1.03m
 Determination of design eccentricity in B- direction

 First order eccentricity: no moment is carried in this direction as it is carried by the perpendicular
walls, Md = 0
eo = Md/ Nsd = 0
 Second order eccentricity:
e2 = 0.4h (Le/10h) 2 = 0.4*1.8(17.5/10*1.8)2 = 0.681m
 Total eccentricity:
etot = ea + eo + e2 = 58.33 + 0 + 681 = 739.33mm = 0.739m

 Relative eccentricity:
erel = etot/b = 0.739m/0.15 = 4.93m
 Relative eccentricity ratio(k)
K = Small erel /large erel = 1.03/4.93 = 0.21
Equivalent eccentricity:
eequ = etot(1+kα) =
 Relative Normal force, V = Nsd /fcd*Aw = 156.215/(11.33*1800*150)
93
V = 0.051
V 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ≥1.0
α 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
Then by interpolating for α = 0.65
eequ = etot(1+kα) = 1.85(1+0.21*0.65) = 2.10m
 Design moment calculation
Design moment, Msd = eequ * Nsd = 2.10*156.215 = 328.50KN.m
 Design of vertical reinforcement
µ = Msd÷ (fcd*A*h) = 328.50*103.m÷ (11.33N/mm2*1800mm*150mm*1.80m)
= 0.06
ɷ = is the reinforcement ratio from chart using v and µ values.
= 0.3 ……….from chart biaxial No.43
 Area of reinforcement:
Amin = 0.004Ac = 0.004*1800*150 = 1080mm2
Amax = 0.04Ac = 0.04*1800*150 = 10800mm2
But, As = (ɷ*fcd*Ac) ÷fyd = (0.3*11.33*1800*150)÷260.87 = 3518mm2 ≤ Amax = 10800mm2
Therefore, using two rows of bars (That is providing reinforcement at each face or internal and external
face) of the wall. The area of steel reinforcement on each side wall will be:
As = 3518mm2/2 = 1759mm2
 Spacing of the vertical bars
- The diameter of the vertical bars should not be less than 8mm
- The spacing of vertical bars should not exceed twice the wall thickness nor 300mm
S = (b*as)÷As = (1800*3.14*49)÷ 1759 = 157.44 = 155mm
Therefore, provide two Ф14 C/C 150mm vertical reinforcement bars on each face of the wall.
94
 Design of shear reinforcement
 Check the diagonal compression failure of concrete
Section resistance, Vrd = 0.25fcdbwd ≥ Vd = 0.25*11.33*150*(1800-180) = 688.30KN
=688.30 KN ≥ Vd = 9.80KN………..OK!
 Check the section capacity, Vc
VC = 0.25fctd k1 k2 bw d + Vcn
Where, Vcn =( 0.10bw d* Nsd)/Ac =[ 0.10*150*(1800-180)*156.215]÷ (1800*150)
= 14.06KN
K1 = 1.6- d = 1.6- 0.18 = 1.42m
K2 = 1 + 50 ≤ 2.0 but = As÷(bw d) = 3518÷ (150(1800-180)) = 0.015
= 1 + 50*0.015
= 1.75
Then Vc = 0.25*1.03*1.42*1.75*150(1800-180) + 14.06
VC = 169.60KN ≥ 9.80KN………OK
 Area of shear reinforcement
According to EBCS-2 section 6.2.1.2 the area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less than one-half
of the vertical reinforcement
Therefore, provide two stirrups and the area of shear reinforcement will be
As = 3518mm2÷ 4 = 879.50mm2
The diameter of the horizontal bars shall not be less than one quarter of the vertical reinforcement bars.
 Spacing of shear reinforcement
S =( as* b)÷ As = (1800*3.14*36)÷ 879.50 = 213.50mm2
Therefore, provide Ф12 C/C 210mm
NOTE: The design of the other shear wall sides will be done as the above procedures.
95
Chapter 6
6.1 Beam design and analysis
Beams are flexural members which are used to transfer the loads from slab to columns. Basically beams
should be designed for flexure (moment). Furthermore it is essential to check and design the beam
sections for torsion and shear..
In our case a particular beam axis is selected for design. The following output data is taken from 3-D
analysis of the frame using ETABS.
96
The final design of a structure must be for the most unfavorable combination of loads that the structure
is to support. However, some judgment is necessary in selecting loading conditions that can reasonably
be combined. The load combinations that must be considered are normally specified in codes and
standards(Ethiopian building code )
The output is shown only for severe maximum and severe minimum, which were used as basis for
design of the frame elements. Hence output shows the envelope for the desired action. For sake of
clarity and readability the loading and analysis results are presented in sample graphicall
Material Property Data - General

Name Type Dir/Plane Modulus of Poisson's Thermal Shear
Elasticity Ratio Coefficient Modulus
C25 I so All 29000000.000 0.2000 9.9000E-06 12083333.333
Material Property Data - General
Material Property Data - Mass & Weight

Material Property Data - Mass & Weight
Name Mass per Weight per
Unit Volume Unit Volume
C25 2.5000E-09 2.5000E-05
Material Property Data - Concrete Design

