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CONTAIN:
2 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2 Wave equation 1-2
2 History of the wave equation 1-3
3 Use of wave equation 1-4
3 the characteristics of a wave 1-5
equation
4 Applications wave equation 1-6
5 the meaning of k in wave equation 1-7
7 The speed of a wave 1-8
9 Prove the wave equation 1-9
REFERENCE
1-1INTRODUCTION
Partial differential equation
In mathematics, a partial differential equation is a type
of differential equation, or a relationship that includes
an ancillary or unknown functions with several
independent variables in addition to the partial
derivatives of these variables.
Partial differential equations are used to formulate and
solve problems related to functions with multiple
variables such as those in sound, heat, static electricity,
fluid flow, elasticity, etc., where it is possible to express
different physical phenomena using mathematical
equations of similar formula.
1-2Wave equation:
The wave equation in physics is a partial second degree
differential equation that generally describes the motion
of waves, whether they are sound, light, or water waves.
1-3 History of the wave equation

Using Newton's recently formulated laws of motion,
Brook Taylor (1685 -1721( discovered the wave
equation by means of physical insight alone(1) ,Daniel
Bernouli (1700-1782) showed that an infinite
summation of sinusoids can represent the general
2
solution of the wave equation with given initial
condition(2)
Finally Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
showed that such an infinite sum, a Fourier series,
can represent any discontinuous function under
general
conditions [3]. From this early work connecting the
wave equation and the Fourier transform, much of
engineering mathematics of wave motion and
transformations has
been developed.
1-4What is the use of wave equation?

The wave equation is an important second-order linear
partial differential equation for the description of
waves—as they occur in classical physics—such as
mechanical waves (e.g. water waves, sound waves and
seismic waves) or light waves. It arises in fields like
acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics.
1-5What is the characteristics of a wave

equation?
o The wave function provides all measurable particle
information.
o If the value of the square of the wave function equals

one, this means that the probability of discovering a
3
particle if it is located somewhere must be equal to
one.
o The wave function is continuous and its value is

unique.
o Through the Schrödinger equation, it is easy to know

the particle energy calculations.
o The possible distribution in three dimensions can be

found by the wave function.
o With the wave function, the actual mean value, that

is, the expected value of a specific variable, can be
calculated.
o The wave function of a free particle is a sinusoidal

wave that includes a precisely defined amount of
motion and an indeterminate location.
1-6Applications wave equation

This section presents a range of wave equation models
for different physical phenomena. Although many wave
motion problems in physics can be modeled by the
standard linear wave equation, or a similar formulation
with a system of first-order equations, there are some
exceptions. Perhaps the most important is water waves:
these are modeled by the Laplace equation with time-
4
dependent boundary conditions at the water surface
(long water waves, however, can be approximated by a
standard wave equation, see the section The linear
shallow water equations). Quantum mechanical waves
constitute another example where the waves are
governed by the Schrodinger equation and not a
standard wave equation. Many wave phenomena also
need to take nonlinear effects into account when the
wave amplitude is significant.
1-7What is the meaning of "k"

The Meaning of "k"
What does the letter "k" stand for?
The letter "k" has been used for over a century in the fields of optics, acoustics, mechanics,
and electromagnetism to refer to the spatial frequency of waves in various media. The idea
of a "k-trajectory" or "k-space" was not applied to NMR until the early 1980s and did not
become popular until the 1990s.
The concept is simple.a wave is characterized by its

wavelength( ,the distance between tow corresponding
points or successive peaks.the wavenumber (K)is simply
the reciprocal of the wavelength ,given by the expression
K=1∕λ
The wavenumber (K) is therefore the number of waves or
cycles per unit distance.
5
Since the wavelength is measured in units of distance,
the units for wavenumber are (1∕distance),such as
1∕m,or 1∕mm.
It can be formulated homogeneous wave equation in

one dimension as follows:
-
This wave spread in one dimension which is the x-axis
General solution to this equation is
U(t,x)= F(x+ct)+G(x-ct)
It consists of two functions F (x) and g (x) midwives
differentiable twice .and in it combination is a first wave
spread speed c to the left and is a second wave
combination spread the same speed to the right .and it
can writing these functions f, g As functions linear sine:
Or as composite exponential functions:
6
U(t,x)=Re∫
It depends the frequency:
W=⎹k⎸
The absolute value of the waveform
 Assume that you move one end of a rope up and

down just once to generate a wave in the rope.
How long will take the wave to travel down the
rope to the other end?
 - It depends on the speed of the wave.
1-8The Speed of a Wave

Wave speed is the distance a wave travels in a given
amount of time, such as the number of meters it travels
per second. Wave speed (and speed in general) can be
represented by the equation:
Speed of wave=distance∕timeWave Speed,
Wavelength, and Wave Frequency
7
Wave speed is related to both wavelength and
wave frequency:
 Wave speed: is related to both wavelength and
wave frequency.
 Wavelength :is the distance between two
corresponding points on adjacent waves.
 Wave frequency :is the number of waves that pass
a fixed point in a given amount of time. This
equation shows how the three factors are related:
Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequency
In this equation, wavelength is measured in meters and

frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), or number of waves
per second. Therefore, wave speed is given in meters per
second, which is the SI unit for speed.
Q: If you increase the wavelength of a wave, does the

speed of the wave increase as well ?
Increasing the wavelength of a wave doesn’t change its
speed. That’s because when wavelength increases, wave
frequency decreases. As a result, the product of
wavelength and wave frequency is still the same speed.
8
1-9Prove the wave equation:
solusion
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[ | | ]
9
11
REFERENCE
https://youtu.be/wPMfMuSc9RQ
http://mriquestions.com/what-does-k-stand-
for.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?articl
e=1476&context=qnde
http://hplgit.github.io/INF5620/doc/pub/sphinx-
wave/._main_wave007.html
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-
flexbook-2.0/section/11.4/primary/lesson/wave-
speed-ms-ps
11

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CONTAIN:

1-3 History of the wave equation

1-4What is the use of wave equation?

1-5What is the characteristics of a wave

o If the value of the square of the wave function equals

o The wave function is continuous and its value is

o Through the Schrödinger equation, it is easy to know

o The possible distribution in three dimensions can be

o With the wave function, the actual mean value, that

o The wave function of a free particle is a sinusoidal

1-6Applications wave equation

1-7What is the meaning of "k"

The concept is simple.a wave is characterized by its

It can be formulated homogeneous wave equation in

Or as composite exponential functions:

 Assume that you move one end of a rope up and

1-8The Speed of a Wave

Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequency

In this equation, wavelength is measured in meters and

Q: If you increase the wavelength of a wave, does the

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