Material Property Data - Concrete Design
Lightweight Concrete Rebar Rebar Lightweight
Name
Concrete fc fy fys Reduc. Factor
C25 No 20.000 300.000 300.000 N/A
97
Structural Design of G+6 Urban Building Design, 2016.
Frame Section Property Data - Concrete Columns

Frame Section Material Column Column Rebar Concrete Bar Corner
Name Name Depth Width Pattern Cover Size Bar Size
C60X60 C25 200.000 400.000 RR-4-2 25.000 20d 20d
C30X30 C25 400.000 200.000 RR-2-4 25.000 20d 20d
Frame Section Property Data - Concrete Beams
Frame Section Material Beam Beam Top Bottom

Name Name Depth Width Cover Cover
TTB30X40 C25 400.000 300.000 25.000 25.000
IMB50X40 C25 500.000 400.000 25.000 25.000
GB40X30 C25 400.000 300.000 25.000 25.000
RIB22X15 C25 220.000 150.000 15.000 15.000
Fig. Typical Floor Layout
98
Axis -C Moment 3-3 Diagram in Y- direction
99
Axis -B Moment 3-3 Diagram in Y- direction
100
Axis -1 Moment 3-3 Diagram in X- direction
101
Axis -1 Moment 2-2 Diagram in X- direction
102
Axis -A Moment 2-2 Diagram in Y- direction
103
Axis -C Shear force 2-2 Diagram in Y- direction
104
Axis -B Shear force 2-2 Diagram in X- direction
105
Axis -1 Shear force 2-2 Diagram in Y- direction
106
Axis -1 Shear force 3-3 Diagram in X- direction
107
Axis -D Axial force Diagram in Y- direction
108
Axis -2 Axial force Diagram in X- direction
109
Axis-2 Restraint reactions
110
SUMMARY OF SAMPLE BEAM ANALYSIS RESULT FOR CRITICAL SECTIONS ALONG Y- DIRECTION
Story Axis Support Span Max.support Max.span Shear force

moment moment
beteween
1 1&2 -99.95 108.2 176.84
C 2 2&3 -139.9 37.7 132.64
3.0 (Y-direction) 3 3&4 -75.50 74.00 144.66
4 - -69.4 - 103.98
1 1&2 -106.00 111.00 85.16
C 2 2&3 -137.8 35.50 115.50
7.0 (Y-direction) 3 3&4 -74.5 76.60 176.7
4 - -67.70 - 145.00
SUMMARY OF SAMPLE BEAM ANALYSIS RESULT FOR CRITICAL SECTIONS ALONG X-DIRECTION
Axis Support Span Max.support Max.span Shear force

between moment moment
Story
A A&B 16.60 21.30 28.60
1 B B&C 22.50 7.90 42.08
3.0 (X-direction) C C&D 31.50 30.40 36.50
D D&E 19.00 - 46.06
111
6.1.1 Design of flexural & Shear Reinforcement
Based on EBCS-2, 1995 Art 7.2.1.1
The geometric ratio of reinforcement ρ at any section of a beam where positive

reinforcement is required by analysis shall not be less than.
0.6
ρmin =  0.6 / 300  0.002
fyk
0.85 fck fcu 25

fcd = , fck   = 20MPa
rc 1.25 1.25
Using fyk = 300MPa fyd= 260.87Mpa
 The maximum reinforcement ratio ρmax for either tension or compression

reinforcement shall be 0.04
ρmax=0.04
 In T- beam joints where the web in tension the ratio  shall be computed for this
purpose using width of Web.
 3rd and 7th Floor Main Girder Beam on axis-C (the same on both
stories)
Floor Beam Design
0.3 d = 0.265m m
0.7
Negative Moment 99.95 KN-m
Positive Moment 108.2 KN-m
Shear 176 KN
112
Calculate Reinforcement
Concrete - Grade C-25 Steel

[EBCS 2 Table
Fck 20,000 kpa 2.3] Fyk 300,000 kpa
[EBCS 2 Table
Fctk 1,500 kpa 2.4] PS 1.15
[EBCS 2 Table
PS Factor 1.5 3.1] Fyd 260,870 kpa
Fcd 11333.33 kpa Es 200,000 kpa
Fctd 1,000 kpa (min) 0.002
[EBCS 2 Table  (max)
Ecm 29,000 kpa 2.5] = 0.0165
1 é 2 mR n ù m 
f yd
Rn 
M u
 req  ê1  1  ú f cd 2
m ëê f yd úû bd
Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement
m = 23.02 m = 23.02
Rn = 2033.2604 Rn = 2201.08
 0.0087  0.00947
As = 0.00161 As = 0.00176
As prvd = 0.0004021 As prvd = 0.0003
Capacity = 27.11 Capacity = 20.88
Reserve = -72.88% Reserve = -80.71%
Shear Capacity of Concrete Design Shear Reinforcement

V c  0 . 25 f ctd k 1 k 2 b w d
A v df
s yd
Vs
Vs = 107.38
k1 = 1.108
k2 = 1.335 Use Dia= 8 Av = 0.000101
s = 0.06 m
Vc = 68.62 KN Max S = 0.200 m Use 0.065
113
Support Reinforcement Design for main girder beam (critical axis)
support Supp.mom Rn min cal Ascal # of bars # of bars

Axis
1 99.95 1586.5 0.002 0.0066 1380 4.39 5Ф20
2 139.90 2220.6 0.002 0.0096 2010 6.40 7Ф20 Axis C

and
3 75.50 1198.4 0.002 0.0049 1020 5.08 6 Ф16
Story-3
4 69.40 1101.6 0.002 0.0045 930 6.05 7 Ф14
1 106.00 1682.5 0.002 0.0070 1470 4.68 5 Ф20

Axis C
2 137.80 2187.3 0.002 0.0094 1970 6.27 7 Ф20 and
3 74.50 1182.54 0.002 0.0048 1010 5.03 6 Ф16 Story-7
4 67.7. 1074.6 0.002 0.0043 910 5.91 6 Ф14
Span Reinforcement Design for main girder beam (critical axis)
support Span.mom Rn min cal Ascal # of bars # of bars

Axis
1&2 108.20 1717.5 0.002 0.0072 1510 4.81 5Ф20
2&3 37.70 598.40 0.002 0.0024 500 3.25 4 Ф14 Axis C

and
3&4 74.00 1174.60 0.002 0.0048 1000 4.98 5Ф 16
Story-3
- - - - - - - -
1&2 111.00 1761.90 0.002 0.0074 1550 4.94 5Ф20

Axis C
2&3 35.50 563.50 0.002 0.0022 470 3.05 4Ф14 and
3&4 76.60 1215.80 0.002 0.0049 1040 5.18 6Ф16 Story-7
- - - - - - - -
114
Support Reinforcement Design for girder beam parallel to Ribs (critical axis)
support Supp.mom Rn min cal Ascal # of bars # of bars

Axis
A 16.60 337.70 0.002 0.0013 530 3.45 4Ф14
B 22.50 457.70 0.002 0.0018 530 3.45 4Ф14 Axis C

and
C 31.50 640.80 0.002 0.0025 470 3.05 4Ф14
Story-3
D 19.00 386.50 0.002 0.0015 530 3.45 4Ф14
Span Reinforcement Design for girder beam parallel to Ribs (critical axis)
support Span.mom Rn min cal Ascal # of bars # of bars

Axis
A&B 21.30 433.30 0.002 0.0017 530 3.45 4Ф14
B&C 7.90 160.70 0.002 0.0006 530 3.45 4Ф14 Axis C

and
C&D 30.40 617.42 0.002 0.0024 450 2.9 3Ф14
Story-3
- - - - - - - -
6.2 COLUMN DESIGN

Columns are vertical members which support both the axial loads and the moment from beams
and slabs to the foundation. Columns are primary compression members and also they have to
resist bending forces due to some eccentricity.
For the purpose of design calculations, structural members may be classified as Sway or Non-
sway depending on their sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral displacements.
 Our code EBCS 2, 1995 suggests that a frame may be classified as non sway for a given
N sd
load case if the critical load ratio for that load case satisfied the criteria:
N cr
115
N sd
0.1 (EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.4.2 (3)),
N cr
Where Nsd - design value of total vertical load
Ncr - critical value (critical buckling load) for the failure in sway mode
 The buckling load of a story may be assumed to be equal to that of substitute beam
column frame defined in the figure4.6 EBCS 2, 1995 and may be determined from the
equation
 2 EI e
N cr  2
EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.12 (1)
Le
Where EIe – is the effective stiffness of the substitute column
Le – is the effective length
 The effective stiffness EIe may be taken as EIe = 0.2EcIc + EsIs EBCS-2, 1995, Art
4.4.12(2)
Where Ec = 1100fcd
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
Ic, Is = Moment of inertial of concrete and reinforcement sections respectively of the

substitute column with respect to the centroid of the concrete section.
 The effective length of a column (Le) may be defend as that height which corresponds to
the height of a pin ended column which can carry the same axial load, or alternatively the
effective length or height may be considered as the height between pointes of contra
flexural of the buckling column
 According to EBCS-2, 1995 art 4.4.7.1 the effective buckling length of a compression
member in a given plane may be obtained from the following
For sway mode the slenderness ratio of the column (Le/L)
116
Le 7.5  4(a1  a2 )  1.6a1a2

 1.15 EBCS-2, 1995, Art 4.4.7
L 7.5  a1  a2
Le
Or conservatively  1  0.8am 1.15
L
For non sway mode
> 0.7
Where α1 and α2 stiffness coefficients and are obtained form
k2
k1  kc  kc a1  a2
a2  a2  am 
k11  k12 k 21  k 22 2
Where:- K1 and K2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L)
Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being designed
Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/L)
 = 1.0 opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained
= 0.5 opposite end free to rotate
= 0 for a cantilever beam
a= 1.0 if a base is designed to resist the column moment
6.2.1 Design Steps of column

1. Find design moment and design load (from ETABs)
2. Calculate the moment of inertia (take column inertia as reference value)
3. Calculate stiffness of the materials(EI/L) such as beam and column
4. Sway or non-sway analysis,
117
N sd
If 0.1 (EBCS-2, 1995) => non sway frame (i.e ignore the pΔ(second order effect )
N cr
 2 EIe
Ncr 
Le 2
5. Slenderness analysis,
M1
a) Calculate Limiting slenderness ratio  max  50  25 for non-sway frames and
M2
15
greater of  max  25 &  max  for sway frames
vd
b) Calculate Slenderness ratio of isolated column due to cross section λ=Le/i ,
Le  m  0.4
effective buckling length (Le) calculated as   0.70 for non-sway
L  m  0.8
Le
mode and  1  0.8 m  1.15 sway mode, where
L
1   2 K1  Kc K  Kc
m  , 1  , 2  2
2 K11  K12 K 21  K 22
If λmax<< λ it is long column (slender column) and failed by buckling. In this case
we have to consider buckling effect (i.e second order effect.) and if λmax>> λ it is
short column (non slender column) and it failed by crushing.
6. Find total eccentricity and design load calculation
Le
Additional eccentricity ea   20mm
300
7. Reinforcement calculation
118
We have designed the column based of EBCS2, 1995. For this case we will present the
sample column design for column 11 (at axis (D, 4)
19 columns to be designed and obtained from (ETABS-2015) under COMB-7
NO STORY JOI.LABEL UN.NAME CASE Fz
COMB7
1 BASE 61 252 Max 1279.178
COMB7
2 BASE 63 81 Max 1566.418
COMB7
3 BASE 65 79 Max 1594.724
COMB7
4 BASE 66 77 Max 1930.632
COMB7
5 BASE 67 75 Max 1200.896
COMB7
6 BASE 76 84 Max 1320.257
COMB7
7 BASE 77 86 Max 1702.995
COMB7
8 BASE 78 88 Max 1781.058
COMB7
9 BASE 79 73 Max 1448.708
COMB7
10 BASE 88 144 Max 1266.985
COMB7
11 BASE 89 176 Max 1656.618
COMB7
12 BASE 90 152 Max 1741.958
COMB7
13 BASE 91 160 Max 1958.579
COMB7
14 BASE 92 168 Max 2283.133
COMB7
15 BASE 93 184 Max 1089.361
COMB7
16 BASE 94 192 Max 2514.677
COMB7
17 BASE 95 200 Max 2456.078
COMB7
18 BASE 96 208 Max 2155.015
119
COMB7
19 BASE 97 216 Max 1405.496
Grouping of columns in four categories depending on their magnitude of axial force
NO STORY JOI.LABEL UN.NAME CASE Fz COL.ID

COMB7
1 BASE 61 252 Max 2514.677 C1
COMB7
2 BASE 63 81 Max 2456.078 C1
COMB7
3 BASE 65 79 Max 2283.133 C1
COMB7
4 BASE 66 77 Max 2155.015 C1
COMB7
5 BASE 67 75 Max 1958.579 C2
COMB7
6 BASE 76 84 Max 1930.632 C2
COMB7
7 BASE 77 86 Max 1781.058 C2
COMB7
8 BASE 78 88 Max 1741.958 C2
COMB7
9 BASE 79 73 Max 1702.995 C2
COMB7
10 BASE 88 144 Max 1656.618 C3
COMB7
11 BASE 89 176 Max 1594.724 C3
COMB7
12 BASE 90 152 Max 1566.418 C3
COMB7
13 BASE 91 160 Max 1448.708 C3
COMB7
14 BASE 92 168 Max 1405.496 C3
COMB7
15 BASE 93 184 Max 1320.257 C3
COMB7
16 BASE 94 192 Max 1279.178 C4
COMB7
17 BASE 95 200 Max 1266.985 C4
120
COMB7
18 BASE 96 208 Max 1200.896 C4
COMB7
19 BASE 97 216 Max 1089.361 C4
6.2.2 Sample critical Isolated Column(C-27) or C-8

Unique Load P V2 V3 M2 M3
Story Column
Name Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m
- -
STORY1 C27 161 COMB1 2514.68 4.9792 9.3912 6.4869 -3.5318
-
STORY2 C27 167 COMB1 2379.16 1.5721 11.6444 16.1273 -1.7219
-
STORY3 C27 166 COMB1 1987.94 7.4241 13.366 20.773 11.1113
-
STORY4 C27 165 COMB1 1600.04 7.5669 12.1822 18.2285 11.0451
-
STORY5 C27 164 COMB1 1213.32 8.2132 12.3193 18.5385 12.1489
-
STORY6 C27 163 COMB1 827.671 8.6247 11.6284 17.7933 12.8515
-
STORY7 C27 162 COMB1 443.184 9.2063 13.4751 18.9938 13.6045
STORY7- -
1 C27 210 COMB1 57.0716 4.3407 4.1201 10.1997 8.5686
FOUNDATION COLUMN C-8

Column Design According to EBCS 2 - 1995.
Lc2
h
Lc1
121
Material Properties
Concrete - Grade C-25 Steel - Grade S300
[EBCS 2 Table
Fck 20,000 kpa 2.3] Fyk 300,000 kpa
[EBCS 2 Table
Fctk 1,500 kpa 2.4] PSF 1.15
[EBCS 2 Table
PSF 1.5 3.1] Fyd 260,870 kpa
Fcd 11333.33 kpa Es 200,000,000 kpa

Fctd 1,000 kpa As(min) 0.00128
[EBCS 2 Table
Ecm 29,000,000 kpa 2.5] As (max) 0.0128
Analysis Result: Structure Classification:
Axial Mom. x-x Mom y-y

2514.7 6.5 3.53
2514.7 3.53 6.5
Dimensions in x-x direction: Dimensions in y-y direction:

Depth Width Depth Width
B1 = 0.30 0.70 B1 = 0.30 0.70
B2 = 0.30 0.70 B2 = 0.30 0.70
B3 = 0.00 0.00 B3 = 0.00 0.00
B4 = 0.00 0.00 B4 = 0.00 0.00
C1 = 0.40 0.40 C1 = 0.40 0.40
C2 = 0.40 0.40 C2 = 0.40 0.40
C3 = 0.00 0.00 C3 = 0.00 0.00
Lb1 = 5.00 Lb1 = 6.00
Lb2 = 6.00 Lb2 = 4.00
Lc1 = 2.00 Lc1 = 2.00
Lc2 = 3.00 Lc2 = 3.00
Lc3 = 0.00 Lc3 = 0.00
Limits of Slenderness:
122
æ M1 ö
  50  25çç ÷÷ EBCS - 2, 4.4.6
è M2 ø
M 1
= 0.543
M =
2
M 1 = 0.543
M 2
 36.423  36.423
But, the slenderness ratio is:
Ag = 0.160
Ig
L
e i = Radius of gyration = Ig = 0.002
i Ag =
0.115
Le =Effective buckling length
Effective Buckling Length:
m  0.4
NON-SWAY Le  L  0.7L
m  0.8
I c1 L c1  I c 2 L c 2
1 
I b1 L b1  I b 2 L b 2
SWAY Le = 1+0.8m L 1.15 L
1   2 I c1 L c1  I c 3 L c 3
2 
m  I b3 Lb3  I b 4 Lb 4
2
About x-x direction. About y-y direction.

Ic1 = 0.00213 Ic1 = 0.00213 Ic1 = 0.00213 Ic1 = 0.0021
Ic2 = 0.00213 Ic3 = 0.00213 Ic2 = 0.00213 Ic3 = 0.0000
Ib1 = 0.00158 Ib3 = 0.00000 Ib1 = 0.00158 Ib3 = 0.0000
Ib2 = 0.00158 Ib4 = 0.00000 Ib2 = 0.00158 Ib4 = 0.0000
 3.078  1.000  2.709  1.000
m 2.039 m 1.854
123
- the effective buckling length:
SWAY Le = 3.224 Le = 3.113

NON-SWAY Le = 1.718 Le = 1.699
- Slenderness ratio:
 27.917  26.957

Not Slender Not Slender
Ignore Secondary Effects Ignore Secondary
Effect
Design Actions:
Calculate Eccentricities in the x-x Direction Calculate Eccentricities in the y-y Direction
e tot  e e  e a  e 2 e tot  e e  e a  e 2
Total = Total =
max of max of
0.6e02 + 0.6e02 +
ee = 0.4e01 ee = 0.4e01
0.4e02 0.4e02
e01 = 0.0014 e01 = 0.0014

e02 = 0.0026 e02 = 0.0026
ee = 0.0021 ee = 0.0021
Le Le
 200mm  200mm
ea = 300 ea = 300
= 0.02 = 0.02
e2 = 0.02 e2 = 0.01
etot = 0.0377 etot = 0.0366
Nsd = 2514.700KN
Msd x-x = 94.802KN-m
Msd y-y = 92.153KN-m
124
Reinforcement Calculation:
Cover ratio = 0.1
Nsd M sd,x  x M sd,y  y

 sd   sd,x  x   sd,y  y 
fcd Ac fcd Ac h fcd Ac b
sd 1.39 sd,x-x 0.131 sd,y-y 0.127
 

INTRPOLATION
 
0.6 0.4
1.39 1.187
0.7 0.5
 1.187 EBCS 2 - 1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No.9, 10
Ac fcd
As,tot 
f yd
As,tot = 0.008249 m2
Using design templates and according to EBCS-2,1995 we designed critical column C27
Story Column P M2 M3 ɷ As #of bars #of bars
1 C27 2514.70 6.50 -3.53 1.187 8249 17.2 18Ф24
2 C27 2379.20 16.12 -1.72 1.112 7730 15.09 16 Ф24
3 C27 1987.94 20.80 11.11 0.896 6230 13.8 14 Ф24
4 C27 1600.04 18.23 11.05 0.682 4743 9.5 10 Ф24
5 C27 1213.32 18.54 12.15 0.469 3261 7.21 8Ф 24
6 C27 827.70 17.80 12.90 0.256 1783 5.68 6Ф20
7 C27 443.20 19.99 13.60 0.044 1280 5.03 6 Ф18
125
CHAPTER SEVEN
8. FOUNDATION DESIGN
7.1 Design of Isolated Footing

An isolated footing is a footing that carries a single column. Its function is to spread the column
load laterally to the soil so that the stress intensity is reduced to a value that the soil can safely
carry.
The approximate contact pressure under a given symmetrical foundation can be obtained from
the flexural formula, provided that the considered load lies within the kern of the footing
126
The thickness of a given footing that determined by checking the thickness needed for punching
shear criteria and wide beam shear criteria. The greater of the two governs the depth of the
footing.
Design axial loads and bending moments are obtained from ETABs analysis and the
combinations are selected depending on large reinforcement requirements. The max load and
moment of the footing is as following. And then, we grouped the load in to 4 groups. so we have
4 isolated footing .
19 columns to be designed and obtained from (ETABS-2015) under COMB-7
NO STORY JOI.LABEL UN.NAME CASE Fz Mx My

COMB7
1 BASE 61 252 Max 1279.178 -2.6645 0.8503
COMB7
2 BASE 63 81 Max 1566.418 -6.8079 2.6456
COMB7
3 BASE 65 79 Max 1594.724 1.847 1.2103
COMB7
4 BASE 66 77 Max 1930.632 -2.31 2.3412
COMB7
5 BASE 67 75 Max 1200.896 3.2306 -3.7843
COMB7
6 BASE 76 84 Max 1320.257 -2.0244 3.4846
COMB7
7 BASE 77 86 Max 1702.995 6.5192 -0.7048
COMB7
8 BASE 78 88 Max 1781.058 6.3209 0.5869
COMB7
9 BASE 79 73 Max 1448.708 -3.3578 -1.8571
COMB7
10 BASE 88 144 Max 1266.985 5.1983 0.0269
COMB7
11 BASE 89 176 Max 1656.618 -0.3632 3.5941
COMB7
12 BASE 90 152 Max 1741.958 4.3707 -0.2131
COMB7
13 BASE 91 160 Max 1958.579 -1.3584 0.2247
COMB7
14 BASE 92 168 Max 2283.133 1.7046 -0.5627
127
COMB7
15 BASE 93 184 Max 1089.361 -0.8904 -4.3881
COMB7
16 BASE 94 192 Max 2514.677 6.4869 3.5318
COMB7
17 BASE 95 200 Max 2456.078 -1.5197 0.8982
COMB7
18 BASE 96 208 Max 2155.015 -3.5989 -1.4896
COMB7
19 BASE 97 216 Max 1405.496 2.839 4.2094
Grouping of columns in four categories
NO STORY JOI.LABEL UN.NAME CASE Fz Mx My COL.ID

COMB7
1 BASE 61 252 Max 2514.677 6.4869 3.5318 C1
COMB7
2 BASE 63 81 Max 2456.078 -1.5197 0.8982 C1
COMB7
3 BASE 65 79 Max 2283.133 1.7046 -0.5627 C1
COMB7
4 BASE 66 77 Max 2155.015 -3.5989 -1.4896 C1
COMB7
5 BASE 67 75 Max 1958.579 -1.3584 0.2247 C2
COMB7
6 BASE 76 84 Max 1930.632 -2.31 2.3412 C2
COMB7
7 BASE 77 86 Max 1781.058 6.3209 0.5869 C2
COMB7
8 BASE 78 88 Max 1741.958 4.3707 -0.2131 C2
COMB7
9 BASE 79 73 Max 1702.995 6.5192 -0.7048 C2
COMB7
10 BASE 88 144 Max 1656.618 -0.3632 3.5941 C3
COMB7
11 BASE 89 176 Max 1594.724 1.847 1.2103 C3
COMB7
12 BASE 90 152 Max 1566.418 -6.8079 2.6456 C3
COMB7
13 BASE 91 160 Max 1448.708 -3.3578 -1.8571 C3
128
COMB7
14 BASE 92 168 Max 1405.496 2.839 4.2094 C3
COMB7
15 BASE 93 184 Max 1320.257 -2.0244 3.4846 C3
COMB7
16 BASE 94 192 Max 1279.178 -2.6645 0.8503 C4
COMB7
17 BASE 95 200 Max 1266.985 5.1983 0.0269 C4
COMB7
18 BASE 96 208 Max 1200.896 3.2306 -3.7843 C4
COMB7
19 BASE 97 216 Max 1089.361 -0.8904 -4.3881 C4
7.2 Steps in footing Design

1. Proportioning of footing presumptive allowable soil pressure.
qall=P/A Where: P= un factored super structure load
2. Thickness determination
3. Check for punching and wide beam shear
Punching shear resistance VRD=0.25fctdK1K2Ud
Where: K1= (1+50ρ) ≤2 ρ=0.5/fyk
K2=1.6-d d= effective depth
Wide beam shear resistance, VRd= 0.25fctdK1K2bd
2/3
0.21 f ck
fctd 
1.5
4. Reinforcement Calculation
Un factored maximum axial loads and moment transferred from the supper structure for each
categories of footing are summarized as follow
129
FOOTING ID COLUMN ID PIECES Fz Mx My

F1 C1 4 2514.70 6.5 3.53
F2 C2 5 1958.6 -1.36 0.23
F3 C3 6 1656.62 -0.3632 3.59
F4 C4 4 1279.20 -2.67 0.85
7.3 Typical isolated footing design for footing type F1

Materials and design assumptions
 C-25
 S-300
 Depth of footing = 2m
7.3.1 Soil Type

Since there is no any given profile of the soil, we assumed the ground soil type as medium dense
sand and gravel. Hence from EBCS-7, Table 6.3 we found the presumed design bearing
resistance to be 420KPa. And the soil pressure distribution was assumed to be planar
Soil  =18KN/m3
a= 2.8m, b=2.8m, D= 0.75
7.4 Determination of Footing Dimensions
7.4.1Maximum Loading
P = 2514.70KN
MX =6.50KNm
MY =3.53 KN
Column dimension=40x40cm
Cover =50mm
Weight of footing = 0.75*2.5*2.5*25 = 117.20 KN

Weight of soil = ((2.5*2.5 – (0.4*0.4)) 2 * 18= 219.20KN
130
Total design load = 2514.7 +117.2 +219.20

= 2850.64 KN
7.4.2 Calculation of Eccentricity

My  3.530
ex =  ex   0.0012
P 2850.64
Mx 6.50
ey =  ey   0.0022m
P 2850.64
7.4.3 Area proportioning

Assuming the footing to be square of side ‘a’ and using the general formula for rigid footing
stress distribution due to vertical loading on soil;
p æ 6e x 6e y ö
all  ç1  ÷÷ Where σall is the allowable soil bearing capacity which is taken to be
A çè a b ø
equal to 400Mpa and size of a = b, area of footing A = ab = b2, substituting relevant values:
2938.18 æ 6 * 0.0012 6 * 0.0022 ö

400 = ç1  ÷
b2 è a b ø
By trial and error: a = 2.80m, b = 2.80m
3001.14 é 6 * 0.0012 6 * 0.0022 ù

δmax = * ê1   ú  386.57 KN / m 2
2.8 2 ë 2.8 2 .8 û
 386.57KN/m2 < 420KN/m2……….. OK!
δmin = 379.03KN/m2 > 0 KN/m2 ………… OK!
There is no tensile stress in the stress distribution under the pad.
131
ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN-F1

Calculation of Stress at all Corners
Max. Design Load Pmax= 2851.10 KN 3 4
Mx= 6.50 KNm
My= 3.53 KNm
Column dimensions c= 0.40 m a
y
d= 0.40 m
Depth of footing column = 2m
Footing dimensions a= 2.8 m
x
b= 2.8 m 1 2
b
Allowable soil pressure sall= 420 KN/m2
p æ 6e 6e y ö
all  çç1 x  ÷÷
Aè a b ø
Where s= the allowable soil pressure
A= axb
P= max. load sustained by the footing
ex = 0.0012
ey = 0.00220
Therefore the stress at all corner will be
s1= 364.47
s2= 366.40
s3= 360.92
s4= 362.85
savg= 364.47
Structural design
use concrete strength 25 Mpa
Fcd= 11.333 Mpa
Fctd= 1.167 Mpa
rmin= 0.00200
Steel S-300
2
Vup= 641.67 KN/m
2
Vud= 385.00 KN/m
A) Punching Sheer
d= 0.836
132
taking concrete cover to be = 50 mm

D= 885.849 mm
~D= 886.000 mm
hence
d= 856.000 mm
B) Wide beam shear
da= 626.08696
db= 626.08696
d= 856.000
C) Bending moment
Ma-a= 262.42
Mb-b= 262.42
D) Reinforcement
2
Asmin= 1712 mm
Kma-a= 18.93 Ksa-a= 3.9 Asa-a= 1712 ,c/c140mm
2
mm
Kmb-b= 18.93 Ksb-b= 3.9 Asb-b= 1712 ,c/c140mm
133
Table of Contents
Contents Pages
STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Scope of the project .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Specification and code .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 General design data and material properties ......................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 7
2. Wind Load Analysis and Design ................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Roof Analysis and Design .................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Method of Analysis ........................................................................................................ 7
2.1.1 Design Information ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Analysis and Design of Purlin .......................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Design Information ...................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Load Cases ................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2.1 Duo-Pitched Roof ..................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Load Combination ............................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Determination of Maximum Moment and Shear force ....................................................... 23
2.5 Check for Adequacy of Section .......................................................................................... 23
2.6 Analysis and Design of Roof Truss .................................................................................... 26
2.6.1 Duo-Pitched Roof ........................................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 29
3. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RIBBED SLAB .................................................................... 29
3.1 DETAILING PROVISIONS FOR RIBBED SLABS AS PER EBCS-2, 1995 .................. 29
3.2 General procedures for the design of ribbed slab ............................................................... 31
1.3 Toping as per EBCS-2 ........................................................................................................ 34
1.4 Traverse requirements ......................................................................................................... 34
3.5 Solid Slab Analysis and Design ................................................................................... 43
3.5.1 Design Procedure ......................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 55
4. DESIGN OF STAIR CASE ...................................................................................................... 55
4.1. DESIGN PROCEDURE .................................................................................................... 56

Determination of depth for deflection (Section A-A) ........................................................... 58
Determination of depth for deflection (Section B-B) ........................................................... 58
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 63
5.0 Earth Quake Analysis ....................................................................................................... 63
3.1. Story Shear Determination ............................................................................................. 65
5.1 Calculation of Weights ................................................................................................... 65
5.3 Center of Mass ............................................................................................................ 78
Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 96
6.1 Beam design and analysis ................................................................................................... 96
6.2 COLUMN DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 115
6.2.1 Design Steps of column ............................................................................................. 117
6.2.2 Sample critical Isolated Column(C-27) or C-8 .......................................................... 121
CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................................... 126
7. FOUNDATION DESIGN ................................................................................................... 126
7.1 Design of Isolated Footing ................................................................................................ 126
7.2 Steps in footing Design ..................................................................................................... 129
7.3 Typical isolated footing design for footing type F1 .......................................................... 130
7.3.1 Soil Type .................................................................................................................... 130
7.4 Determination of Footing Dimensions.............................................................................. 130
7.4.1Maximum Loading...................................................................................................... 130
7.4.2 Calculation of Eccentricity ........................................................................................ 131
7.4.3 Area proportioning ..................................................................................................... 131

Structural Design of G 6 Urban Building

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF(G+6) URBAN BUILDING DESIGN 2016

 To integrate different disciplines such as Urban Engineering, Architecture, Civil

 To Use the courses that we took for required purpose

1.2 Scope of the project

1.3 Specification and code

1.4 General design data and material properties

Location: Addis Ababa, Zone 2

Concrete C – 25 and Steel S – 300

Steel RHS for roof truss and purloin

EGA-500 for roof cover is used

Combo 2, 3=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQx

Combo 4, 5=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQy

Combo 6, 7=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQx 5%Eccentricity in y direction

Combo 8, 9=0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) EQy 5%Eccentricity in x direction

Combo 10, 11 =0.75(1.3DL+1.6LL) wind load 5%Eccentricity

Codes and References

Unit weight of concrete γc=25KN/m3

Supporting ground condition = allowable bearing capacity of 200KPa

γc (partial safety factor for concrete)= 1.5

γs (partial safety factor for steel)=1.15

fcd = 0.8*fck/ γc = 0.8*20/1.5=11.33Mpa

C1= 2.5/m=2.5/28.77= 0.087

C2 =0.32*fcd*m2 =0.32*11.33*28.772 = 3002.34

Es (modulus elasticity of steel) =200Gpa=200000Mpa

0.8c * fcd 0.8 * 0.0035 *11.33

K1=1.6-d ≥1 K1=1.6-0.178=1.422>1 OK!

K2= 1+50ρmin≤2 K2= 1+50*0.0017=1.083<2 OK!

0.21 * fck 2 / 3 0.21 * 20 2 / 3

Where Fk = characteristics loads

γf = partial safety factor for loads

= 1.3 for dead loads

= 1.6 for live loads [EBCS-2, 1995 table 3.3]

Non structural material

2. Wind Load Analysis and Design

2.1 Roof Analysis and Design

2.1.1 Method of Analysis

2.1.1 Design Information

 Height of the building =22.5m

According to EBCS -1 table 3.2 Addis Ababa is categorized as category-2

 Terrain factor =0.19

 Roughness length ( ) =0.05

The types of roofs we used are:-

Fig.1 roof lay out

Analysis and Design of Duo-Pitched Roof

Wind action acts on the roof in two directions

 Wind perpendicular to the ridge (ø=00)

A) Wind Perpendicular to the Ridge (ø=00)

 External wind pressure

I. External Wind Pressure

 :- External wind pressure

 :- Is the direction factor to be taken as 1.0

 Wind direction perpendicular to the ridge (ø=00)

Figure 1 Perpendicular Wind Direction

 :- is the exposure coefficient as defined in section 3.8.5 of EBCS - 1

From EBCS-1, table 3.2,

KT = 0.19, ZO = 0.05, Zmin. = 4m

Since Z is 22.5m>Zmin =4m , is given by:-

Cr(z) = KT*ln(Z/Zo) = 1.16

 External Pressure Coefficient

fcd = 0.8fck/ γc = 0.820/1.5=11.33Mpa

C2 =0.32fcdm2 =0.3211.3328.772 = 3002.34

= 0.8(1.30.03 + 1.60.2588 + 1.6*0

= 0.8(1.30.03 KN/m + 1.60.0712KN/m